Distress and worry as mediators in the relationship between psychosocial risks and upper body musculoskeletal complaints in highly automated manufacturing

References

• Aasa, U., C. Brulin, K. A. Ängquist, and M. Barnekow-Bergkvist. 2005. “Work-Related Psychosocial Factors, Worry about Work Conditions and Health Complaints among Female and Male Ambulance Personnel.” Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 19 (3): 251–258.10.1111/scs.2005.19.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, A., S. B. Soumerai, J. Lomas, and D. Ross-Degnan. 1999. “Evidence of Self-Report Bias in Assessing Adherence to Guidelines.” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 11 (3): 187–192.10.1093/intqhc/11.3.187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaike, H. 1987. “Factor Analysis and AIC.” Psychometrika 52 (3): 317–332.10.1007/BF02294359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos, E. C., E. C. Konstantinou, G. Bakoyannis, D. Tanagra, and A. Burdorf. 2008. “Risk Factors for Sickness Absence due to Low Back Pain and Prognostic Factors for Return to Work in a Cohort of Shipyard Workers.” European Spine Journal 17 (9): 1185–1192.10.1007/s00586-008-0711-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, J., A. Kaergaard, S. Mikkelsen, U. Jensen, P. Frost, J. Bonde, N. Fallentin, and J. Thomsen. 2003. “Risk Factors in the Onset of Neck/Shoulder Pain in a Prospective Study of Workers in Industrial and Service Companies.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60 (9): 649–654.10.1136/oem.60.9.649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, J. H., J. P. Haahr, and P. Frost. 2007. “Risk Factors for More Severe Regional Musculoskeletal Symptoms: A Two-Year Prospective Study of a General Working Population.” Arthritis & Rheumatism 56 (4): 1355–1364.10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andries, F., C. C. J. H. Bijleveld, and F. D. Pot. 1991. “Working Conditions and Mental Strain of Automation Personnel.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 3 (4): 363.10.1080/10447319109526021
   Google Scholar
• Ariëns, G. A., P. M. Bongers, W. E. Hoogendoorn, G. van der Wal, and W. van Mechelen. 2002. “High Physical and Psychosocial Load at Work and Sickness Absence due to Neck Pain.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 222–231.10.5271/sjweh.669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, J., and J. Silvester. 2005. Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Bambra, C., M. Egan, S. Thomas, M. Petticrew, and M. Whitehead. 2007. “The Psychosocial and Health Effects of Workplace Reorganisation. 2. a Systematic Review of Task Restructuring Interventions.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (12): 1028–1037.10.1136/jech.2006.054999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. 1990. “Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models.” Psychological Bulletin 107 (2): 238.10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal, D., J. Campos-Serna, A. Tobias, S. Vargas-Prada, F. G. Benavides, and C. Serra. 2015. “Work-Related Psychosocial Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Hospital Nurses and Nursing Aides: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 52 (2): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. 2014. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bongers, P. M., C. R. de Winter, M. A. Kompier, and V. H. Hildebrandt. 1993. “Psychosocial Factors at Work and Musculoskeletal Disease.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 297–312.10.5271/sjweh.1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridger, R. S., and K. Brasher. 2011. “Cognitive Task Demands, Self-Control Demands and the Mental Well-Being of Office Workers.” Ergonomics 54 (9): 830–839.10.1080/00140139.2011.596948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers, A. A.. 2013. “Automation and the Human Operator; Effects in Process Operations.” Ergonomics Problems in Process Operations: Organised by the Institution of Chemical Engineers in Association with the Ergonomics Society. Held at the University of Aston in Birmingham, 11–13 July 1984 (38): 179.
   Google Scholar
• Burdorf, A., and J. Jansen. 2006. “Predicting the Long Term Course of Low Back Pain and Its Consequences for Sickness Absence and Associated Work Disability.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63 (8): 522–529.10.1136/oem.2005.019745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buunk, B. P., and K. Verhoeven. 1991. “Companionship and Support at Work: A Microanalysis of the Stress-Reducing Features of Social Interaction.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 12 (3): 243–258.10.1207/s15324834basp1203_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayon, P., M. J. Smith, and M. C. Haims. 1999. “Work Organization, Job Stress, and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders.” Human Factors 41 (4): 644–663.10.1518/001872099779656743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody, M. A., and J. P. Gluckman. 1993. “Task Specific Effects of Automation and Automation Failure on Performance, Workload and Situational Awareness.” Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology 1: 167–171.
   Google Scholar
• Carr,  N.  2014. The Glass Cage: Automation and Us.  New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Clays, E., D. De Bacquer, F. Leynen, M. Kornitzer, F. Kittel, and G. De Backer. 2007. “The Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Low Back Pain: Longitudinal Results from the Belstress Study.” Spine 32 (2): 262–268.10.1097/01.brs.0000251884.94821.c0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa, J. T., J. S. Baptista, and M. Vaz. 2015. “Incidence and Prevalence of Upper-Limb Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review.” Work 51 (4): 635–644.10.3233/WOR-152032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox ,T., and A. Griffiths. 2005. “ The Nature and Measurement of Work-Related Stress: Theory and Practice.” In The Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology. 3rd ed, edited by J. Wilson  and  E. Corlett. London: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1201/9781420055948.ch19
   Google Scholar
• Cox, T., A. Griffiths, and E. Rial-González. 2000. Research on Work-Related Stress. Luxembourg: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, M. L., F. Gao, and K. M. Thornburg. 2016. “Boredom in the Workplace A New Look at an Old Problem.” Human Factors 58 (2): 279–300.10.1177/0018720815609503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte, H., T. Vander Elst, and N. De Cuyper. 2015. “Job Insecurity, Health and Well-Being.” In Sustainable Working Lives, edited by J. Vuori, R. Blonk and R. Price, 109–128. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• De Witte, M., and B. Steijn. 2000. “Automation, Job Content, and Underemployment.” Work, Employment & Society 14 (2): 245–264.10.1177/09500170022118392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., A. B. Bakker, J. De Jonge, P. P. Janssen, and W. B. Schaufeli. 2001. “Burnout and Engagement at Work as a Function of Demands and Control.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 279–286.10.5271/sjweh.615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux, J., L. Rydstedt, and M. Cropley. 2011. “Psychosocial Work Characteristics, Need for Recovery and Musculoskeletal Problems Predict Psychological Distress in a Sample of British Workers.” Ergonomics 54 (9): 840–848.10.1080/00140139.2011.595830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewe, P. J., M. P. O’Driscoll, and C. L. Cooper. 2010. Coping with Work Stress: A Review and Critique. Chichester: Wiley.10.1002/9780470711712
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, E. M., J. D. Way, and C.-H. Chang. 2012. “Understanding the Link between Psychosocial Work Stressors and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Complaints.” Applied Ergonomics 43(55): 4e563.
   Google Scholar
• Eltayeb, S., J. B. Staal, A. Hassan, and R. A. de Bie. 2009. “Work Related Risk Factors for Neck, Shoulder and Arms Complaints: A Cohort Study among Dutch Computer Office Workers.” Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 19 (4): 315–322.10.1007/s10926-009-9196-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, K. 1986. “On Work and Alienation.” American Sociological Review 1–8.10.2307/2095474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EU-OSHA. 2010. Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the EU – Facts and Figures. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
   Google Scholar
• Eurofound. 2007. “Fourth European Survey on Working Conditions (ESWC 2005).”
   Google Scholar
• Eurofound. 2012. Fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Eurofound. 2013. Workplace Practices: Patterns, Performance and Well-Being. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Eurofound. 2015. Sixth European Working Conditions Survey: First Findings. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. 2010. Health and Safety at Work in Europe, 1997–2007: A Statistical Potrait. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Faucett, J. 2005. “Integrating ‘Psychosocial’ Factors into a Theoretical Model for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 6 (6): 531–550. doi:10.1080/14639220512331335142.10.1080/14639220512331335142
   Google Scholar
• Fink, A. 2015. How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, S. 2004. “Technology and Knowledge: The Affirmation of Power.” AI & Society 18 (4): 310–333.10.1007/s00146-003-0294-6
   Google Scholar
• Genaidy, A., S. Salem, W. Karwowski, O. Paez, and S. Tuncel. 2007. “The Work Compatibility Improvement Framework: An Integrated Perspective of the Human-at-Work System.” Ergonomics 50 (1): 3–25.10.1080/00140130600900431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerr, F., N. B. Fethke, D. Anton, L. Merlino, J. Rosecrance, M. Marcus, and M. P. Jones. 2014. “A Prospective Study of Musculoskeletal Outcomes among Manufacturing Workers II. Effects of Psychosocial Stress and Work Organization Factors.” Human Factors 56 (1): 178–190.10.1177/0018720813487201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheldof, E. L., J. Vinck, J. W. Vlaeyen, A. Hidding, and G. Crombez. 2007. “Development of and Recovery from Short-and Long-Term Low Back Pain in Occupational Settings: A Prospective Cohort Study.” European Journal of Pain 11 (8): 841–854.10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C., and I. Ashman. 2010. “Existential Identity, Ontological Insecurity and Mental Well-Being in the Workplace.” Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 2: 126–147.
   Google Scholar
• Golubovich, J., C.-H. Chang, and E. M. Eatough. 2014. “Safety Climate, Hardiness, and Musculoskeletal Complaints: A Mediated Moderation Model.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (3): 757–766.10.1016/j.apergo.2013.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grooten, W. J. A., C. Wiktorin, L. Norrman, M. Josephson, E. W. Tornqvist, L. Alfredsson, and M.-N. S. Group. 2004. “Seeking Care for Neck/Shoulder Pain: A Prospective Study of Work-Related Risk Factors in a Healthy Population.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46 (2): 138–146.10.1097/01.jom.0000112181.06324.42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunzler, D., T. Chen, P. Wu, and H. Zhang. 2013. “Introduction to Mediation Analysis with Structural Equation Modeling.” Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 25 (6): 390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagen, K. B., P. Magnus, and K. Vetlesen. 1998. “Neck/Shoulder and Low-Back Disorders in the Forestry Industry: Relationship to Work Tasks and Perceived Psychosocial Job Stress.” Ergonomics 41 (10): 1510–1518.10.1080/001401398186243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg-van Reenen, H. H., A. J. van der Beek, B. M. Blatter, M. P. van der Grinten, W. van Mechelen, and P. M. Bongers. 2008. “Does Musculoskeletal Discomfort at Work Predict Future Musculoskeletal Pain?” Ergonomics 51 (5): 637–648.10.1080/00140130701743433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handel, M. J. 2012. Trends in Job Skill Demands in OECD Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers: OECD Publishing.10.1787/1815199X
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, E., G. Macfarlane, E. Nahit, A. Silman, and J. McBeth. 2003. “Risk Factors for New-Onset Low Back Pain amongst Cohorts of Newly Employed Workers.” Rheumatology 42 (8): 959–968.10.1093/rheumatology/keg265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauke, A., J. Flintrop, E. Brun, and R. Rugulies. 2011. “The Impact of Work-Related Psychosocial Stressors on the Onset of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Specific Body Regions: A Review and Meta-Analysis of 54 Longitudinal Studies.” Work & Stress 25 (3): 243–256.10.1080/02678373.2011.614069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., and J. Polivy. 1991. “Development and Validation of a Scale for Measuring State Self-Esteem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (6): 895–910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895.
   Google Scholar
• Helton, W. S. 2004. “Validation of a Short Stress State Questionnaire.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48 (11): 1238–1242.10.1177/154193120404801107
   Google Scholar
• Helton, W. S., D. Fields, and J. A. Thoreson. 2005. “Assessing Daily Stress with the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ): Relationships with Cognitive Slips-Failures.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications 886–890.10.1177/154193120504901003
   Google Scholar
• Hollmann, S., H. Heuer, and K.-H. Schmidt. 2001. “Control at Work: A Generalized Resource Factor for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Symptoms?” Work & Stress 15 (1): 29–39.10.1080/02678370119010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooftman, W. E., A. J. van der Beek, P. M. Bongers, and W. van Mechelen. 2009. “Is There a Gender Difference in the Effect of Work-Related Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors on Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Sickness Absence?” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 85–95.10.5271/sjweh.1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HSE. 2016. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMSDs) Statistics, Great Britain. Liverpool: Health and Safety Executive.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.10.1080/10705519909540118
   Google Scholar
• IFR. 2016. World Robotics Report 2016_09_29. Accessed November 24. http://www.ifr.org/news/ifr-press-release/world-robotics-report-2016-832/
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. D., Y. Y. Mun, and J. S. Park. 2013. “An Empirical Test of Three Mediation Models for the Relationship between Personal Innovativeness and User Acceptance of Technology.” Information & Management 50 (4): 154–161.10.1016/j.im.2013.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, J., H. Morgenstern, and A. Burdorf. 2004. “Dose-Response Relations between Occupational Exposures to Physical and Psychosocial Factors and the Risk of Low Back Pain.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (12): 972–979.10.1136/oem.2003.012245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaworek, M., T. Marek, W. Karwowski, C. Andrzejczak, and A. Genaidy. 2010. “Burnout Syndrome as a Mediator for the Effect of Work-Related Factors on Musculoskeletal Complaints among Hospital Nurses.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 40 (3): 368–375.10.1016/j.ergon.2010.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juul-Kristensen, B., K. Søgaard, J. Støyer, and C. Jensen. 2004. “Computer Users’ Risk Factors for Developing Shoulder, Elbow and Back Symptoms.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 390–398.10.5271/sjweh.827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K., and D. Sörbom. 1993. “Windows LISREL 8.12.” Chicago: Scientific Software.
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K. G., and D. Sörbom. 1982. “Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of Marketing Research 404–416.10.2307/3151714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaber, D. B., and M. R. Endsley. 2004. “The Effects of Level of Automation and Adaptive Automation on Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Dynamic Control Task.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 5 (2): 113–153.10.1080/1463922021000054335
   Google Scholar
• Karasek, R. A. 1979. “Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign.” Administrative Science Quarterly 24 (2): 285–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellberg, A., and C. Wadman. 2007. “The Role of the Affective Stress Response as a Mediator of the Effect of Psychosocial Risk Factors on Musculoskeletal Complaints–Part 1: Assembly Workers.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 37 (4): 367–374. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2006.12.002.10.1016/j.ergon.2006.12.002
   Google Scholar
• Kompier, M. A., and A. J. van der Beek. 2008. “Psychosocial Factors at Work and Musculoskeletal Disorders.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 323–325.10.5271/sjweh.1281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothandapani, V. 1971. “Validation of Feeling, Belief, and Intention to Act as Three Components of Attitude and Their Contribution to Prediction of Contraceptive Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 19 (3): 321.10.1037/h0031448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraatz, S., J. Lang, T. Kraus, E. Münster, and E. Münster. 2013. “The Incremental Effect of Psychosocial Workplace Factors on the Development of Neck and Shoulder Disorders: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.” International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health 86 (4): 375–395. doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0848-y.10.1007/s00420-013-0848-y
   Google Scholar
• Kuorinka, I., B. Jonsson, A. Kilbom, H. Vinterberg, F. Biering-Sørensen, G. Andersson, and K. Jørgensen. 1987. “Standardised Nordic Questionnaires for the Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms.” Applied Ergonomics 18 (3): 233–237.10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzweil, R. 2016. “The Singularity is Near1.” Ethics and Emerging Technologies, 393.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, J., E. Ochsmann, T. Kraus, and J. W. B. Lang. 2012. “Psychosocial Work Stressors as Antecedents of Musculoskeletal Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stability-Adjusted Longitudinal Studies.” Social Science & Medicine 75 (7): 1163–1174. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.015.10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.015
   Google Scholar
• Larsman, P., and J. J. Hanse. 2009. “A Longitudinal Path Model of Psychological Workload, Fatigue and Neck/Shoulder Symptoms among Female Childcare Workers.” Work 32 (2): 219–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Layer, J. K., W. Karwowski, and A. Furr. 2009. “The Effect of Cognitive Demands and Perceived Quality of Work Life on Human Performance in Manufacturing Environments.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39 (2): 413–421.10.1016/j.ergon.2008.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., and S. Folkman. 1984. “Stress.” Appraisal, and Coping 725.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. D. 2006. “Human Factors and Ergonomics in Automation Design.” Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Third Edition 1570–1596. 10.1002/0470048204
   Google Scholar
• Leino, P. I., and V. Hänninen. 1995. “Psychosocial Factors at Work in Relation to Back and Limb Disorders.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 134–142.10.5271/sjweh.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter, M. P. 1993. “Burnout as a Developmental Process: Consideration of Models.” In Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research, edited by W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach and  T. Marek, 237–249. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Liker, J. K., C. J. Haddad, and J. Karlin. 1999. “Perspectives on Technology and Work Organization.” Annual Review of Sociology 575–596.10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, U., M. Forsman, G. Zachau, M. Eklöf, G. Palmerud, B. Melin, and R. Kadefors. 2002. “Effects of Experimentally Induced Mental and Physical Stress on Motor Unit Recruitment in the Trapezius Muscle.” Work & Stress 16 (2): 166–178.10.1080/02678370210136699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López Peláez, A., and M. Krux. 2002. “Future Trends in Health and Safety at Work: New Technologies, Automation and Stress.” The IPTS Report (Edited by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies–European Commission-) 65: 24–33.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, W. 1999. “Train Controller Interface Design: Factors Influencing Mental Workload.” International Conference on Human Factors in Control Rooms 31–36.
   Google Scholar
• Manzey, D., J. Reichenbach, and L. Onnasch. 2012. “Human Performance Consequences of Automated Decision Aids: The Impact of Degree of Automation and System Experience.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 1555343411433844.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, G. M., and A. P. Smith. 2008. “Stress Models: A Review and Suggested New Direction.” Occupational Health Psychology 3: 111–144.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., S. E. Campbell, S. Falconer, L. A. Joyner, J. Huggins, K. Gilliland, R. Grier, and J. S. Warm. 2002. “Fundamental Dimensions of Subjective State in Performance Settings: Task Engagement, Distress, and Worry.” Emotion 2 (4): 315.10.1037/1528-3542.2.4.315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., K. Coyle, and A. Craig. 1990. “Multiple Factors of Cognitive Failure and Their Relationships with Stress Vulnerability.” Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 12 (1): 49–65.10.1007/BF00960453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., and P. A. Desmond. 1998. “Personality and Multiple Dimensions of Task-Induced Fatigue: A Study of Simulated Driving.” Personality and Individual Differences 25 (3): 443–458.10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00045-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., L. Joyner, K. Gilliland, S. Campbell, S. Falconer, and J. Huggins. 1999. “Validation of a Comprehensive Stress State Questionnaire: Towards a State Big Three.” Personality Psychology in Europe 7: 335–350.
   Google Scholar
• Megaw, T. 2005. “The Definition and Measurement of Mental Workload.” Evaluation of Human Work 525–551.10.1201/9781420055948
   Google Scholar
• Melin, B., and U. Lundberg. 1997. “A Biopsychosocial Approach to Work-Stress and Musculosketal Disorders.” Journal of Psychophysiology 11 (3): 238–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. A., and R. Parasuraman. 2007. “Designing for Flexible Interaction between Humans and Automation: Delegation Interfaces for Supervisory Control.” Human Factors 49 (1): 57–75.10.1518/001872007779598037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, H., E. Viikari-Juntura, R. Martikainen, E. Takala, and H. Riihimäki. 2001. “A Prospective Study of Work Related Factors and Physical Exercise as Predictors of Shoulder Pain.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58 (8): 528–534.10.1136/oem.58.8.528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, H., E. Viikari-Juntura, R. Martikainen, E.-P. Takala, and H. Riihimäki. 2002. “Individual Factors, Occupational Loading, and Physical Exercise as Predictors of Sciatic Pain.” Spine 27 (10): 1102–1108.10.1097/00007632-200205150-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mital, A., and A. Pennathur. 2004. “Advanced Technologies and Humans in Manufacturing Workplaces: An Interdependent Relationship.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 33 (4): 295–313. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2003.10.002.10.1016/j.ergon.2003.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Moray, N. 2000. “Are Observers Ever Really Complacent When Monitoring Automated Systems?” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications 592–595.10.1177/154193120004400613
   Google Scholar
• Ohlsson, K., G.-A. Hansson, I. Balogh, U. Strömberg, B. Pålsson, C. Nordander, L. Rylander, and S. Skerfving. 1994. “Disorders of the Neck and Upper Limbs in Women in the Fish Processing Industry.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51 (12): 826–832.10.1136/oem.51.12.826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onnasch, L., C. D. Wickens, H. Li, and D. Manzey. 2013. “Human Performance Consequences of Stages and Levels of Automation an Integrated Meta-Analysis.” Human Factors 0018720813501549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., T. B. Sheridan, and C. D. Wickens. 2000. “A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation.” Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactions on 30 (3): 286–297.10.1109/3468.844354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejtersen, J. H., T. S. Kristensen, V. Borg, and J. B. Bjorner. 2010. “The Second Version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 38 (3 suppl): 8–24.10.1177/1403494809349858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirzadeh, A., and M. S. Pfaff. 2012. “Emotion Expression under Stress in Instant Messaging.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications 493–497.10.1177/1071181312561051
   Google Scholar
• Punnett, L., and D. H. Wegman. 2004. “Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Epidemiologic Evidence and the Debate.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 14 (1): 13–23.10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, K., and T. Töres. 1990. Healthy Work. Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Roman-Liu, D., I. Grabarek, P. Bartuzi, and W. Choromański. 2013. “The Influence of Mental Load on Muscle Tension.” Ergonomics 56 (7): 1125–1133.10.1080/00140139.2013.798429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothmann, I., and C. L. Cooper. 2015. Work and Organizational Psychology. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sandsjö, L., J. Wahlström, L. Grundell, P. Larsman, and R. Kadefors. 2006. “Myofeedback Experiences in Female Computer Users Reporting Muscular Tension in the Neck/Shoulder.” Proceedings of the IEA 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Sauter, S. L., and N. G. Swanson. 1996. “An Ecological Model of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work.” In Beyond Biomechanics: Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work, edited by S. Moon and S. L. Sauter 3–21. London:  Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova. 2006. “The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire a Cross-National Study.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 66 (4): 701–716.10.1177/0013164405282471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B., and R. Parasuraman. 2005. “Human-Automation Interaction.” Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 89–129.10.1518/155723405783703082
   Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., and A. Elklit. 2008. “Modelling the Role of Defense Styles as Mediating the Relationship between Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Severity in Danish Adolescents.” The Irish Journal of Psychology 29 (3–4): 181–193.10.1080/03033910.2008.10446284
   Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., E. McElroy, and J. Murphy. 2015. “Loneliness Mediates the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Adult Psychopathology: Evidence from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50 (4): 591–601.10.1007/s00127-014-0951-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. J., and P. Carayon. 1995. “New Technology, Automation, and Work Organization: Stress Problems and Improved Technology Implementation Strategies.” International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing 5 (1): 99–116.10.1002/(ISSN)1522-7111
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. J., and P. Carayon. 1996. “Work Organization, Stress, and Cumulative Trauma Disorders.” In Beyond Biomechanics: Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work, edited by SD Moon and SL Sauter, 23–42. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. J., F. T. Conway, and B. T. Karsh. 1999. “Occupational Stress in Human Computer Interaction.” Industrial Health 37 (2): 157–173. doi:10.2486/indhealth.37.157.10.2486/indhealth.37.157
   Google Scholar
• Sprigg, C. A., C. B. Stride, T. D. Wall, D. J. Holman, and P. R. Smith. 2007. “Work Characteristics, Musculoskeletal Disorders, and the Mediating Role of Psychological Strain: A Study of Call Center Employees.” Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (5): 1456.10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. 1990. “Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 25 (2): 173–180.10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple, J. G., J. S. Warm, W. N. Dember, K. S. Jones, C. M. LaGrange, and G. Matthews. 2000. “The Effects of Signal Salience and Caffeine on Performance, Workload, and Stress in an Abbreviated Vigilance Task.” Human Factors 42 (2): 183–194.10.1518/001872000779656480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., and C. Lewis. 1973. “A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis.” Psychometrika 38 (1): 1–10.10.1007/BF02291170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unge, J., K. Ohlsson, C. Nordander, G.-Å. Hansson, S. Skerfving, and I. Balogh. 2007. “Differences in Physical Workload, Psychosocial Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders between Two Groups of Female Hospital Cleaners with Two Diverse Organizational Models.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 81 (2): 209–220.10.1007/s00420-007-0208-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Heuvel, S. G., A. J. van der Beek, B. M. Blatter, W. E. Hoogendoorn, and P. M. Bongers. 2005. “Psychosocial Work Characteristics in Relation to Neck and Upper Limb Symptoms.” Pain 114 (1–2): 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.008.10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlström, J., M. Hagberg, A. Toomingas, and E. W. Tornqvist. 2004. “Perceived Muscular Tension, Job Strain, Physical Exposure, and Associations with Neck Pain among VDU Users; a Prospective Cohort Study.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (6): 523–528.10.1136/oem.2003.009563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, T. D., and P. R. Jackson. 1995. “New Manufacturing Initiatives and Shopfloor Job Design.” In The Changing Nature of Work, edited by A. Howard, 139–174. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., and X. Wang. 2012. Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus. Chichester: Wiley.10.1002/9781118356258
   Google Scholar
• Warm, J., W. N. Dember, and P. A. Hancock. 1996. “Vigilance and Workload in Automated Systems” In Human Factors in Transportation. Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, edited by R. Parasuraman and M. Mouloua, 183–200. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Warm, J., G. Matthews, and V. Finomore. 2008a. “Vigilance, Workload, and Stress.” In Performance under Stress, edited by P. A. Hancock and J. L. Szalma, 115–141. Burlington, VT:  Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Warm, J., R. Parasuraman, and G. Matthews. 2008b. “Vigilance Requires Hard Mental Work and is Stressful.” Human Factors 50 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1518/001872008x312152.10.1518/001872008X312152
   Google Scholar
• Winnubst, J. A., F. H. Marcelissen, and R. J. Kleber. 1982. “Effects of Social Support in the Stressor-Strain Relationship: A Dutch Sample.” Social Science & Medicine 16 (4): 475–482.10.1016/0277-9536(82)90056-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, V. 2005. “Work-Related Musculoskeletal Health and Social Support.” Occupational Medicine 55 (3): 177–189.10.1093/occmed/kqi085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar