509
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Quantifying the qualitative: exploring epistemic network analysis as a method to study work system interactions

, , , ORCID Icon &
Pages 1434-1449 | Received 21 Apr 2021, Accepted 28 Feb 2022, Published online: 21 Mar 2022

References

  • Alzheimer’s Association. 2018. “2018 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.” Alzheimer's Dementia 14 (3): 367–429.
  • Åsberg, R., D. Hummerdal, and S. Dekker. 2011. “There Are No Qualitative Methods–nor Quantitative for That Matter: The Misleading Rhetoric of the Qualitative–Quantitative Argument.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 12 (5): 408–415. doi:10.1080/1464536X.2011.559292.
  • Barriball, K. L., and A. While. 1994. “Collecting Data Using a Semi-structured Interview: A Discussion Paper.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 19 (2): 328–335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01088.x.
  • Barry, C A., N. Britten, N. Barber, C. Bradley, and F. Stevenson. 1999. “Using Reflexivity to Optimize Teamwork in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Health Research 9 (1): 26–44. doi:10.1177/104973299129121677.
  • Bird, M., and E. Moniz-Cook. 2008. “Challenging Behaviour in Dementia: A Psychosocial Approach to Intervention.” In Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing, 571–594. Chichester: Willey.
  • Brodaty, H., and M. Donkin. 2009. “Family Caregivers of People With Dementia.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 11 (2): 217–228.
  • Brohinsky, J., Cody Marquart, Junting Wang, A. R. Ruis, and David Williamson Shaffer. 2021. “Trajectories in Epistemic Network Analysis.” In International Conference on Quantitative Ethnography. Springer.
  • Cai, Z., Amanda Siebert-Evenstone, Brendan Eagan, and David Williamson Shaffer. 2021. “Using Topic Modeling for Code Discovery in Large Scale Text Data.” In International Conference on Quantitative Ethnography. Springer.
  • Carayon, P. 2006. “Human Factors of Complex Sociotechnical Systems.” Applied Ergonomics 37 (4): 525–535. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.04.011.
  • Carayon, P. 2009. “The Balance Theory and the Work System Model… Twenty Years Later.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 25 (5): 313–327. doi:10.1080/10447310902864928.
  • Carayon, P., A Schoofs Hundt, C J. Alvarado, S R. Springman, and P. Ayoub. 2006. “Patient Safety in Outpatient Surgery: The Viewpoint of the Healthcare Providers.” Ergonomics 49 (5–6): 470–485. doi:10.1080/00140130600568717.
  • Carayon, P., A. Schoofs Hundt, B-T. Karsh, A P. Gurses, C J. Alvarado, M. Smith, and P. Flatley Brennan. 2006. “Work System Design for Patient Safety: The SEIPS Model.” Quality and Safety in Health Care 15 (suppl 1): i50–i58. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.015842.
  • Carayon, P., and M. J. Smith. 2000. “Work Organization and Ergonomics.” Applied Ergonomics 31 (6): 649–662. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00040-5.
  • Carayon, Pascale, Tosha B. Wetterneck, A Joy Rivera-Rodriguez, Ann Schoofs Hundt, Peter Hoonakker, Richard Holden, and Ayse P. Gurses. 2014. “Human Factors Systems Approach to Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (1): 14–25. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.023.
  • Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 1985. “Managing Chronic Illness at Home: Three Lines of Work.” Qualitative Sociology 8 (3): 224–247. doi:10.1007/BF00989485.
  • Crandall, B., G. Klein, and R. R. Hoffman. 2006. Working Minds: A Practitioner’s Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Czaja, S. J. 2019. Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Donabedian, A. 1966. “Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care.” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44 (3): 166–206. doi:10.2307/3348969.
  • Donabedian, A. 1978. “The Quality of Medical Care.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 200 (4344): 856–864. doi:10.1126/science.417400.
  • Dul, Jan, Ralph Bruder, Peter Buckle, Pascale Carayon, Pierre Falzon, William S. Marras, John R. Wilson, and Bas van der Doelen. 2012. “A Strategy for Human Factors/Ergonomics: Developing the Discipline and Profession.” Ergonomics 55 (4): 377–395. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.661087.
  • Forbes, D. A., S. Finkelstein, C.M. Blake, M. Gibson, D.G. Morgan, M. Markle-Reid, I. Culum, and E. Thiessen. 2012., Knowledge exchange throughout the dementia care journey by Canadian rural community-based health care practitioners, persons with dementia, and their care partners: an interpretive descriptive study.
  • Games, E. 2016. Epistemic Network Analysis. Madison, WI: Epistemic Games Group.
  • Geda, Yonas E., Lon S. Schneider, Laura N. Gitlin, David S. Miller, Gwenn S. Smith, Joanne Bell, Jovier Evans, Michael Lee, Anton Porsteinsson, Krista L. Lanctôt, Paul B. Rosenberg, David L. Sultzer, Paul T. Francis, Henry Brodaty, Prasad P. Padala, Chiadikaobi U. Onyike, Luis Agüera Ortiz, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Donald L. Bliwise, Jennifer L. Martin, Michael V. Vitiello, Kristine Yaffe, Phyllis C. Zee, Nathan Herrmann, Robert A. Sweet, Clive Ballard, Ni A. Khin, Cara Alfaro, Patrick S. Murray, Susan Schultz, and Constantine G. Lyketsos. 2013. “Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease: Past Progress and Anticipation of the Future.” Alzheimer's & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 9 (5): 602–608. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.12.001.
  • Gee, J. P. 2014. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. London: Routledge.
  • Gurses, A. P., and P. Carayon. 2009. “Exploring Performance Obstacles of Intensive Care Nurses.” Applied Ergonomics 40 (3): 509–518. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2008.09.003.
  • Hackman, J. R. 2003. “Learning More by Crossing Levels: Evidence from Airplanes, Hospitals, and Orchestras.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 24 (8): 905–922. doi:10.1002/job.226.
  • Hay, G. J., F. E. Klonek, and S. K. Parker. 2020. “Diagnosing Rare Diseases: A Sociotechnical Approach to the Design of Complex Work Systems.” Applied Ergonomics 86: 103095. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103095.
  • Holden, R. J., C. C. Schubert, and R. S. Mickelson. 2015. “The Patient Work System: An Analysis of Self-Care Performance Barriers Among Elderly Heart Failure Patients and Their Informal Caregivers.” Applied Ergonomics 47: 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.09.009.
  • Holden, Richard J., Pascale Carayon, Ayse P. Gurses, Peter Hoonakker, Ann Schoofs Hundt, A Ant Ozok, and A Joy Rivera-Rodriguez. 2013. “SEIPS 2.0: A Human Factors Framework for Studying and Improving the Work of Healthcare Professionals and Patients.” Ergonomics 56 (11): 1669–1686. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.838643.
  • Holden, Richard J., Roger L. Brown, Samuel J. Alper, Matthew C. Scanlon, Neal R. Patel, and Ben-Tzion Karsh. 2011. “That’s Nice, But What Does IT Do? Evaluating the Impact of Bar Coded Medication Administration by Measuring Changes in the Process of Care.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41 (4): 370–379. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2011.02.007.
  • Holden, Richard J., Rupa S. Valdez, Christiane C. Schubert, Morgan J. Thompson, and Ann S. Hundt. 2017. “Macroergonomic Factors in the Patient Work System: Examining the Context of Patients with Chronic Illness.” Ergonomics 60 (1): 26–43. doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1168529.
  • Hutchinson, S. A., and H. S. Wilson. 1992. “Validity Threats in Scheduled Semistructured Research Interviews.” Nursing Research, 41: 117–119.
  • Jensen, C. J., and J. Inker. 2015. “Strengthening the Dementia Care Triad: Identifying Knowledge Gaps and Linking to Resources.” American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias 30 (3): 268–275. doi:10.1177/1533317514545476.
  • Johnson, R. B., A. J. Onwuegbuzie, and L. A. Turner. 2007. “Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research.” Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1 (2): 112–133. doi:10.1177/1558689806298224.
  • Kales, H. C., L. N. Gitlin, and C. G. Lyketsos. 2015. “Assessment and Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia.” BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 350: h369–h369. doi:10.1136/bmj.h369.
  • Karsh, B. -T. 2006. “Meso-Ergonomics: A New Paradigm for Macroergonomics Research.” In Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association, 742–750.
  • Karsh, B. -T., and S. J. Alper. 2005. “Work System Analysis: The Key to Understanding Health Care Systems.” Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality : 337–348.
  • Karsh, B-T., R J. Holden, S J. Alper, and C K L. Or. 2006. “A Human Factors Engineering Paradigm for Patient Safety: Designing to Support the Performance of the Healthcare Professional.” Quality in Health Care 15 (suppl 1): i59–i65. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.015974.
  • Lawton, Rebecca, Rosemary R C. McEachan, Sally J. Giles, Reema Sirriyeh, Ian S. Watt, and John Wright. 2012. “Development of an Evidence-Based Framework of Factors Contributing to Patient Safety Incidents in Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review.” BMJ Quality & Safety 21 (5): 369–380. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000443.
  • Misiejuk, K., Jennifer Scianna, Rogers Kaliisa, Karl Vachuska, David Williamson Shaffer. 2021. “Incorporating Sentiment Analysis with Epistemic Network Analysis to Enhance Discourse Analysis of Twitter Data.” In International Conference on Quantitative Ethnography. Springer.
  • Namey, Emily, Greg Guest, Kevin McKenna, and Mario Chen. 2016. “Evaluating Bang for the Buck: A Cost-Effectiveness Comparison Between Individual Interviews and Focus Groups Based on Thematic Saturation Levels.” American Journal of Evaluation 37 (3): 425–440. doi:10.1177/1098214016630406.
  • Nichols, Emma, Cassandra E. I. Szoeke, Stein Emil Vollset, Nooshin Abbasi, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Rufus O. Akinyemi, Fares Alahdab, Solomon W. Asgedom, Ashish Awasthi, Suzanne L. Barker-Collo, Bernhard T. Baune, Yannick Béjot, Abate B. Belachew, Derrick A. Bennett, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Carol Brayne, David O. Carpenter, Félix Carvalho, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Jee-Young J. Choi, Anh Kim Dang, Meaza G. Degefa, Shirin Djalalinia, Manisha Dubey, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, David Edvardsson, Matthias Endres, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Abadi K. Gebre, Demeke Geremew, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Rajeev Gupta, Vladimir Hachinski, Tekleberhan B. Hagos, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Josep M. Haro, Simon I. Hay, Seyed Sina N. Irvani, Ravi P. Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Rizwan Kalani, André Karch, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Tripti Khanna, Tawfik A M. Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ai Koyanagi, Kristopher J. Krohn, Giancarlo Logroscino, Stefan Lorkowski, Marek Majdan, Reza Malekzadeh, Winfried März, João Massano, Getnet Mengistu, Atte Meretoja, Moslem Mohammadi, Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Ali H. Mokdad, Stefania Mondello, Ghobad Moradi, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Long H. Nguyen, Trang H. Nguyen, Yirga L. Nirayo, Molly R. Nixon, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix A. Ogbo, Andrew T. Olagunju, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Valéria M de Azeredo Passos, David M. Pereira, Gabriel D. Pinilla-Monsalve, Michael A. Piradov, Constance D. Pond, Hossein Poustchi, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Robert C. Reiner, Stephen R. Robinson, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Tom C. Russ, Perminder S. Sachdev, Hosein Safari, Saeid Safiri, Ramesh Sahathevan, Yahya Salimi, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Masood A. Shaikh, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, João P. Silva, Mari Smith, Soheila Sobhani, Dan J. Stein, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Marcos R. Tovani-Palone, Bach X. Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Amanuel T. Tsegay, Irfan Ullah, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasily Vlassov, Yuan-Pang Wang, Jordan Weiss, Ronny Westerman, Tissa Wijeratne, Grant M. A. Wyper, Yuichiro Yano, Ebrahim M. Yimer, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Zoubida Zaidi, Zohreh Zare, Theo Vos, Valery L. Feigin, and Christopher J L. Murray. 2019. “Global, Regional, and National Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” The Lancet Neurology 18 (1): 88–106. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4.
  • Orrill, C. H., and D. W. Shaffer. 2012. Exploring Connectedness: Applying ENA to Teacher Knowledge.
  • Patton, M. Q. 2014. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
  • Pennathur, Priyadarshini R., David Thompson, James H. Abernathy, Elizabeth A. Martinez, Peter J. Pronovost, George R. Kim, Laura C. Bauer, Lisa H. Lubomski, Jill A. Marsteller, and Ayse P. Gurses. 2013. “Technologies in the Wild (TiW): Human Factors Implications for Patient Safety in the Cardiovascular Operating Room.” Ergonomics 56 (2): 205–219. doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.757655.
  • Peterson, Kendra, Howard Hahn, Amber J. Lee, Catherine A. Madison, and Alireza Atri. 2016. “In the Information Age, Do Dementia Caregivers Get the Information They Need? Semi-structured Interviews to Determine Informal Caregivers’ Education Needs, Barriers, and Preferences.” BMC Geriatrics 16 (1): 164. doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0338-7.
  • Ponnala, Siddarth, Laura Block, Aloysius J. Lingg, Amy J. Kind, and Nicole E. Werner. 2020. “Conceptualizing Caregiving Activities for Persons with Dementia (PwD) Through a Patient Work Lense.” Applied Ergonomics 85: 103070. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103070.
  • Powell, R. A., and H. M. Single. 1996. “Focus Groups.” International Journal for Quality in Health Care : Journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care 8 (5): 499–504. doi:10.1093/intqhc/8.5.499.
  • Reinhard, S. C., Barbara Given, Nirvana Huhtala Petlick, Ann Bemis, and Ronda G. Hughes. 2008. “Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care.” In Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
  • Rupp, A. A., M. Gushta, R. J. Mislevy, and D. W. Shaffer. 2010. “Evidence-Centered Design of Epistemic Games: Measurement Principles for Complex Learning Environments.” The Journal of Technology, Learning and Assessment 8 (4): 3–41.
  • Shaffer, D. W. 2017. Quantitative Ethnography. Lulu. com. Madison, WI: Cathcart Press.
  • Shaffer, D. W., W. Collier, and A. R. Ruis. 2016. “A Tutorial on Epistemic Network Analysis: Analyzing the Structure of Connections in Cognitive, Social, and Interaction Data.” Journal of Learning Analytics 3 (3): 9–45. doi:10.18608/jla.2016.33.3.
  • Shaffer, D., and A. Ruis. 2017. Epistemic Network Analysis: A Worked Example of Theory-Based Learning Analytics. In Handbook of Learning Analytics. New York.
  • Shaffer, David Williamson, David Hatfield, Gina Navoa Svarovsky, Padraig Nash, Aran Nulty, Elizabeth Bagley, Ken Frank, André A. Rupp, and Robert Mislevy. 2009. “Epistemic Network Analysis: A Prototype for 21st-Century Assessment of Learning.” International Journal of Learning and Media 1 (2): 33–53. doi:10.1162/ijlm.2009.0013.
  • Siebert-Evenstone, Amanda Lee, Golnaz Arastoopour Irgens, Wesley Collier, Zachari Swiecki, Andrew R. Ruis, and David Williamson Shaffer. 2017. “In Search of Conversational Grain Size: Modelling Semantic Structure Using Moving Stanza Windows.” Journal of Learning Analytics 4 (3): 123–139. doi:10.18608/jla.2017.43.7.
  • Smith, Michael J., and Pascale C. Sainfort. 1989. “A Balance Theory of Job Design for Stress Reduction.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 4 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1016/0169-8141(89)90051-6.
  • Strauss, A. 1993. Continual Permutations of Action. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Valdez, Rupa S., Richard J. Holden, Laurie L. Novak, and Tiffany C. Veinot. 2015. “Transforming Consumer Health Informatics Through a Patient Work Framework: Connecting Patients to Context.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA 22 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002826.
  • Waterson, P. 2009. “A Critical Review of the Systems Approach Within Patient Safety Research.” Ergonomics 52 (10): 1185–1195. doi:10.1080/00140130903042782.
  • Werner, Nicole E., Barbara Stanislawski, Katherine A. Marx, Daphne C. Watkins, Marissa Kobayashi, Helen Kales, and Laura N. Gitlin. 2017. “Getting What They Need When They Need it. Identifying Barriers to Information Needs of Family Caregivers to Manage Dementia-Related Behavioral Symptoms .” Applied Clinical Informatics 8 (1): 191–205. doi:10.4338/ACI-2016-07-RA-0122.
  • Werner, Nicole E., Rachel Rutkowski, Amy Graske, Mary K. Finta, Craig R. Sellers, Sandhya Seshadri, and Manish N. Shah. 2020. “Exploring SEIPS 2.0 as a Model for Analyzing Care Transitions across Work Sstems.” Applied Ergonomics 88: 103141. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103141.
  • Wiegmann, D. A., and S. A. Shappell. 2003. Human Error Approach to Aviation Accident Analysis: The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Wilson, J. R. 2000. “Fundamentals of Ergonomics in Theory and Practice.” Applied Ergonomics 31 (6): 557–567. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00034-X.
  • Wilson, J. R. 2014. “Fundamentals of Systems Ergonomics/Human Factors.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.03.021.
  • Woods, D. D., et al. 2010., Behind Human Error. Vol. 2. Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Wooldridge, Abigail R., Pascale Carayon, David Williamson Shaffer, and Brendan Eagan. 2018. “Quantifying the Qualitative with Epistemic Network Analysis: A Human Factors Case Study of Task-Allocation Communication in a Primary Care Team.” IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering 8 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1080/24725579.2017.1418769.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.