The effect of backpack weight on the performance of basic short-term/working memory tasks while walking along a pre-determined route

References

• Adams, E.J., A.T. Nguyen, and N. Cowan. 2018. “Theories of Working Memory: Differences in Definition, Degree of Modularity, Role of Attention, and Purpose.” Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49 (3): 340–355. doi:10.1044/2018_LSHSS-17-0114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amboni, M., P. Barone, and J.M. Hausdorff. 2013. “Cognitive Contributions to Gait and Falls: Evidence and Implications.” Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 28 (11): 1520–1533. doi:10.1002/mds.25674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashe, J., O. V. Lungu, A. T. Basford, and X. Lu. 2006. “Cortical Control of Motor Sequences.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwells, R.L., S.A. Birrell, R.H. Hooper, and N.J. Mansfield. 2006. “Influence of Carrying Heavy Loads on Soldiers’ Posture, Movements and Gait.” Ergonomics 49 (14): 1527–1537. doi:10.1080/00140130600757237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awh, E, and J. Jonides. 1998. “Spatial Working Memory and Spatial Selective Attention.” In: The Attentive Brain, edited by Parasuraman, R., 353–380. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Azouvi, P., J. Couillet, M. Leclercq, Y. Martin, S. Asloun, and M. Rousseaux. 2004. “Divided Attention and Mental Effort after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.” Neuropsychologia 42 (9): 1260–1268. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. 1983. “Working Memory.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 302 (1110): 311–324. doi:10.1098/rstb.1983.0057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. 1992. “Working Memory.” Science 255 (5044): 556–559. doi:10.1126/science.1736359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baram, Y., J. Aharon-Peretz, Y. Simionovici, and L. Ron. 2002. “Walking on Virtual Tiles.” Neural Processing Letters 16 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1023/A:1021778608344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbonis, P.A. 1978. Measurement and Modelling of Postural Work Load. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, L.M., and M.A. Nussbaum. 2011. “The Effects of Fatigue on Performance in Simulated Nursing Work.” Ergonomics 54 (9): 815–829. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.597878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekley, M.D., J. Alt, C.M. Buckley, M. Duffey, and T. Crowder. 2007. “Effects of Heavy Load Carriage during Constant-Speed, Simulated, Road Marching.” Military Medicine 172 (6): 592–595. doi:10.7205/MILMED.172.6.592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffey, D., I. Harat, Y. Gepner, C. L. Frosti, S. Funk, and J. R. Hoffman. 2019. “The Physiology and Biomechanics of Load Carriage Performance.” Military Medicine 184 (1–2): e83–e90. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G.A. 1982. “Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14 (5): 377–381. doi:10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussaoud, D. 2001. “Attention Versus Intention in the Primate Premotor Cortex.” NeuroImage 14 (1 Pt 2): S40–S45. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisswalter, J., M. Durand, and D. Delignieres. 1995. “Optimal and Non-Optimal Demand in a Dual Task of Pedalling and Simple Reaction Time: effects on Energy Expenditure and Cognitive Performance.” Journal of Human Movement Studies 29 (1): 15–34.
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent, D.E. 1958. Perception and Communication. Pergamon Press, London. doi:10.1037/10037-000.
   Google Scholar
• Causse, M., F. Dehais, and J. Pastor. 2011. “Executive Functions and Pilot Characteristics Predict Flight Simulator Performance in General Aviation Pilots.” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 21 (3): 217–234. doi:10.1080/10508414.2011.582441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro, G. N., E. A. Stine-Morrow, and M. E. Hernandez. 2019. “Effects of Aerobic Fitness on Cognitive Performance as a Function of Dual-Task Demands in Older Adults.” Experimental Gerontology 118: 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, T., D. Bhattacharyya, A. Pramanik, M. Pal, D. Majumdar, and D. Majumdar. 2017. “Soldiers’ Load Carriage Performance in High Mountains: A Physiological Study.” Military Medical Research 4 (6): 6–9. doi:10.1186/s40779-017-0113-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chmura, J., K. Nazar, and H. Kaciuba-Uścilko. 1994. “Choice Reaction Time during Graded Exercise in Relation to Blood Lactate and Plasma Catecholamine Thresholds.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 15 (04): 172–176. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. J., and A. Ruina. 1998. “An Uncontrolled Walking Toy That Cannot Stand Still.” Physical Review Letters 80 (16): 3658–3661. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, M., and E. Sirevaag. 1987. “Heart Rate and Sinus Arrhythmia.” In Psychophysiology and the Electronic Workplace, edited by A. Gale and B. Christie, 255–274. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, T.M., and D.A. Neumann. 1987. “The Effects of Load Placement on the EMG Activity of the Low Back Muscles during Load Carrying by Men and Women.” Ergonomics 30 (10): 1413–1423. doi:10.1080/00140138708966035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corlett, E. N., and R. P. Bishop. 1976. “A Technique for Assessing Postural Discomfort.” Ergonomics 19 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1080/00140137608931530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi, P.M. 1972. Human Memory and the Medial Temporal Region of the Brain. Montreal: McGill University.
   Google Scholar
• Courtine, G., A. M. De Nunzio, M. Schmid, M. V. Beretta, and M. Schieppati. 2007. “Stance- and Locomotion-Dependent Processing of Vibration-induced Proprioceptive Inflow from Multiple Muscles in Humans.” Journal of Neurophysiology 97 (1): 772–779. doi:10.1152/jn.00764.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, J. O. 2007. “The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire.” Occupational Medicine 57 (4): 300–301. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman, M., and P.A. Carpenter. 1980. “Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (4): 450–466. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6.
   Google Scholar
• Daneman, M., and P.M. Merikle. 1996. “Working Memory and Language Comprehension: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (4): 422–433. doi:10.3758/BF03214546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, C. E., K. Campion, A. F. Foster, S. J. Newman, A. M. T. O'rourke, and P. G. Thomas. 1992. “Questionnaire Development: An Examination of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire.” Applied Ergonomics 23 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/0003-6870(92)90225-K.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiDomenico, A., and M. A. Nussbaum. 2011. “Effects of Different Physical Workload Parameters on Mental Workload and Performance.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2011.01.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury C.G., R.S. Goonetilleke, and M. Maurice. 1988. Automation, Stress and Performance in Industrial Inspection, Final Report on PHS Grant 5 R01OH024 Buffalo, NY. Unpublished Manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Dukas, R. 2004. “Causes and Consequences of Limited Attention.” Brain, Behavior and Evolution 63 (4): 197–210. doi:10.1159/000076781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, R.W., and M.J. Kane. 2004. “Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control.” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 44: 145–199. doi:10.1016/S0079-7421(03)44005-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, H., Y. Ouchi, S. Matsuzaki, Y. Nagahama, H. Yamauchi, M. Ogawa, J. Kimura, and H. Shibasaki. 1997. “Brain Functional Activity during Gait in Normal Subjects: A SPECT Study.” Neuroscience Letters 228 (3): 183–186. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00381-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S.E., T.P. Alloway, C. Willis, and A. Adams. 2006. “Working Memory in Children with Reading Disabilities.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 93 (3): 265–281. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghori, G., and R. Luckwill. 1985. “Responses of the Lower Limb to Load Carrying in Walking Man.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 54 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1007/BF02335921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck M.A., E. Mercado, and C.E. Myers. 2013. Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, J., A. Thambyah, and K. Bose. 1998. “Effects of Varying Backpack Loads on Peak Forces in the Lumbosacral Spine during Walking.” Clinical Biomechanics 13 (1 Suppl 1): S26–S31. doi:10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00071-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gopher, D. 1993. “The Skill of Attention Control: Acquisition and Execution of Attention Strategies.” In: Attention and Performance XIV: Synergies in Experimental Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, and Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum, 299–322. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grafton, S. T., A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib. 1998. “Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study.” Journal of Neurophysiology 79 (2): 1092–1097. doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, H.J., R. Greenlaw, P. Limousin, K. Bhatia, N.P. Quinn, and M. Jahanshahi. 2011. “The Effect of Real and Virtual Visual Cues on Walking in Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Neurology 258 (6): 991–1000. doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5866-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman E., P. Frykman, C. Pandorf, W. Tharion, R. Mello, J. Obusek, and J. Kirk. 1999. “Physiological, Biomechanical, and Maximal Performance Comparisons of Soldiers Carrying Loads Using U.S. Marine Corps Modular Lightweight Load-Carrying Equipment (MOLLE), and U.S. Army Modular Load System (MLS) Prototypes.” System 298: 50.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. G. 2006. “NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 50, No. 9, 904–908. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. doi:10.1177/154193120605000909.
   Google Scholar
• Hertrich, I., S. Dietrich, and H. Ackermann. 2016. “The Role of the Supplementary Motor Area for Speech and Language Processing.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 68: 602–610. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyder, K., B. Suchan, and I. Daum. 2004. “Cortico-Subcortical Contributions to Executive Control.” Acta Psychologica 115 (2–3): 271–289. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holewun, M., and W.A. Lotens. 1992. “The Influence of Backpack Design on Physical Performance.” Ergonomics 35 (2): 149–157. doi:10.1080/00140139208967803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollman, J.H., E.M. McDade, and R.C. Petersen. 2011. “Normative Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Older Adults.” Gait & Posture 34 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.03.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., and G. Brueggemann. 2000. “Changes in Gait Patterns in 10-Year-Old Boys with Increasing Loads When Walking on a treadmill.” Gait & Posture 11 (3): 254–259. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00055-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoonakker, P., P. Carayon, A. P. Gurses, R. Brown, A. Khunlertkit, K. McGuire, and J. M. Walker. 2011. “Measuring Workload of ICU Nurses with a Questionnaire Survey: The NASA Task Load Index (TLX).” IIE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering 1 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1080/19488300.2011.609524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu, C.L., J.R. Best, J.C. Davis, L.S. Nagamatsu, S. Wang, L.A. Boyd, G.R. Hsiung, M.W. Voss, J.J. Eng, and T. Liu-Ambrose. 2018. “Aerobic Exercise Promotes Executive Functions and Impacts Functional Neural Activity among Older Adults with Vascular Cognitive Impairment.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 52 (3): 184–191. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isreal, J.B., G.L. Chesney, C.D. Wickens, and E. Donchin. 1980. “P300 and Tracking Difficulty: Evidence for Multiple Resources in Dual-Task Performance.” Psychophysiology 17 (3): 259–273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00146.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeggi, S.M., M. Buschkuehl, W.J. Perrig, and B. Meier. 2010. “The Concurrent Validity of the N-Back Task as a Working Memory Measure.” Memory 18 (4): 394–412. doi:10.1080/09658211003702171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jameson, A, and K. Z. Gajos. 2012. “Systems That Adapt to Their Users.” The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D A., C J. de Ruiter, and A. de Haan. 2006. “Change in Contractile Properties of Human Muscle in Relationship to the Loss of Power and Slowing of Relaxation Seen with Fatigue.” The Journal of Physiology 576 (Pt 3): 913–922. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and Effort. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek, J. 1971. “Sinus Arrhythmia and the Dual Task Method in Measuring Mental Load.” In Measurement of Man at Work, edited by W. T. Singleton, J. F. Fox, and D. Whitfield, 101–113. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, M.J., and R.W. Engle. 2002. “The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Working-Memory Capacity, Executive Attention, and General Fluid Intelligence: An Individual-Differences Perspective.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9 (4): 637–671. doi:10.3758/BF03196323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. G., and J. B. Dingwell. 2006. “A Direct Comparison of Local Dynamic Stability during Unperturbed Standing and Walking.” Experimental Brain Research 172 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0224-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatekin, C., J. W. Couperus, and D. J. Marcus. 2004. “Attention Allocation in the Dual-Task Paradigm as Measured Through Behavioral and Psychophysiological Responses.” Psychophysiology 41 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00147.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, B., S.M. Condon, and L.A. McDonald. 1985. “Cognitive Spatial Processing and the Regulation of Posture.” Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance 11 (5): 617–622. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.11.5.617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchner, W.K. 1958. “Age Differences in Short-Term Retention of Rapidly Changing Information.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (4): 352–358. doi:10.1037/h0043688.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klingberg, T. 1998. “Concurrent Performance of Two Working Memory Tasks: potential Mechanisms of Interference.” Cerebral Cortex 8 (7): 593–601. doi:10.1093/cercor/8.7.593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, J.J., K.L. Reynolds, and E. Harman. 2004. “Soldier Load Carriage: Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects.” Military Medicine 169 (1): 45–56. doi:10.7205/MILMED.169.1.45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, K., and I. Hamada. 1978. “Visual Tracking and Neuron Activity in the Post-Arcuate Area in Monkeys.” Journal de physiologie 74 (3): 297–312. PMID: 102777
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo, A. D. 1999. “Stabilization of Lateral Motion in Passive Dynamic Walking.” The International Journal of Robotics Research 18 (9): 917–930. doi:10.1177/02783649922066655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• la Fougère, C., A. Zwergal, A. Rominger, S. Förster, G. Fesl, M. Dieterich, T. Brandt, M. Strupp, P. Bartenstein, and K. Jahn. 2010. “Real Versus Imagined Locomotion: A [18F]-FDG PET-fMRI Comparison.” NeuroImage 50 (4): 1589–1598. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, T. M., J. T. Gwin, and D. P. Ferris. 2014. “Walking Reduces Sensorimotor Network Connectivity Compared to Standing.” Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 11 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., and C.D. Wickens. 1992. “Visual Scanning With or Without Spatial Uncertainty and Divided and Selective Attention.” Acta Psychologica 79 (2): 131–153. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(92)90029-D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, G. D., and R. D. Gordon. 2001. “Executive Control of Visual Attention in Dual-Task Situations.” Psychological Review 108 (2): 393–434. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, R.H. 2011. “The Functional Organization and Capacity Limits of Working Memory.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (4): 240–245. doi:10.1177/0963721411415340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorist, M.M., D. Kernell, T.F. Meijman, and I. Zijdewind. 2002. “Motor Fatigue and Cognitive Task Performance in Humans.” The Journal of Physiology 545 (1): 313–319. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.027938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, A. R., and G. T. Desmoulin. 2019. “Police Officer Performance and Perception Using Light, Medium and Heavy Weight Tactical Batons.” Applied Ergonomics 75: 178–183. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchester, D., M. Woollacott, N. Zederbauer-Hylton, and O. Marin. 1989. “Visual, Vestibular and Somatosensory Contributions to Balance Control in the Older Adult.” Journal of Gerontology 44 (4): M118–M127. doi:10.1093/geronj/44.4.M118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, P.E., and R.C. Nelson. 1986. “The Effect of Carried Loads on the Walking Patterns of Men and Women.” Ergonomics 29 (10): 1191–1202. doi:10.1080/00140138608967234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meister, I. G., S. M. Wilson, C. Deblieck, A. D. Wu, and M. Iacoboni. 2007. “The Essential Role of Premotor Cortex in Speech Perception.” Current Biology 17 (19): 1692–1696. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara, M., I. Miyai, M. Hatakenaka, K. Kubota, and S. Sakoda. 2008. “Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Human Balance Control.” NeuroImage 43 (2): 329–336. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara, M., I. Miyai, N. Hattori, M. Hatakenaka, H. Yagura, T. Kawano, and K. Kubota. 2012. “Cortical Control of Postural Balance in Patients with Hemiplegic Stroke.” Neuroreport 23 (5): 314–319. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328351757b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R.G., D. Giannini, H.S. Milner-Brown, R.B. Layzer, A.P. Koretsky, D. Hooper, and M.W. Weiner. 1987. “Effects of Fatiguing Exercise on High-Energy Phosphates, Force, and EMG: Evidence for Three Phases of Recovery.” Muscle & Nerve 10 (9): 810–821. doi:10.1002/mus.880100906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, N. P., E. N. Corlett, and C. O’Brien. 1986. “A Model to Predict Recovery from Maximal and Submaximal Isometric Exercise.” In Ergonomics of Working Postures, edited by N. Corlett, J. Wilson, and I. Manenica, 126–133. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Miyai, I., H. C. Tanabe, I. Sase, H. Eda, I. Oda, I. Konishi, Y. Tsunazawa, T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, and K. Kubota. 2001. “Cortical Mapping of Gait in Humans: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Topography Study.” NeuroImage 14 (5): 1186–1192. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., N.P. Friedman, M.J. Emerson, A.H. Witzki, A. Howerter, and T.D. Wager. 2000. “The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis.” Cognitive Psychology 41 (1): 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, A.B., B.A. Clark, and M.J. Kane. 2008. “Who Shalt Not Kill? Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity, Executive Control, and Moral Judgment.” Psychological Science 19 (6): 549–557. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02122.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na, D. G., J. W. Ryu, H. S. Byun, D. S. Choi, E. J. Lee, W. I. Chung, J. M. Cho, and B. K. Han. 2000. “Functional MR Imaging of Working Memory in the Human Brain.” Korean Journal of Radiology 1 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3348/kjr.2000.1.1.19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oberauer, K., H. Süß, O. Wilhelm, and W.W. Wittman. 2003. “The Multiple Faces of Working Memory: Storage, Processing, Supervision, and Coordination.” Intelligence 31 (2): 167–193. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00115-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, S. M., and A. D. Kuo. 2009. “Direction-Dependent Control of Balance During Walking and standing.” Journal of Neurophysiology 102 (3): 1411–1419. doi:10.1152/jn.00131.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi, Y., H. Okada, E. Yoshikawa, S. Nobezawa, and M. Futatsubashi. 1999. “Brain Activation during Maintenance of Standing Postures in Humans.” Brain 122 (2): 329–338. doi:10.1093/brain/122.2.329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen, A.M., K.M. McMillan, A.R. Laird, and E. Bullmore. 2005. “N-Back Working Memory Paradigm: A Meta-Analysis of Normative Functional Neuroimaging Studies.” Human Brain Mapping 25 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1002/hbm.20131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulesu, E., C. D. Frith, and R. S. Frackowiak. 1993. “The Neural Correlates of the Verbal Component of Working Memory.” Nature 362 (6418): 342–345. doi:10.1038/362342a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, A. (Ed.). 2004. Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pashler, H.E, and S. Sutherland. 1998. The Psychology of Attention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5677.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Paulus, W. M., A. Straube, and T. H. Brandt. 1984. “Visual Stabilization of Posture: Physiological Stimulus Characteristics and Clinical Aspects.” Brain 107 (4): 1143–1163. doi:10.1093/brain/107.4.1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone, M., R. Orr, W. Hing, N. Milne, and R. Pope. 2018. “The Impact of Backpack Loads on School Children: A Critical Narrative Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (11): 2529. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, C. M., M. A. Sheik-Nainar, N. Segall, R. Ma, and D. B. Kaber. 2008. “Effects of Physical Workload on Cognitive Task Performance and Situation Awareness.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 9 (2): 95–113. doi:10.1080/14639220600959237.
   Google Scholar
• Persad, C.C., J.L. Jones, J.A. Ashton-Miller, N.B. Alexander, and B. Giordani. 2008. “Executive Function and Gait in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63 (12): 1350–1355. doi:10.1093/gerona/63.12.1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontifex, M.B., C.H. Hillman, B. Fernhall, K.M. Thompson, and T.A. Valentini. 2009. “The Effect of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Working Memory.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41 (4): 927–934. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181907d69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, T., and D. Smith. 1986. “Effect of Work Intensity on Performance in a Psychomotor Task during Exercise.” Ergonomics 29 (4): 601–606. doi:10.1080/00140138608968294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rémy, F., N. Wenderoth, K. Lipkens, and S. P. Swinnen. 2010. “Dual-Task Interference During Initial Learning of a New Motor Task Results from Competition for the Same Brain Areas.” Neuropsychologia 48 (9): 2517–2527. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland, P. E., and K. Zilles. 1998. “Structural Divisions and Functional Fields in the Human Cerebral Cortex.” Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 26 (2–3): 87–105. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00058-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubinstein, J. S., D. E. Meyer, and J. E. Evans. 2001. “Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27 (4): 763–797. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvucci, D. D., and N. A. Taatgen. 2008. “Threaded Cognition: An Integrated Theory of Concurrent Multitasking.” Psychological Review 115 (1): 101–130. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.115.1.101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, T. 2008. “Working Memory Load in the Initial Learning Phase Facilitates Relearning: A Study of Vocabulary Learning.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 106 (1): 317–327. doi:10.2466/pms.106.1.317-327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider-Hufschmidt M., U. Malinowski, and T. Kuhme. 1993. Adaptive User Interfaces: Principles and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sharit, J., and G. Salvendy. 1982. “External and Internal Attentional Environments II. Reconsideration of the Relationship between Sinus Arrhythmia and Information Load.” Ergonomics 25 (2): 121–132. doi:10.1080/00140138208924932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shores, M. 1980. “Footprint Analysis in Gait documentation. An Instructional Sheet Format.” Physical Therapy 60 (9): 1163–1167. doi:10.1093/ptj/60.9.1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook, A, and M. Woollacott. 2007. Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Sibley, B.A., and S.L. Beilock. 2007. “Exercise and Working Memory: An Individual Differences Investigation.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 29 (6): 783–791. doi:10.1123/jsep.29.6.783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, S. R., M. Meunier, L. Piettre, A. M. Berardi, C. M. Segebarth, and D. Boussaoud. 2002. “Spatial Attention and Memory Versus Motor Preparation: Premotor Cortex Involvement as Revealed by fMRI.” Journal of Neurophysiology 88 (4): 2047–2057. doi:10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.2047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slagter, H. A., A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, A. D. Francis, S. Nieuwenhuis, J. M. Davis, and R. J. Davidson. 2007. “Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources.” PLoS Biology 5 (6): e138. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slagter, H. A., A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, S. Nieuwenhuis, and R. J. Davidson. 2009. “Theta Phase Synchrony and Conscious Target Perception: Impact of Intensive Mental Training.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 (8): 1536–1549. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. E., J. Jonides, C. Marshuetz, and R. A. Koeppe. 1998. “Components of Verbal Working Memory: Evidence from Neuroimaging.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (3): 876–882. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son, M., S. Hyun, D. Beck, J. Jung, and W. Park. 2019. “Effects of Backpack Weight on the Performance of Basic Short-Term/Working Memory Tasks during Flat-Surface Standing.” Ergonomics 62 (4): 548–564. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1576924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, M., I. Miyai, T. Ono, I. Oda, I. Konishi, T. Kochiyama, and K. Kubota. 2004. “Prefrontal and Premotor Cortices are Involved in Adapting Walking and Running Speed on the Treadmill: An Optical Imaging Study.” NeuroImage 23 (3): 1020–1026. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait, J. L., R. L. Duckham, C. M. Milte, L. C. Main, and R. M. Daly. 2017. “Influence of Sequential vs. Simultaneous Dual-Task Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 9: 368. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma, P., B. Koch, K. Heyder, M. Schwarz, and I. Daum. 2008. “Subcortical Contributions to Multitasking and Response Inhibition.” Behavioural Brain Research 194 (2): 214–222. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A.M. 1960. “Contextual Cues in Selective Listening.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (4): 242–248. doi:10.1080/17470216008416732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem, J., S. Marcora, K. De Pauw, S. Bailey, R. Meeusen, and B. Roelands. 2017. “The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review.” Sports Medicine 47 (8): 1569–1588. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Iersel, M.B., R.P. Kessels, B.R. Bloem, A.L. Verbeek, and M.G. Olde Rikkert. 2008. “Executive Functions are Associated with Gait and Balance in Community-Living Elderly People.” The Journal of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63 (12): 1344–1349. doi:10.1093/gerona/63.12.1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahn, B., and P. König. 2016. “Attentional Resource Allocation in Visuotactile Processing Depends on the Task, but Optimal Visuotactile Integration does not Depend on Attentional Resources.” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 10: 13. doi:10.3389/fnint.2016.00013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahn, B., and P. König. 2017. “Is Attentional Resource Allocation across Sensory Modalities Task-Dependent?” Advances in Cognitive Psychology 13 (1): 83–96. doi:10.5709/acp-0209-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Y. Wai, B. Kuo, Y. Y. Yeh, and J. Wang. 2008. “Cortical Control of Gait in Healthy Humans: An fMRI Study.” Journal of Neural Transmission 115 (8): 1149–1158. doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0058-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. 1939. The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. doi:10.1037/10020-000.
   Google Scholar
• Weinrich, M., and S. P. Wise. 1982. “The Premotor Cortex of the Monkey.” The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2 (9): 1329–1345. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01329.1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, C.D. 1980. “The Structure of Attentional Resources.” In Attention and Performance VIII, edited by R. Nickerson, 239–257. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens, C.D. 1991. “Processing Resources and Attention.” In Multiple-Task Performance, edited by D. L. Damos, 3–34. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens, C.D. 2002. “Multiple Resources and Performance Prediction.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1080/14639220210123806.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens, C.D. 2008. “Multiple Resources and Mental Workload.” Human Factors 50 (3): 449–455. doi:10.1518/001872008X288394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, C. D. 2020. “Processing Resources and Attention.” In Multiple-Task Performance, edited by D. L. Damos, 3–34. London: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens C.D., J.G. Hollands, S. Banbury, and R. Parasuraman. 2015. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. 4th ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9781315665177.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens, C.D., and Y. Liu. 1988. “Codes and Modalities in Multiple Resources: A Success and a Qualification.” Human Factors 30 (5): 599–616. doi:10.1177/001872088803000505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, C. D, and J. S. McCarley. 2019. Applied Attention Theory. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. M., and M. Iacoboni. 2006. “Neural Responses to Non-Native Phonemes Varying in Producibility: Evidence for the Sensorimotor Nature of Speech Perception.” NeuroImage 33 (1): 316–325. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenberg, E., J. Thompson, C. S. Nam, and J. R. Franz. 2017. “Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11: 170. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T., K. Kansaku, and M. Hallett. 2004. “How Self-Initiated Memorized Movements Become Automatic: A Functional MRI Study.” Journal of Neurophysiology 91 (4): 1690–1698. doi:10.1152/jn.01052.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogev‐Seligmann, G., J. M. Hausdorff, and N. Giladi. 2008. “The Role of Executive Function and Attention in Gait.” Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 23 (3): 329–342. doi:10.1002/mds.21720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar