Impossible decision? An investigation of risk trade-offs in the intensive care unit

References

• Alison, L., N. Power, C. Heuvel, M. Humann, M. Palasinksi, and J. Crego. 2015. “Decision Inertia: Deciding between Least Worst Outcomes in Emergency Responses to Disasters.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 88: 295–321.10.1111/joop.2015.88.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amalberti, R. 2013. Navigating Safety: Necessary Compromises and Trade-Offs-Theory and Practice. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-6549-8
   Google Scholar
• Beach, M. C., L. S. Meredith, J. Halpern, K. B. Wells, and D. E. Ford. 2005. “Physician Conceptions of Responsibility to Individual Patients and Distributive Justice in Health Care.” The Annals of Family Medicine 3: 53–59.10.1370/afm.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsimas, D., V. F. Farias, and N. Trichakis. 2012. “On the Efficiency-fairness Trade-off.” Management Science 58: 2234–2250.10.1287/mnsc.1120.1549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettenhausen, K., and J. K. Murnighan. 1985. “The Emergence of Norms in Competitive Decision-making Groups.” Administrative Science Quarterly 350–372.10.2307/2392667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, S., and S. Cooper. 2006. “Modelling Emergency Decisions: Recognition-primed Decision Making. The Literature in Relation to an Ophthalmic Critical Incident.” Journal of Clinical Nursing 15: 1023–1032.10.1111/jcn.2006.15.issue-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3: 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cesna, M., and K. Mosier. 2005. “Using a Prediction Paradigm to Compare Levels of Expertise and Decision Making among Critical Care Nurses.” In How Professionals Make Decisions edited by H. Montgomery, R. Lipshitz, and B. Brehmer. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Chalfin, D. B., S. Trzeciak, A. Likourezos, B. M. Baumann, R. P. Dellinger, and D.-E. S. group. 2007. “Impact of Delayed Transfer of Critically Ill Patients from the Emergency Department to the Intensive Care Unit.” Critical Care Medicine 35: 1477–1483.10.1097/01.CCM.0000266585.74905.5A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, R. I. 2006. “Being Bumpable: Consequences of Resource Saturation and Near-saturation for Cognitive Demands on Icu Practitioners.” In Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering, edited by D. Woods and E. Hollnagel, 23–35. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Croskerry, P. 2002. “Achieving Quality in Clinical Decision Making: Cognitive Strategies and Detection of Bias.” Academic Emergency Medicine 9: 1184–1204.10.1111/acem.2002.9.issue-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croskerry, P. 2003. “The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them.” Academic Medicine 78: 775–780.10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croskerry, P., G. Singhal, and S. Mamede. 2013. “Cognitive Debiasing 1: Origins of Bias and Theory of Debiasing.” BMJ Quality & Safety 22: ii58–ii64.10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey, J., and M. Botti. 2006. “The Influence of Patient Complexity and Nurses’ Experience on Haemodynamic Decision-making following Cardiac Surgery.” Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 22: 194–205.10.1016/j.iccn.2005.06.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daly, K., R. Beale, and R. Chang. 2001. “Reduction in Mortality after Inappropriate Early Discharge from Intensive Care Unit: Logistic Regression Triage Model.” BMJ 322: 1274–1276.10.1136/bmj.322.7297.1274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, S. W. 2011. “What is Rational about Killing a Patient with an Overdose? Enlightenment, Continental Philosophy and the Role of the Human Subject in System Failure.” Ergonomics 54: 679–683.10.1080/00140139.2011.592607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, J. M. 1979. “Sociologic Influences on Decision-making by Clinicians.” Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 957–964.10.7326/0003-4819-90-6-957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endacott, R., J. Scholes, P. Buykx, S. Cooper, L. Kinsman, and T. McConnell-Henry. 2010. “Final-year Nursing Students’ Ability to Assess, Detect and Act on Clinical Cues of Deterioration in a Simulated Environment.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 66: 2722–2731.10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05417.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fackler, J., C. Watts, A. McHugh, T. Miller, B. Crandall, and P. Pronovost. 2009. “Critical Care Physician Cognitive Task Analysis: An Exploratory Study.” Critical Care 13: R33.10.1186/cc7740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnan, J., J. Johnson, D. Meltzer, H. Humphrey, and V. Arora. 2008. “Resident Uncertainty in Clinical Decision Making and Impact on Patient Care: A Qualitative Study.” Quality and Safety in Health Care 17: 122–126.10.1136/qshc.2007.023184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flin, R., G. Youngson, and S. Yule. 2007. “How Do Surgeons Make Intraoperative Decisions?” Quality and Safety in Health Care 16: 235–239.10.1136/qshc.2006.020743
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garrouste-Orgeas, M., A. Boumendil, D. Pateron, P. Aergerter, D. Somme, T. Simon, and B. Guidet. 2009. “Selection of Intensive Care Unit Admission Criteria for Patients Aged 80 Years and over and Compliance of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit Physicians with the Selected Criteria: An Observational, Multicenter, Prospective Study*.” Critical Care Medicine 37: 2919–2928.10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b019f0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glac, K. 2009. “Understanding Socially Responsible Investing: The Effect of Decision Frames and Trade-off Options.” Journal of Business Ethics 87: 41–55.10.1007/s10551-008-9800-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfrad, C., and K. Rowan. 2000. “Consequences of Discharges from Intensive Care at Night.” The Lancet 355: 1138–1142.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02062-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore, J., A. Banks, L. Millward, and O. Kyriakidou. 2006. “Naturalistic Decision Making and Organizations: Reviewing Pragmatic Science.” Organization Studies 27: 925–942.10.1177/0170840606065701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halter, M., S. Vernon, H. Snooks, A. Porter, J. Close, F. Moore, and S. Porsz. 2010. “Complexity of the Decision-making Process of Ambulance Staff for Assessment and Referral of Older People Who Have Fallen: A Qualitative Study.” Emergency Medicine Journal 28: 44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg, D. J. 1986. “Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-analysis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50: 1141–1151.10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacklin, R., N. Sevdalis, A. Darzi, and C. Vincent. 2008. “Mapping Surgical Practice Decision Making: An Interview Study to Evaluate Decisions in Surgical Care.” The American Journal of Surgery 195: 689–696.10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., P. Slovic, and A. Tversky. 1982. Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809477
   Google Scholar
• Klein, G. 1993. “A Recognition-primed Decision (Rpd) Model of Rapid Decision Making.” In Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods, edited by G. A. Klein, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood, and C. Zsambok, 138–147. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, G. 2008. “Naturalistic Decision Making.” Human Factors 50: 456–460.10.1518/001872008X288385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, G., R. Calderwood, and A. Clinton-Cirocco. 2010. “Rapid Decision Making on the Fire Ground: The Original Study plus a Postscript.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 4: 186–209.10.1518/155534310X12844000801203
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, B. W., J. S. Green, J. Benn, K. F. Brown, C. A. Vincent, and N. Sevdalis. 2013. “Improving Decision Making in Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards: Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of a Multicomponent Intervention for 1,421 Patients.” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 217: 412–420.10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.04.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, B. W., N. Sevdalis, S. Arora, A. Pinto, C. Vincent, and J. S. Green. 2011. “Teamwork and Team Decision-making at Multidisciplinary Cancer Conferences: Barriers, Facilitators, and Opportunities for Improvement.” World Journal of Surgery 35: 1970–1976.10.1007/s00268-011-1152-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil, B. J., E. Keeler, and S. J. Adelstein. 1975. “Primer on Certain Elements of Medical Decision Making.” New England Journal of Medicine 293: 211–215.10.1056/NEJM197507312930501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, M. A., A. Sloggett, and K. McPherson. 1997. “Mortality among Appropriately Referred Patients Refused Admission to Intensive-care Units.” The Lancet 350: 7–11.10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10018-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, A., K. Catchpole, T. Dale, and P. McCulloch. 2008. “The Influence of Non-technical Performance on Technical Outcome in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.” Surgical Endoscopy 22: 68–73.10.1007/s00464-007-9346-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, D., and D. C. Angus. 2010. “Thought outside the Box: Intensive Care Unit Freakonomics and Decision Making in the Intensive Care Unit.” Critical Care Medicine 38: S637–S641.10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f202c3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel, G., R. Amalberti, and C. Chauvin. 2008. “Articulating the Differences between Safety and Resilience: The Decision-making Process of Professional Sea-fishing Skippers.” Human Factors 50: 1–16.10.1518/001872008X250683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasraway, S. A., I. L. Cohen, R. C. Dennis, M. A. Howenstein, D. K. Nikas, J. Warren, and S. K. Wedel. 1998. “Guidelines on Admission and Discharge for Adult Intermediate Care Units.” Critical Care Medicine 26: 607–610.10.1097/00003246-199803000-00039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, V., D. Kaufman, and J. Arocha. 2002. “Emerging Paradigms of Cognition in Medical Decision-making.” Journal of Biomedical Informatics 35: 52–75.10.1016/S1532-0464(02)00009-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauker, S. G., and J. P. Kassirer. 1975. “Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-benefit Analysis.” New England Journal of Medicine 293: 229–234.10.1056/NEJM197507312930505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauley, K., R. Flin, S. Yule, and G. Youngson. 2011. “Surgeons’ Intraoperative Decision Making and Risk Management.” The American Journal of Surgery 202: 375–381.10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, L. D., and C. A. B. e Costa. 2007. “Transparent Prioritisation, Budgeting and Resource Allocation with Multi-criteria Decision Analysis and Decision Conferencing.” Annals of Operations Research 154: 51–68.10.1007/s10479-007-0183-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reader, T., and B. Cuthbertson. 2011. “Teamwork and Team Training in the ICU: Where Do the Similarities with Aviation End?” Critical Care 15: 313–319.10.1186/cc10353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reader, T., R. Flin, and B. Cuthbertson. 2011. “Team Leadership in the Intensive Care Unit. The Perspective of Specialists.” Critical Care Medicine 39: 1683–1691.10.1097/CCM.0b013e318218a4c7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna, V. F., and F. J. Lloyd. 2006. “Physician Decision Making and Cardiac Risk: Effects of Knowledge, Risk Perception, Risk Tolerance, and Fuzzy Processing.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 12: 179–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridley, S. 2002. Outcomes in Critical Care. Norwich: Butterworth Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Robert, R., J. Reignier, C. Tournoux-Facon, T. Boulain, O. Lesieur, V. Gissot, V. Souday, M. Hamrouni, C. Chapon, and J.-P. Gouello. 2012. “Refusal of Intensive Care Unit Admission due to a Full Unit: Impact on Mortality.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 185: 1081–1087.10.1164/rccm.201104-0729OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinuff, T., K. Kahnamoui, D. J. Cook, J. M. Luce, and M. M. Levy. 2004. “Rationing Critical Care Beds: A Systematic Review.” Critical Care Medicine 32: 1588–1597.10.1097/01.CCM.0000130175.38521.9F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., M. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. MacGregor. 2004. “Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality.” Risk Analysis 24: 311–322.10.1111/risk.2004.24.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. K. 2014. “Dynamic Decision Making: A Model of Senior Leaders Managing Strategic Paradoxes.” Academy of Management Journal 57: 1592–1623.10.5465/amj.2011.0932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sox, H., M. Higgins, and D. Owens. 2013. Medical Decision Making. Stoneham: ACP Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, N., P. Salmon, L. Rafferty, G. Walker, C. Baber, and D. Jenkins. 2010. Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, L., D. Cook, G. Guyatt, L. Griffith, S. Walter, and J. McMullin. 2002. “Education, Ethics, and End-of-Life Decisions in the Intensive Care Unit.” Critical Care Medicine 30: 290–296.10.1097/00003246-200202000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti, M. E., and C. Kumar. 2010. “The Patient Who Falls: “It’s Always a Trade-off”.” Journal of the American Medical Association 303: 258–266.10.1001/jama.2009.2024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevino, L. K. 1986. “Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model.” Academy of Management Review 11: 601–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhecke, T. E., M. Gandhi, P. A. McCullough, M. H. Lazar, K. P. Ravikrishnan, P. Kadaj, and R. L. Begle. 2008. “Outcomes of Patients Considered for, but Not Admitted to, the Intensive Care Unit.” Critical Care Medicine 36: 812–817.10.1097/CCM.0B013E318165FAC7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar