A method identifying key optimisation points for aircraft seat comfort 

References

• Ahmadpour, N., M. Kühne, J. M. Robert, and P. Vink. 2016. “Attitudes towards Personal and Shared Space during the Flight.” Work 54 (4): 981–987. doi:10.3233/WOR-162346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmadpour, N., J. M. Robert, and G. Lindgaard. 2016. “Aircraft Passenger Comfort Experience: Underlying Factors and Differentiation from Discomfort.” Applied Ergonomics 52: 301–308. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, M., and Y. Noh. 2009. “Airline Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Impact of in-Flight Service Quality.” Service Business 3 (3): 293–307. doi:10.1007/s11628-009-0068-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing. 1988. “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach.” Psychological Bulletin 103 (3): 411–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., C. Fornell, and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Canonical Correlation Analysis as a Special Case of a Structural Relations Model.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 16 (4): 437–454. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1604_2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basri, B., and M. J. Griffin. 2012. “Equivalent Comfort Contours for Vertical Seat Vibration: Effect of Vibration Magnitude and Backrest Inclination.” Ergonomics 55 (8): 909–922. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.678390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. 1990. “Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models.” Psychological Bulletin 107 (2): 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolaccini, G. d-S., R. K. Nakajima, I. F. P. d-C. Filho, L. C. Paschoarelli, and F. O. Medola. 2016. “The Influence of Seat Height, Trunk Inclination and Hip Posture on the Activity of the Superior Trapezius and Longissimus.” Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28 (5): 1602–1606. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.1602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouwens, J., S. Hiemstra-van Mastrigt, and P. Vink. 2018. “Ranking of Human Senses in Relation to Different in-Flight Activities Contributing to the Comfort Experience of Airplane Passengers.” International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace 5 (2): 9. doi:10.15394/ijaaa.2018.1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brogioli, M., M. Gobbi, G. Mastinu, and M. Pennati. 2011. “Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of a Passenger/Seat Model for Ride Comfort Assessment.” Experimental Mechanics 51 (8): 1237–1249. doi:10.1007/s11340-010-9460-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M W., and R. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit[J].” Sociological Methods & Research 154 (2): 132–162.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. 2011. "Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming." Psicothema 24 (2): 343–344.
   Google Scholar
• Carcone, S. M., and P. J. Keir. 2007. “Effects of Backrest Design on Biomechanics and Comfort during Seated Work.” Applied Ergonomics 38 (6): 755–764. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. F. 2008. “Investigating Structural Relationships between Service Quality, Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions for Air Passengers: Evidence from Taiwan.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 42 (4): 709–717. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2008.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. 2007. “Body Pressure Distribution of Automobile Driving Human Machine Contact Interface.” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 20 (04): 66. doi:10.3901/CJME.2007.04.066.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M., and A. Chen. 2006. “Knowledge Management Performance Evaluation: A Decade Review from 1995 to 2004.” Journal of Information Science 32 (1): 17–38. doi:10.1177/0165551506059220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciaccia, F. R. D. A., and L. I. Sznelwar. 2012. “An Approach to Aircraft Seat Comfort Using Interface Pressure Mapping.” Work 41 (6): 240–245. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0163-240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciloglu, H., M. Alziadeh, A. Mohany, and H. Kishawy. 2015. “Assessment of the Whole Body Vibration Exposure and the Dynamic Seat Comfort in Passenger Aircraft.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 45: 116–123. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2014.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, F., M. Goode, J. Mazanec, and L. Moutinho. 1999. “LISREL and Neural Network Modelling: Two Comparison Studies.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 6 (4): 249–261. doi:10.1016/S0969-6989(98)00009-5.
   Google Scholar
• de Looze, M. P., L. F. M. Kuijt-Evers, and J. van Dieën. 2003. “Sitting Comfort and Discomfort and the Relationships with Objective Measures.” Ergonomics 46 (10): 985–997. doi:10.1080/0014013031000121977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt, B. S., and G. Dunn. 2001. "Applied Multivariate Data Analysis: Everitt/Applied Multivariate Data Analysis." Technometrics 44 (4): 407.
   Google Scholar
• Franz, M., A. Durt, R. Zenk, and P. M. A. Desmet. 2012. “Comfort Effects of a New Car Headrest with Neck Support.” Applied Ergonomics 43 (2): 336–343. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonetilleke, R., and S. Feizhou. 2001. “A Methodology to Determine the Optimum Seat Depth.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 27 (4): 207–217. doi:10.1016/S0169-8141(00)00051-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greghi, F. M., N. T. Rossi, G. B. J. Souza, and L. N. Menegon. 2012. “Contributions from the Activity Analysis to the Products Development Project: Case Study Based on a Project of Innovation and Comfort in Aircraft’s Cabins.” Work 41 (39): 55–60. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0135-55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Güneri, Ö. O., A. Göktaş, and U. Kayalı. 2017. “Path Analysis and Determining the Distribution of Indirect Effects via Simulation.” Journal of Applied Statistics 44 (7): 1181–1210. doi:10.1080/02664763.2016.1201793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, H. M., and M. A. Abdel-Aty. 2011. “Analysis of Drivers Behavior under Reduced Visibility Conditions Using a Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 14 (6): 614–625. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander, M., and L. Zhang. 1997. “Field Studies of Comfort and Discomfort in Sitting.” Ergonomics 40 (9): 895–915. doi:10.1080/001401397187739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra-van Mastrigt, S., L. Groenesteijn, P. Vink, and L. F. M. Kuijt-Evers. 2017. “Predicting Passenger Seat Comfort and Discomfort on the Basis of Human, Context and Seat Characteristics: A Literature Review.” Ergonomics 60 (7): 889–911. doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1233356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinninghofen, H., and P. Enck. 2006. “Passenger Well-Being in Airplanes.” Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical 129 (1-2): 80–85. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelter, J. W. 1983. “The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-Fit Indices.” Sociological Methods & Research 11 (3): 325–344. doi:10.1177/0049124183011003003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1998. “Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modeling: Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification.” Psychological Methods 3 (4): 424–453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jomnonkwao, S., and V. Ratanavaraha. 2016. “Measurement Modelling of the Perceived Service Quality of a Sightseeing Bus Service: An Application of Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” Transport Policy 45: 240–252. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M., M. Amiri, E. K. Zavadskas, Z. Turskis, and J. Antucheviciene. 2017. “A New Hybrid Simulation-Based Assignment Approach for Evaluating Airlines with Multiple Service Quality Criteria.” Journal of Air Transport Management 63: 45–60. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolich, M. 2003. “Automobile Seat Comfort: Occupant Preferences vs. anthropometric Accommodation.” Applied Ergonomics 34 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00142-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremser, F., F. Guenzkofer, C. Sedlmeier, O. Sabbah, and K. Bengler. 2012. “Aircraft Seating Comfort: The Influence of Seat Pitch on Passengers’ Well-Being.” Work 41 (Supplement 1): 4936–4942. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0789-4936.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapa, V. V., I. G. Neverov, V. V. Poliakov, and N. N. Solov’Ev. 2000. “Effect of Inclination Angles of Supporting Surfaces og Aircraft Seat on Pilot’s Working Capacity in Long-Duration Flight.” [In Russian.] Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina 34 (3): 17–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, J. H., B. S. Jin, and Y. Ji. 2009. “Development of a Structural Equation Model for Ride Comfort of the Korean High-Speed Railway.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2008.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, L., H. Patel, S. Cobb, M. D Cruz, M. Bues, O. Stefani, and T. Grobler. 2016. “Distracting People from Sources of discomfort in a simulated aircraft environment.” Work 54 (4): 963–979. doi:10.3233/WOR-162356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, L., H. Patel, M. D Cruz, and S. Cobb. 2017. “What Makes a Space Invader? Passenger Perceptions of Personal Space Invasion in Aircraft Travel.” Ergonomics 60 (11): 1461–1470. doi:10.1080/00140139.2017.1313456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., S. Yu, H. Yang, H. Pei, and C. Zhao. 2017. “Effects of Long-Duration Sitting with Limited Space on Discomfort, Body Flexibility, and Surface Pressure.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 58: 12–24. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2017.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., S. Yu, J. Chu, and B. Gou. 2017. “Identifying and Analyzing Critical Factors Impacting on Passenger Comfort Employing a Hybrid Model.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 27 (6): 289–305. doi:10.1002/hfm.20712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastinu, G., M. Gobbi, and M. Pennati. 2010. “Theoretical and Experimental Ride Comfort Assessment of a Subject Seated into a Car.” SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 3 (1): 607–625. doi:10.4271/2010-01-0777.
   Google Scholar
• McIver, J., and E. G. Carmines. 1981. Unidimensional Scaling. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Menegon, L. D. S., S. L. Vincenzi, D. F. D. Andrade, P. A. Barbetta, P. Vink, and E. A. D. Merino. 2019. “An Aircraft Seat Discomfort Scale Using Item Response Theory.” Applied Ergonomics 77: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner, W. 2016. “The Impact of an Aircraft’s Service Environment on Perceptions of in-Flight Food Quality.” Journal of Air Transport Management 53: 123–130. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.02.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenbroek, J. F. M., T. J. Albin, and P. Vink. 2017. “Thirty Years of Anthropometric Changes Relevant to the Width and Depth of Transportation Seating Spaces, Present and Future.” Applied Ergonomics 65: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na, S., S. Lim, H. S. Choi, and K. C. Min. 2005. “Evaluation of Driver’s Discomfort and Postural Change Using Dynamic Body Pressure Distribution.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35 (12): 1085–1096. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2005.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naddeo, A., N. Cappetti, R. Califano, and M. Vallone. 2015. “The Role of Expectation in Comfort Perception: The Mattresses’ Evaluation Experience.” Procedia Manufacturing 3: 4784–4791. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.582.
   Google Scholar
• Nijholt, N., T. Tuinhof, J. M. A. Bouwens, U. Schultheis, and P. Vink. 2016. “An Estimation of the Human Head, Neck and Back Contour in an Aircraft Seat.” Work 54 (4): 913–923. doi:10.3233/WOR-162355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noro, K., T. Naruse, R. Lueder, N. Nao-I, and M. Kozawa. 2012. “Application of Zen Sitting Principles to Microscopic Surgery Seating.” Applied Ergonomics 43 (2): 308–319. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, R. L. 1981. “Measurement and Evaluation of Satisfaction Processes in Retail Settings.” Retail 57 (3): 25–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddan, G. S., N. J. Mansfield, C. I. Arrowsmith, A. N. Rimell, S. K. King, and S. R. Holmes. 2012. “The Influence of Seat Backrest Angle on Perceived Discomfort during Exposure to Vertical Whole-Body Vibration.” Ergonomics 55 (8): 923–936. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.684889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakdil, F., and Ö. Aydın. 2007. “Expectations and Perceptions in Airline Services: An Analysis Using Weighted SERVQUAL Scores.” Journal of Air Transport Management 13 (4): 229–237. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., Y. Choi, B. Lee, S. Sah, K. Jung, and H. You. 2013. “Sitting Strategy Analysis Based on Driving Postures and Seating Pressure Distributions.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 57 (1): 1983–1986. doi:10.1177/1541931213571443.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, G., N. Daniell, and F. Fraysse. 2012. “Patterns of Correlation between Vehicle Occupant Seat Pressure and Anthropometry.” Work 41: 2226–2231. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0444-2226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qureshi, S. M., and C. W. Kang. 2015. “Analysing the Organizational Factors of Project Complexity Using Structural Equation Modelling.” International Journal of Project Management 33 (1): 165–176. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, L. G. 1980. On the Psychology of Passenger Comfort. Human Factors in Transport Research. Volume 2: User Factors: Comfort, the Environment and Behaviour. Swansea, UK: Acad Press.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, L., and I. Jacobson. 1977. “Ride Quality Assessment III: Questionnaire Results of a Second Flight Programme.” Ergonomics 20 (5): 499–519. doi:10.1080/00140137708931659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmalen, D., L. Groenesteijn, S. Boess, and P. Vink. 2009. “Using Both Qualitative and Quantitative Types of Research to Design a Comfortable Television Chair.” Journal of Design Research 8 (1): 87–100.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. R., D. M. Andrews, and P. T. Wawrow. 2006. “Development and Evaluation of the Automotive Seating Discomfort Questionnaire (ASDQ).” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 36 (2): 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2005.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smulders, M., A. Naddeo, N. Cappetti, E. D. van Grondelle, U. Schultheis, and P. Vink. 2019. “Neck Posture and Muscle Activity in a Reclined Business Class Aircraft Seat Watching IFE with and without Head Support.” Applied Ergonomics 79: 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse, D. K., and P. C. Wilton. 1988. “Models of Consumer Satisfaction Formation: An Extension.” Journal of Marketing Research 25 (2): 204–212. doi:10.2307/3172652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Grinten, M. P., and P. Smitt. 1992. “Development of a Practical Method for Measuring Body Part Discomfort.” Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety 4: 311–318.
   Google Scholar
• Vergara, M., and Á. Page. 2002. “Relationship between Comfort and Back Posture and Mobility in Sitting-Posture.” Applied Ergonomics 33 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(01)00056-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, A., V. D. Bhise, and P. Mallick. 2012. “Seat Comfort as a Function of Occupant Characteristics and Pressure Measurements at the Occupant-Seat Interface.” SAE Technical Paper, No. 2012-01-0071.
   Google Scholar
• Vink, P., C. Bazley, I. Kamp, and M. Blok. 2012. “Possibilities to Improve the Aircraft Interior Comfort Experience.” Applied Ergonomics 43 (2): 354–359. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink, P., and D. Lips. 2017. “Sensitivity of the Human Back and Buttocks: The Missing Link in Comfort Seat Design.” Applied Ergonomics 58: 287–292. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, G. A., J. J. Congleton, J. Steven Moore, A. A. Amendola, and L. Ringer. 2006. “Postural versus Chair Design Impacts upon Interface Pressure.” Applied Ergonomics 37 (5): 619–628. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., M. Cardoso, and G. Beurier. 2018. “Effects of Seat Parameters and Sitters’ Anthropometric Dimensions on Seat Profile and Optimal Compressed Seat Pan Surface.” Applied Ergonomics 73: 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., J. Y. Zhi, Z. R. Xiang, R. Li, X. F. Xu, L. Yan, and G. Xu. 2019. “Evaluation Method of Seat Comfort for High-Speed Trains Based on Seat Ergonomic Parameters.” Xinan Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 54 (6): 1342–1348.
   Google Scholar
• Wegner, M., R. Martic, M. Franz, and P. Vink. 2020. “A System to Measure Seat-Human Interaction Parameters Which Might Be Comfort Relevant.” Applied Ergonomics 84: 103008 doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemp, R., W. R. Taylor, and S. Lorenzetti. 2016. “Seat Pan and Backrest Pressure Distribution While Sitting in Office Chairs.” Applied Ergonomics 53: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C., S. Yu, C. H. Adamson, S. Ali, W. Li, and Q. Li. 2020. “Effects of Aircraft Seat Pitch on Interface Pressure and Passenger Discomfort.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 76: 102900. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2019.102900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar