The impact of external facial features on the construction of facial composites

References

• Andrews, T. J., and P. Thompson. 2010. “Face-to-Face Coalition.” i-Perception 1 (1): 28–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badham, S. P., K. A. Wade, H. J. E. Watts, N. G. Woods, and E. A. Maylor. 2013. “Replicating Distinctive Facial Features in Lineups: Identification Performance in Young versus Older Adults.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20: 289–295. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0339-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger, G. A. 2004. “Using Generalized Estimating Equations for Longitudinal Data Analysis.” Organizational Research Methods 7 (2): 127–150. doi:10.1177/1094428104263672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudouin, J. Y., and G. W. Humphreys. 2006. “Configural Information in Gender Categorisation.” Perception 35 (4): 531–540. doi:10.1068/p3403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonner, L., A. M. Burton, and V. Bruce. 2003. “Getting to Know You: how to Learn New Faces.” Visual Cognition 10 (5): 527–536. doi:10.1080/13506280244000168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., Z. Henderson, K. Greenwood, P. Hancock, A. M. Burton, and P. Miller. 1999. “Verification of Face Identities from Images Captured on Video.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 5 (4): 339–360. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.5.4.339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., and A. Young. 1998. In the Eye of the Beholder: The Science of Face Perception. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Calder, A. J., A. W. Young, J. Keane, and M. Dean. 2000. “Configural Information in Facial Expression Perception.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26: 527–551. doi:10.1037//0096-1523.26.2.527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon, C. C. 2008. “Famous Faces as Icons. The Illusion of Being an Expert in the Recognition of Famous Faces.” Perception 37 (5): 801–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. P. K., and J. D. Ryan. 2012. “Holistic Representations of Internal and External Face Features Are Used to Support Recognition.” Frontiers in Psychology 87: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Chiller-Glaus, S. D., A. Schwaninger, and F. Hofer. 2007. “Identity Verification from Photographs in Travel Documents: The Role of Display Duration and Orientation on Performance.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51 (19): 1327–1330.
   Google Scholar
• Clutterbuck, R., and R. A. Johnston. 2002. “Exploring Levels of Face Familiarity by Using an Indirect Face-Matching Measure.” Perception 31 (8): 985–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, B. L., S. D. Penrod, and T. K. Martens. 1987. “The Reliability of Eyewitness Identifications: The Role of System and Estimator Variables.” Law and Human Behavior, 11: 223–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G. M., and A. Milne. 1982. “Recognizing Faces in and out of Context.” Current Psychology 2 (1–3): 235–246. doi:10.1007/BF02684516.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, R., and S. Cary. 1986. “Why Faces, Are and Are Not Special: An Effect of Expertise.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 11: 107–117. doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.2.107.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, H. D. 1986. “Face Recall: A Psychological Perspective.” Human Learning 5: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, H. D., G. M. Davies, and J. W. Shepherd. 1978. “A Critical Examination of the Photofit System for Recalling Faces.” Ergonomics 21 (4): 297–307. doi:10.1080/00140137808931726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, H. D., J. W. Shepherd, and G. M. Davies. 1979. “Identification of Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces from Internal and External Features: Some Implications for Theories of Face Recognition.” Perception 8 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1068/p080431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo, M., K. Takahashi, and K. Maruyama. 1984. “Effects of Observer’s Attitude on the Familiarity of Faces: Using the Difference in Cue Value Between Central and Peripheral Facial Elements as an Index of Familiarity.” Tohoku Psychologica Folia 43: 23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Farell-Roig, E. 2018. “Fifth Man Charged in Connection with Death of Simon Clark in Pendine Appears in Court.” Wales Online. Retrieved from www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/fifth-man-charged-connection-death-15352247 on 3rd November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Fodarella, C., H. Kuivaniemi-Smith, J. Gawrylowicz, and C. D. Frowd. 2015. “Forensic Procedures for Facial-Composite Construction.” The Journal of Forensic Practice 17 (4): 259–270. doi:10.1108/JFP-10-2014-0033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., V. Bruce, A. McIntyre, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2007. “The Relative Importance of External and Internal Features of Facial Composites.” British Journal of Psychology 98 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1348/000712606X104481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., V. Bruce, H. Ness, L. Bowie, C. Thomson-Bogner, J. Paterson, A. McIntyre, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2007. “Parallel Approaches to Composite Production.” Ergonomics 50 (4): 562–585. doi:10.1080/00140130601154855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., V. Bruce, Y. Plenderleith, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2006. “Improving Target Identification using Pairs of Composite Faces Constructed by the Same Person.” Institution of engineering and technology conference on crime and security, London, pp. 386–395.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., V. Bruce, D. Ross, A. McIntyre, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2007. “An Application of Caricature: how to Improve the Recognition of Facial Composites.” Visual Cognition 15: 1–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., V. Bruce, A. Smith, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2008. “Improving the Quality of Facial Composites Using a Holistic Cognitive Interview.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14: 276–287. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.14.3.276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., D. Carson, H. Ness, D. McQuiston, J. Richardson, H. Baldwin, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2005. “Contemporary Composite Techniques: The Impact of a Forensically-relevant Target Delay.” Legal and Criminological Psychology 10: 63–81. doi:10.1348/135532504X15358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., W. B. Erickson, J. M. Lampinen, F. C. Skelton, A. H. McIntyre, and P. J. Hancock. 2015. “A Decade of Evolving Composites: Regression-and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Forensic Practice 17 (4): 319–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., P. J. B. Hancock, V. Bruce, F. C. Skelton, C. J. Atherton, L. Nelson, and Sendrea G. 2011. “Catching More Offenders with EvoFIT Facial Composites: Lab Research and Police Field Trials.” Global Journal of Human-Social Science 11 (3): 35–46.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., and G. Hepton. 2009. “The Benefit of Hair for the Construction of Facial Composite Images.” The British Journal of Forensic Practice 11 (4): 15–25. doi:10.1108/14636646200900025.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., M. Pitchford, F. C. Skelton, A. Petkovic, C. Prosser, and B. Coates. 2012. “Catching Even More Offenders with EvoFIT Facial Composites.” In IEEE Proceedings of 2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies, edited by A. Stoica, D. Zarzhitsky, G. Howells, C. Frowd, K. McDonald-Maier, A. Erdogan, and T. Arslan, 20–26. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE. doi:10.1109/EST.2012.26
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., F. Skelton, C. Atherton, M. Pitchford, G. Hepton, L. Holden, A. McIntyre, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2012. “Recovering Faces from Memory: The Distracting Influence of External Facial Features.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 18: 224–238. doi:10.1037/a0027393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., F. C. Skelton, N. Butt, A. Hassan, S. Fields, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2011. “Familiarity Effects in the Construction of Facial-composite Images Using Modern Software Systems.” Ergonomics 54 (12): 1147–1158. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.623328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., F. Skelton, G. Hepton, L. Holden, S. Minahil, M. Pitchford, A. McIntyre, C. Brown, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2013. “Whole-face Procedures for Recovering Facial Images from Memory.” Science & Justice 53 (2): 89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiselman, R. E., R. P. Fisher, D. P. MacKinnon, and H. L. Holland. 1986. “Eyewitness Memory Enhancement with the Cognitive Interview.” American Journal of Psychology 99 (3): 385–401. doi:10.2307/1422492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, S. J., C. J. Solomon, M. I. S. Maylin, and C. Clark. 2009. “New Methodology in Facial Composite Construction: from Theory to Practice.” International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 2 (2): 156–168. doi:10.1504/IJESDF.2009.024900.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, Z., V. Bruce, and A. M. Burton. 2001. “Matching the Faces of Robbers Captured on Video.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 15 (4): 445–464. doi:10.1002/acp.718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hole, G. J. 1994. “Configurational Factors in the Perception of Unfamiliar Faces.” Perception 23 (1): 65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. S., and T. E. Whalen. 1996. “Feature Approaches to Suspect Identification: The Effect of Multiple Raters on System Performance.” Ergonomics 39 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1080/00140139608964430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E., T. Whalen, J. Sakalauskas, G. Baigent, C. Bisesar, A. McCarthy, G. Reid, and C. Wotton. 2004. “Suspect Identification by Facial Features.” Ergonomics 47 (7): 719–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., N. Vishwamitra, H. Hu, B. Knijnenburg, and K. Caine. 2017. “Effectiveness and Users’ Experience of Face Blurring as a Privacy Protection for Sharing Photos via Online Social Networks.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61 (1): 803–807. doi:10.1177/1541931213601694.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer, D., R. Le Grand, and C. J. Mondloch. 2002. “The Many Faces of Configural Processing.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (6): 255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, A., C. D. Frowd, V. Bruce, and P. J. B. Hancock. 2010. “Looking at People Who Are Wearing Glasses: The Impact of Glasses on Matching Photographs of Unfamiliar Faces and Recognizing Familiar Composite Faces.” In 2010 IEEE international Conference on Emerging Security Technologies, edited by G. Howells, K. Sirlantzis, A. Stoica, T. Huntsberger and A.T. Arslan, 36–43. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE. ISBN 978-0-7695-4175-4
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, C., and V. Bruce. 2001. “Familiarisation with Faces Selectively Enhances Sensitivity to Changes Made to the Eyes.” Perception 30 (6): 755–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, K. E., and A. D. Baddeley. 1977. “When Recognition Fails.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory 3: 406–417. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.3.4.406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Righi, G., J. J. Peissig, and M. J. Tarr. 2012. “Recognizing Disguised Faces.” Visual Cognition 20 (2): 143–169. doi:10.1080/13506285.2012.654624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T., and V. Bruce. 1988. “Feature Saliency in Judging the Sex and Familiarity of Faces.” Perception 17 (4): 475–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadr, J., I. Jarudi, and P. Sinha. 2003. “The Role of Eyebrows in Face Recognition.” Perception 32 (3): 285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, J. W., G. M. Davies, and H. D. Ellis. 1981. Studies of cue saliency. In Perceiving and Remembering Faces, edited by G. M. Davies, H. D. Ellis, J. W. Shepherd, 105–132). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, P., and T. Poggio. 1996. “I Think I Know That Face.” Nature 384 (6608): 404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, P., and T. Poggio. 2002. “‘United’ we stand.” Perception 31 (1): 133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skelton, F. C., C. D. Frowd, and K. Speers. 2015. “The Benefit of Context for Facial-Composite Construction.” The Journal of Forensic Practice 17 (4): 281–290. doi:10.1108/JFP-08-2014-0022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., and M. J. Farah. 1993. “Parts and Wholes in Face Recognition.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 46A: 225–245. doi:10.1080/14640749308401045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., and J. A. Sengco. 1997. “Features and Their Configuration in Face recognition.” Memory & Cognition 25 (5): 583–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tredoux, C. G., D. T. Nunez, O. Oxtoby, and B. Prag. 2006. “An Evaluation of ID: An Eigenface Based Construction System.” South African Computer Journal 37: 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tulving, E., and D. M. Thomson. 1973. “Encoding Specificity and Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory.” Psychological Review 80 (5): 352–373. doi:10.1037/h0020071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogalter, M. S. 1996. “Describing Faces from Memory: Accuracy and Effects on Subsequent Recognition Performance.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40 (11): 536–540. doi:10.1177/154193129604001103.
   Google Scholar
• Yarmey, A. D. 2004. “Eyewitness Recall and Photo Identification: a Field Experiment.” Psychology, Crime & Law 10: 53–68. doi:10.1080/1068316021000058379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda, T. 2005. “Effects of Configural Information on Face Shape Perception.” Japanese Journal of Psychology 76 (2): 131–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, A. W., D. C. Hay, K. H. McWeeny, B. M. Flude, and A. W. Ellis. 1985. “Matching Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces on Internal and External Features.” Perception 14 (6): 737–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. W., D. Hellawell, and D. C. Hay. 1987. “Configurational Information in Face Perception.” Perception 16 (6): 747–759. doi:10.1068/p160747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar