Using systems thinking-based risk assessment methods to assess hazardous manual tasks: a comparison of Net-HARMS, EAST-BL, FRAM and STPA

References

• Baber, C, and N. A. Stanton. 1996. “Human Error Identification Techniques Applied to Public Technology: Predictions Compared with Observed Use.” Applied Ergonomics 27 (2): 119–131. doi:10.1016/0003-6870(95)00067-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baber, C, and N. A. Stanton. 1994. “Task Analysis for Error Identification: A Methodology for Designing Error-Tolerant Consumer Products.” Ergonomics 37 (11): 1923–1941. doi:10.1080/00140139408964958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bas, E. 2020. “STPA Methodology in a Socio-Technical System of Monitoring and Tracking Diabetes Mellitus.” Applied Ergonomics 89: 103190. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmonte, F., W. Schön, L. Heurley, and R. Capel. 2011. “Interdisciplinary Safety Analysis of Complex Socio-Technological Systems Based on the Functional Resonance Accident Model: An Application to Railway Trafficsupervision.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 96 (2): 237–249. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2010.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J., K. Churruca, L. A. Ellis, J. Long, R. Clay-Williams, N. Damen, J. Herkes, C. Pomare, and K. Ludlow. 2017. Complexity Science in Healthcare-Aspirations, Approaches, Applications and Accomplishments: A White Paper. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno, Wagner Pietrobelli, Priscila Wachs, Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, Natália Ransolin, and Ricardo Souza Kuchenbecker. 2021. “Making Resilience Explicit in FRAM: Shedding Light on Desired Outcomes.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 31 (6): 579–597. doi:10.1002/hfm.20909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayon, P., P. Hancock, N. Leveson, I. Noy, L. Sznelwar, and G. van Hootegem. 2015. “Advancing a Sociotechnical Systems Approach to Workplace Safety–Developing the Conceptual Framework.” Ergonomics 58 (4): 548–564. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1015623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaal, M., O. A. Valdez Banda, J. A. Glomsrud, S. Basnet, S. Hirdaris, and P. Kujala. 2020. “A Framework to Model the STPA Hierarchical Control Structure of an Autonomous Ship.” Safety Science 132: 104939. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chicco, D, and G. Jurman. 2020. “The Advantages of the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) Over F1 Score and Accuracy in Binary Classification Evaluation.” BMC Genomics 21 (1): 6–6. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6413-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallat, C., P. M. Salmon, and N. Goode. 2018. “Identifying Risks and Emergent Risks across Sociotechnical Systems: The NETworked Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (NET-HARMS).” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 19(4):456–482. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2017.1381197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallat, C., P. M. Salmon, and N. Goode. 2019. “Risky Systems versus Risky People: To What Extent Do Risk Assessment Methods Consider the Systems Approach to Accident Causation? A Review of the Literature.” Safety Science 119: 266–279. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.03.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, G. 2005. “Ergonomic Methods for Assessing Exposure to Risk Factors for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders.” Occupational Medicine 55 (3): 190–199. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. C., R. Challenger, D. N. Jayewardene, and C. W. Clegg. 2014. “Advancing Socio-Technical Systems Thinking: A Call for Bravery.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, S. W. 2010. “We Have Newton on a Retainer: Reductionism When we Need Systems Thinking.” Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 36 (4): 147–149. doi:10.1016/S1553-7250(10)36024-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dekker, S. W. 2011. Drift into Failure from Hunting Broken Components to Understanding Complex Systems. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Dekker, S. W., P. Cilliers, and J.-H. Hofmeyr. 2011. “The Complexity of Failure: Implications of Complexity Theory for Safety Investigations.” Safety Science 49 (6): 939–945. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.01.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diego-Mas, J. A., R. Poveda-Bautista, and D. C. Garzon-Leal. 2015. “Influences on the Use of Observational Methods by Practitioners When Identifying Risk Factors in Physical Work.” Ergonomics 58 (10): 1660–1670. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1023851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, S.-L., P. M. Salmon, M. G. Lenné, and T. Horberry. 2017. “Safety Leadership and Systems Thinking: Application and Evaluation of a Risk Management Framework in the Mining Industry.” Ergonomics 60 (10): 1336–1350. doi:10.1080/00140139.2017.1308562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (Producer). 2020. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Statistics. (accessed May 31, 2021). https://osha.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/documents/HWC_20-22_MSDs_PPT_Statistics.pptx
   Google Scholar
• European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). 2014. Systems Thinking for Safety: Ten Principles A White Paper Moving towards Safety-II. https://www.academia.edu/31502029/DNM_Safety_Systems_Thinking_for_Safety_Ten_Principles_A_White_Paper_Moving_towards_Safety-II
   Google Scholar
• Farmilo, A., G. Hone, and I. Whitworth. 2006. Hierarchical Task Analysis User Guide [1.1].
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, S, and M. F. Barbe. 2021. “The Impaired Healing Hypothesis: A Mechanism by Which Psychosocial Stress and Personal Characteristics Increase MSD Risk?” Ergonomics 1–14. doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1974103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, N., S. Newnam, and P. M. Salmon. 2019. “Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workplace: Development of a Systems Thinking-Based Prototype Classification Scheme to Better Understand the Risks.” Safety Science 120: 146–156. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, N., P. M. Salmon, M. G. Lenne, and P. Hillard. 2014. “Systems Thinking Applied to Safety during Manual Handling Tasks in the Transport and Storage Industry.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 68: 181–191. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, N., P. M. Salmon, N. Z. Taylor, M. G. Lenne, and C. F. Finch. 2017. “Developing a Contributing Factor Classification Scheme for Rasmussen's AcciMap: Reliability and Validity Evaluation.” Applied Ergonomics 64: 14–26. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, T. G. C., M. S. Young, and N. A. Stanton. 2010. “Investigating Accident Causation through Information Network Modelling: Human Factors in Aviation.” Ergonomics 53 (2): 198–210. doi:10.1080/00140130903125165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamim, O. F., M. S. Hoque, R. C. McIlroy, K. L. Plant, and N. A. Stanton. 2020. “Representing Two Road Traffic Collisions in One Accimap: Highlighting the Importance of Emergency Response and Enforcement in a Low-Income Country.” Ergonomics 63 (12): 1512–1524. doi:10.1080/00140139.2020.1807064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D., N. A. Stanton, A. Marshall, M. S. Young, J. Demagalski, and P. Salmon. 2005. “Using SHERPA to Predict Design-Induced Error on the Flight Deck.” Aerospace Science and Technology 9 (6): 525–532. doi:10.1016/j.ast.2005.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive 2021a. Health and Safety at Work Summary Statistics for Great Britain 2021. London. https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh2021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive 2021b. Risk Assessment – A Brief Guide to Controlling Risks in the Workplace. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive. 2021c. Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Great Britain (WRMSDs), 2021. London: Health and Safety Executive. https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/msd.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hollnagel, E. 2012. FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Hollnagel, E. 2018a. FRAM Handbook 2018 v4. https://functionalresonance.com/onewebmedia/FRAM%20Handbook%202018%20v4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hollnagel, E. 2018b. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method. A brief Guide on how to use the FRAM. https://functionalresonance.com/how-to-build-a-fram-model/fram-handbook.html
   Google Scholar
• Hollnagel, E., J. Hounsgaard, and L. Colligan. 2014. FRAM – the Functional Resonance Analysis Method – a Handbook for the Practical Use of the Method. https://functionalresonance.com/onewebmedia/FRAM_handbook_web-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., S. McLean, C. Dallat, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, N. A. Stanton, and P. M. Salmon. 2021e. “Systems Thinking-Based Risk Assessment Methods Applied to Sports Performance: A Comparison of STPA, EAST-BL, and Net-HARMS in the Context of Elite Women's Road Cycling.” Applied Ergonomics 91: 103297. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., S. McLean, P. M. Salmon, J. M. Thompson, B. R. Lane, and R. O. Nielsen. 2019a. “Computational Methods to Model Complex Systems in Sports Injury Research: Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) and Systems Dynamics (SD) Modelling.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 53 (24): 1507–1510. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, and P. M. Salmon. 2019b. “What Do Applications of Systems Thinking Accident Analysis Methods Tell us about Accident Causation? A Systematic Review of Applications between 1990 and 2018.” Safety Science 117: 164–183. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, and P. M. Salmon. 2021a. “Are Accident Analysis Methods Fit for Purpose? Testing the Criterion-Referenced Concurrent Validity of AcciMap, STAMP-CAST and AcciNet.” Safety Science 144: 105454. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, and P. M.Salmon, P. M. 2021b. Testing the Reliability and Validity of Net-HARMS: A New Systems-Based Risk Assessment Method in HFE. In: N.L. Black, W.P, Neumann, & I. Noy, (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021). IEA 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74602-5_51
   Google Scholar
• Hulme, A., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, and P. M. Salmon. 2021c. “Testing the Reliability and Validity of Risk Assessment Methods in Human Factors and Ergonomics. Ergonomics 65: 407–428. doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1962969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimatsu, T., N. Leveson, J. P. Thomas, C. H. Fleming, M. Katahira, Y. Miyamoto, U. Ryo, N. Haruka, H. Nobuyuki, F. Harrison. 2010. Hazard Analysis of Complex Spacecraft using SystemsTheoretic Process Analysis. Paper presented at the IAASS Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Kawabe, Y, and T. Yanagisawa. 2014. Applying STAMP/STPA to Human Safety System for Four Wheel Drive Power-Train. Paper presented at the Informatik 2014, Bonn.
   Google Scholar
• Kermavnar, Tjaša, Aijse W. de Vries, Michiel P. de Looze, and Leonard W. O'Sullivan. 2021. “Effects of Industrial Back-Support Exoskeletons on Body Loading and User Experience: An Updated Systematic Review.” Ergonomics 64 (6): 685–711. doi:10.1080/00140139.2020.1870162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, B. R., P. M. Salmon, A. Cherney, D. Lacey, and N. A. Stanton. 2019. “Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) Broken-Links Approach to Understand Vulnerabilities to Disruption in a Darknet Market.” Ergonomics 62 (9): 1134–1149. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1621392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveson, N. 2004. “A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems.” Safety Science 42 (4): 237–270. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveson, N. 2011a. Engineering a Safer and More Secure World. Powerpoint Presentation. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Leveson, N. 2011b. Engineering a Safer World. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/engineering-safer-world
   Google Scholar
• Leveson, N, and J. Thomas. 2014. STPA Handbook. http://psas.scripts.mit.edu/home/get_file.php?name=STPA_handbook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lind, C. M., M. Forsman, and L. M. Rose. 2020. “Development and Evaluation of RAMP II – a Practitioner's Tool for Assessing Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors in Industrial Manual Handling.” Ergonomics 63 (4): 477–504. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1710576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan, N. A. 2001. “Signal Detection Theory.” In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, 14075–14078.
   Google Scholar
• McAtamney, L, and E. N. Corlett. 1993. “RULA: A Survey Method for the Investigation of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders.” Applied Ergonomics 24 (2): 91–99. doi:10.1016/0003-6870(93)90080-S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAtamney, L, and S. Hignett. 2004. “Rapid Entire Body Assessment.” Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods 97–108.
   Google Scholar
• McCormack, P., G. J. M. Read, P. M. Salmon, and N. Goode. 2021. “Do Hazardous Manual Handling Task Risk Assessment Methods Align with Systems Thinking?” Safety Science 140 (1): 105316. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S., C. F. Finch, N. Goode, A. Clacy, L. J. Coventon, and P. M. Salmon. 2021. “Applying a Systems Thinking Lens to Injury Causation in the Outdoors: Evidence Collected during 3 Years of the Understanding and Preventing Led Outdoor Accidents Data System.” Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention 27 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S., A. Hulme, M. Mooney, G. J. M. Read, A. Bedford, and P. M. Salmon. 2019. “A Systems Approach to Performance Analysis in Women's Netball: Using Work Domain Analysis to Model Elite Netball Performance.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 201. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S., D. Rath, S. Lethlean, M. Hornsby, J. Gallagher, D. D. Anderson, and P. M. Salmon. 2021. “With Crisis Comes Opportunity: Redesigning Performance Departments of Elite Sports Clubs for Life after a Global Pandemic.” Frontiers in Psychology 11: 588959–588959. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S., P. M. Salmon, A. D. Gorman, G. J. M. Read, and C. Solomon. 2017. “What's in a Game? A Systems Approach to Enhancing Performance Analysis in Football.” PLOS One 12 (2): e0172565. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Safety Council 2019a. Injury Facts – Work Injury Costs. https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/work/costs/work-injury-costs/
   Google Scholar
• National Safety Council 2019b. Safety Topics – Overexertion and Bodily Reaction. https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/work/safety-topics/overexertion-and-bodily-reaction/
   Google Scholar
• Newnam, S, and N. Goode. 2015. “Do Not Blame the Driver: A Systems Analysis of the Causes of Road Freight Crashes.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 76: 141–151. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnam, S., N. Goode, G. J. M. Read, and P. M. Salmon. 2020. “Closing the Research-Practice Gap in Healthcare: The Development and Usability Evaluation of a Patient Handling Incident Investigation Toolkit.” Safety Science 129: 104844. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakman, J., S. Clune, and R. Stuckey. 2019. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Australia. Canberra: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1912/work-related_musculoskeletal_disorders_in_australia_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, N. S. 2013. “Reliability Studies of Incident Coding Systems in High Hazard Industries: A Narrative Review of Study Methodology.” Applied Ergonomics 44 (2): 175–184. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R, and J. Bergström. 2017. “Modelling Complexity in Everyday Operations: Functional Resonance in Maritime Mooring at Quay.” Cognition, Technology & Work 19 (4): 711–729. doi:10.1007/s10111-017-0426-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R., J. Bergström, and G. Di Gravio. 2017. “Defining the Functional Resonance Analysis Space: Combining Abstraction Hierarchy and FRAM.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 165: 34–46. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2017.03.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R., M. Chatzimichailidou, N. Karanikas, and G. Di Gravio. 2022. “The Past and Present of System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) and Its Associated Techniques: A Scoping Review.” Safety Science 146: 105566. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R., G. Di Gravio, F. Costantino, and M. Tronci. 2017. “The Functional Resonance Analysis Method for a Systemic Risk Based Environmental Auditing in a Sinter Plant: A Semi-Quantitative Approach.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 63: 72–86. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R., G. Di Gravio, R. Woltjer, F. Costantino, G. Praetorius, P. Ferreira, and E. Hollnagel. 2020. “Framing the FRAM: A Literature Review on the Functional Resonance Analysis Method.” Safety Science 129: 104827. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca, R., A. Falegnami, F. Costantino, and F. Bilotta. 2018. “Resilience Engineering for Socio-Technical Risk Analysis: Application in Neuro-Surgery.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 180: 321–335. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2018.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlicki, T., A. Samost, D. W. Brown, R. P. Manger, G. Y. Kim, and N. Leveson. 2016. “Application of Systems and Control Theory-Based Hazard Analysis to Radiation Oncology.” Medical Physics 43 (3): 1514–1530. doi:10.1118/1.4942384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, K., J. Bills, and J. Gare. 2016. “Developing Modified Equipment and Work Practices to Reduce the Risk of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders from Conservation Treatment.” AICCM Bulletin 37 (1): 42–48. doi:10.1080/10344233.2016.1206289.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, J. 1997. “Risk Management in a Dynamic Society: A Modelling Problem.” Safety Science 27 (2–3): 183–213. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, J, and I. Svedung. 2000. Proactive Risk Management in a Dynamic Society. Karlstad, Sweden: Swedish Rescue Services Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Rising, J. M, and N. G. Leveson. 2018. “Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis of Space Launch Vehicles.” Journal of Space Safety Engineering 5 (3–4): 153–183. doi:10.1016/j.jsse.2018.06.004.
   Google Scholar
• Safe Work Australia. 2016. Statistics on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Canberra: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/statistics_on_work-related_musculoskeletal_disorders.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Safe Work Australia. 2018a. Code of Practice Hazardous Manual Tasks. Canberra: Safe Work Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Safe Work Australia. 2018b. How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks – Code of Practice Canberra, Australia: Safe Work Australia. https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1901/code_of_practice_-_how_to_manage_work_health_and_safety_risks_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Safe Work Australia. 2021. Key WHS Statistics Australia 2021. Canberra. https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/Key%20work%20health%20and%20safety%20statistics%20Australia%202021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Salehi, V., B. Veitch, and D. Smith. 2021. “Modeling Complex Socio‐Technical Systems Using the FRAM: A Literature Review.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 31 (1): 118–142. doi:10.1002/hfm.20874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M, and M. G. Lenné. 2015. “Miles Away or Just around the Corner? Systems Thinking in Road Safety Research and Practice.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 74: 243–249. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., N. Goode, N. Taylor, M. G. Lenne, C. E. Dallat, and C. F. Finch. 2017. “Rasmussen's Legacy in the Great Outdoors: A New Incident Reporting and Learning System for Led Outdoor Activities.” Applied Ergonomics 59 (Pt B): 637–648. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., A. Hulme, G. H. Walker, P. Waterson, E. Berber, and N. A. Stanton. 2020. “The Big Picture on Accident Causation: A Review, Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of AcciMap Studies.” Safety Science 126: 104650. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., N. A. Stanton, M. Lenne, D. P. Jenkins, L. Rafferty, and G. H. Walker. 2011. “The Human Factor Analysis and Classification System: Australian General Aviation and Mining Case Studies.” In Human Facotrs Methods and Accident Analysis: Practical Guidanes and Case Study Applications. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, P. M., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, N. Goode, J. Thompson, A. Hulme, and G. J. M. Read. 2022. Systems Thinking Methods: Practical Guidance and Case Study Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K. G., A. Holtermann, M. B. Jorgensen, M. J. Svendsen, and C. D. N. Rasmussen. 2021. “Developing a Practice and Evidence-Based Guideline for Occupational Health and Safety Professionals to Prevent and Handle Musculoskeletal Pain in Workplaces.” Applied Ergonomics 97: 103520. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorrock, S. T, and C. A. Williams. 2016. “Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods in Practice: Three Fundamental Constraints.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 17 (5–6): 468–482. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2016.1155240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A. 2006. “Hierarchical Task Analysis: Developments, Applications, and Extensions.” Applied Ergonomics 37 (1): 55–79. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A, and C. Harvey. 2017. “Beyond Human Error Taxonomies in Assessment of Risk in Sociotechnical Systems: A New Paradigm with the EAST 'Broken-Links' Approach.” Ergonomics 60 (2): 221–233. doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1232841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A, and S. V. Stevenage. 1998. “Learning to Predict Human Error: Issues of Acceptability, Reliability and Validity.” Ergonomics 41 (11): 1737–1756. doi:10.1080/001401398186162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A, and M. S. Young. 2003. “Giving Ergonomics Away? The Application of Ergonomics Methods by Novices.” Applied Ergonomics 34 (5): 479–490. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(03)00067-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A., P. M. Salmon, and G. H. Walker. 2018. Systems Thinking in Practice: Applications of the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Method (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, Neville A., Paul Salmon, Don Harris, Andrew Marshall, Jason Demagalski, Mark S. Young, Thomas Waldmann, and Sidney Dekker. 2009. “Predicting Pilot Error: Testing a New Methodology and a Multi-Methods and Analysts Approach.” Applied Ergonomics 40 (3): 464–471. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2008.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A., P. M. Salmon, L. A. Rafferty, G. H. Walker, C. Baber, and D. P. Jenkins. 2013. Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. Burlington, VT: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A., P. M. Salmon, G. H. Walker, and M. Stanton. 2019. “Models and Methods for Collision Analysis: A Comparison Study Based on the Uber Collision with a Pedestrian.” Safety Science 120: 117–128. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L., R. Burgess-Limerick, C. Pollock, and R. Egeskov. 2004. “A Randomized and Controlled Trial of a Participative Ergonomics Intervention to Reduce Injuries Associated with Manual Tasks: Physical Risk and Legislative Compliance.” Ergonomics 47 (2): 166–188. doi:10.1080/00140130310001617949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). 2019a. Key Indicator Method for Assessing and Designing Physical Workloads with Respect to Manual Lifting, Holding and Carrying of Loads ≥ 3 kg KIM-LHC. Germany.
   Google Scholar
• The Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). 2019b. Key Indicator Method for Assessing and Designing Physical Workloads with Respect to Manual Pushing and Pulling of Loads KIM-PP. Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J., F. Luiz de Lemos, and N. Leveson. 2012. Research Report: NRC-HQ-11-6-04-0060. Evaluating the Safety of Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems in Nuclear Power Plants. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/papers/MIT-Research-Report-NRC-7-28.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thoroman, B., P. M. Salmon, and N. Goode. 2020. “Evaluation of Construct and Criterion-Referenced Validity of a Systems-Thinking Based near Miss Reporting Form.” Ergonomics 63 (2): 210–224. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1694707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics 2017. Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. https://www.bls.gov/iif/soii-chart-data-2017.htm
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, P, and P. Waterson. 2013. “Systemic Accident Analysis: Examining the Gap between Research and Practice.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 55: 154–164. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., N. A. Stanton, C. Baber, L. Wells, H. Gibson, P. M. Salmon, and D. Jenkins. 2010a. “From Ethnography to the EAST Method: A Tractable Approach for Representing Distributed Cognition in Air Traffic Control.” Ergonomics 53 (2): 184–197. doi:10.1080/00140130903171672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G. H., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, D. P. Jenkins, and L. Rafferty. 2010b. “Translating Concepts of Complexity to the Field of Ergonomics.” Ergonomics 53 (10): 1175–1186. doi:10.1080/00140139.2010.513453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterson, P., D. P. Jenkins, P. M. Salmon, and P. Underwood. 2017. “Remixing Rasmussen': The Evolution of Accimaps within Systemic Accident Analysis.” Applied Ergonomics 59 (Pt B): 483–503. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterson, P., M. M. Robertson, N. J. Cooke, L. Militello, E. Roth, and N. A. Stanton. 2015. “Defining the Methodological Challenges and Opportunities for an Effective Science of Sociotechnical Systems and Safety.” Ergonomics 58 (4): 565–599. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1015622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workplace Health and Safety Queensland. 2018. Manual Tasks Involving the Handling of People Code of Practice. Brisbane, Queensland: Office of Industrial Relations.
   Google Scholar
• WorkSafe Queensland. 2021. Managing risks. https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/creating-safe-work/managing-risks
   Google Scholar