Maritime autonomous surface ships: can we learn from unmanned aerial vehicle incidents using the perceptual cycle model?

References

• Ahvenjärvi, Sauli. 2016. “The Human Element and Autonomous Ships.” TransNav 10 (3): 517–521. doi:10.12716/1001.10.03.18.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, Olov, Patrick Doherty, Mårten Lager, Jens-Olof Lindh, Linnea Persson, Elin A. Topp, Jesper Tordenlid, and Bo Wahlberg. 2021. “WARA-PS: A Research Arena for Public Safety Demonstrations and Autonomous Collaborative Rescue Robotics Experimentation.” Autonomous Intelligent Systems 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1007/s43684-021-00009-9.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, Jazsmine, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, and Dale Richards. 2020. “Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Cognitive Performance of UAV Sensor Operators during Route Scanning.” https://www.scitepress.org/papers/2018/67315/67315.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baker, David, Sigrid Gustafson, Jeff Beaubien, Eduardo Salas, Paul Barach, and James Battles. 2006. “Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety: The Evidence-Based Relation.” https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/medteam/chapter5.html
   Google Scholar
• Balbuena, J., D. Quiroz, R. Song, R. Bucknall, and F. Cuellar. 2017. “Design and Implementation of an USV for Large Bodies of Fresh Waters at the Highlands of Peru.” Paper Presented at the OCEANS 2017 – Anchorage: 18–21 Sept 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, V.A., K.L. Plant, and N.A. Stanton. 2018. “Driver Error or Designer Error: Using the Perceptual Cycle Model to Explore the Circumstances Surrounding the Fatal Tesla Crash on 7th May 2016.” Safety Science 108: 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmeister, Hans-Christoph, Wilko Bruhn, Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, and Thomas Porathe. 2014a. “Can Unmanned Ships Improve Navigational Safety?” Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena, 14–17.
   Google Scholar
• Burmeister, Hans-Christoph, Wilko Bruhn, Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, and Thomas Porathe. 2014b. “Autonomous Unmanned Merchant Vessel and Its Contribution towards the e-Navigation Implementation: The MUNIN Perspective.” International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy 1: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.enavi.2014.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Chia-Hsun, Christos Kontovas, Qing Yu, and Zaili Yang. 2021. “Risk Assessment of the Operations of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 207: 107324. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2020.107324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauvin, Christine, Salim Lardjane, Gaël Morel, Jean-Pierre Clostermann, and Benoît Langard. 2013. “Human and Organisational Factors in Maritime Accidents: Analysis of Collisions at Sea Using the HFACS.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 59: 26–37. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J.Y.C., E.C. Haas, and M.J. Barnes. 2007. “Human Performance Issues and User Interface Design for Teleoperated Robots.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 37 (6): 1231–1245. doi:10.1109/TSMCC.2007.905819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defence Safety Authority. 2019. “Watchkeeper WK050, West Wales Airport - NSI.” https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/792953/20190402-WK043_SI_Final_Report-_Redacted__RT-OS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dekker, S. 2006. The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Dekker, Sidney. 2001. “The Re-invention of Human Error I: Human Factors and Aerospace Safety.” Technical Report 2002-01. Lund University School of Aviation.
   Google Scholar
• Dekker, Sidney W.A. 2011. “What is Rational about Killing a Patient with an Overdose? Enlightenment, Continental Philosophy and the Role of the Human Subject in System Failure.” Ergonomics 54 (8): 679–683. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.592607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, H., R.Q. Wang, K.Y. Miao, Y. Zhao, J.M. Sun, and J.B. Du. 2018. “Design of Unmanned Ship Motion Control System Based on DSP and GPRS.” Paper Presented at the International Conference of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Guangzhou, Peoples R China, December 07–09.
   Google Scholar
• Dobref, Vasile, I. Popa, P. Popov, and I.C. Scurtu. 2018. “Unmanned Surface Vessel for Marine Data Acquisition.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 172: 012034. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/172/1/012034.
   Google Scholar
• Ebnali, Mahdi, Kevin Hulme, Aliakbar Ebnali-Heidari, and Adel Mazloumi. 2019. “How Does Training Effect Users’ Attitudes and Skills Needed for Highly Automated Driving?” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 66: 184–195. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endsley, Mica, and Esin Kiris. 1995. “The out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1518/001872095779064555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endsley, Mica R. 1995. “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37 (1): 32–64. doi:10.1518/001872095779049543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endsley, Mica R., Betty Bolte, and Debra G. Jones. 2003. Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, Cunlong, Krzysztof Wróbel, Jakub Montewka, Mateusz Gil, Chengpeng Wan, and Di Zhang. 2020. “A Framework to Identify Factors Influencing Navigational Risk for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.” Ocean Engineering 202: 107188. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich, Max, and Joonas Lieb. 2019. “A Novel Human Machine Interface to Support Supervision and Guidance of Multiple Highly Automated Unmanned Aircraft.” Paper Presented at the 2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). doi:10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081645.
   Google Scholar
• Giese, S., D. Carr, and J. Chahl. 2013. “Implications for Unmanned Systems Research of Military UAV Mishap Statistics.” Paper presented at the 2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 23–26 June 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, Francesco, Gaia Mattei, Claudio Parente, Francesco Peluso, and Raffaele Santamaria. 2015. “Integrating Sensors into a Marine Drone for Bathymetric 3D Surveys in Shallow Waters.” Sensors 16 (1): 41. doi:10.3390/s16010041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorio, Marianna Di., Marco Romano, Monica Sebillo, Giuliana Vitiello, and Angela Vozella. 2021. “Improving Human Ground Control Performance in Unmanned Aerial Systems.” Future Internet 13 (8): 188. doi:10.3390/fi13080188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helton, William S., Samantha Epling, Neil de Joux, Gregory J. Funke, and Benjamin A. Knott. 2015. “Judgments of Team Workload and Stress: A Simulated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Case.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59 (1): 736–740. doi:10.1177/1541931215591173.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, Alan, and Beth Lyall. 2016. “Human Factors Guidelines for Unmanned Aircraft Systems.” Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 24 (3): 23–28. doi:10.1177/1064804616640632.
   Google Scholar
• Hocraffer, Amy, and Chang S. Nam. 2017. “A Meta-Analysis of Human-System Interfaces in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Swarm Management.” Applied Ergonomics 58: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoem, Å S. 2020. “The Present and Future of Risk Assessment of MASS: A Literature Review. Paper Presented at the.” Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Yamin, Linying Chen, R.R. Negenborn, and P.H.A.J.M. Gelder. 2020. “A Ship Collision Avoidance System for Human-Machine Cooperation during Collision Avoidance.” Ocean Engineering 217: 107913. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, Taemin, and Ik-Hyun Youn. 2022. “Navigation Scenario Permutation Model for Training of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Remote Operators.” Applied Sciences 12 (3): 1651. doi:10.3390/app12031651.
   Google Scholar
• International Maritime Organisation. 2021. “Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS).” Accessed 26 October 2021. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Documents/MSC.1-Circ.1638%20-%20Outcome%20Of%20The%20Regulatory%20Scoping%20ExerciseFor%20The%20Use%20Of%20Maritime%20Autonomous%20Surface%20Ships…%20(Secretariat).pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jessee, M.S., T. Chiou, A.S. Krepps, and B.R. Prengaman. 2017. “A Gaze Based Operator Instrumentation Approach for the Command of Multiple Autonomous Vehicles.” Paper Presented at the 2017 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA), 27–30 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Jo, Sohyun, Enrico D’agostini, and Jun Kang. 2020. “From Seafarers to E-Farers: Maritime Cadets’ Perceptions towards Seafaring Jobs in the Industry 4.0.” Sustainability 12 (19): 8077. doi:10.3390/su12198077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptan, Mehmet, Songül Sarıali̇oğlu, Özkan Uğurlu, and Jin Wang. 2021. “The Evolution of the HFACS Method Used in Analysis of Marine Accidents: A Review.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 86: 103225. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kari, Raheleh, and Martin Steinert. 2021. “Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9 (4): 385. doi:10.3390/jmse9040385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen, Hannu, and Jussi Martio. 2019. “Human Factors Issues in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Systems Development. Paper Presented at the.” Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.
   Google Scholar
• Koustanaï, Arnaud, Viola Cavallo, Patricia Delhomme, and Arnaud Mas. 2012. “Simulator Training with a Forward Collision Warning System: Effects on Driver-System Interactions and Driver Trust.” Human Factors 54 (5): 709–721. doi:10.1177/0018720812441796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krampell, Martin, Ignacio Solís-Marcos, and Magnus Hjälmdahl. 2020. “Driving Automation State-of-Mind: Using Training to Instigate Rapid Mental Model Development.” Applied Ergonomics 83: 102986. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmann, L., H.C. Burmeister, and C. Jahn. 2017. “Analyzing the Economic Benefit of Unmanned Autonomous Ships: An Exploratory Cost-Comparison between an Autonomous and a Conventional Bulk Carrier.” Research in Transportation Business & Management 25: 76–86. doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2017.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lager, M., E.A. Topp, and J. Malec. 2019. “Remote Supervision of an Unmanned Surface Vessel – A Comparison of Interfaces.” Paper Presented at the 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 11–14 March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, Yixiang, Nichakorn Pongsakornsathien, Alessandro Gardi, Roberto Sabatini, Trevor Kistan, Neta Ezer, and Daniel J. Bursch. 2021. “Adaptive Human-Robot Interactions for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” Robotics 10 (1): 12. doi:10.3390/robotics10010012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Chenguang, Xiumin Chu, Wenxiang Wu, Songlong Li, Zhibo He, Mao Zheng, Haiming Zhou, and Zhixiong Li. 2022. “Human–Machine Cooperation Research for Navigation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: A Review and Consideration.” Ocean Engineering 246: 110555. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Jialun, Muhammet Aydin, Emre Akyuz, Ozcan Arslan, Esma Uflaz, Rafet Emek Kurt, and Osman Turan. 2022. “Prediction of Human–Machine Interface (HMI) Operational Errors for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS).” Journal of Marine Science and Technology 27 (1): 293–306. doi:10.1007/s00773-021-00834-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Meifeng, and Sung-Ho Shin. 2019. “Half-Century Research Developments in Maritime Accidents: Future Directions.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 123: 448–460. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon, S.N., Y. Man, M. Lundh, and T. Porathe. 2015. “Command and Control of Unmanned Vessels: Keeping Shore Based Operators in-the-Loop.” Paper Presented at the 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping Research, NAV 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mallam, Steven C., Salman Nazir, and Amit Sharma. 2020. “The Human Element in Future Maritime Operations – Perceived Impact of Autonomous Shipping.” Ergonomics 63 (3): 334–345. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1659995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man, Yemao, Monica Lundh, and Scott N. MacKinnon. 2018. “Facing the New Technology Landscape in the Maritime Domain: knowledge Mobilisation, Networks and Management in Human-Machine Collaboration.” Paper Presented at the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics.
   Google Scholar
• Man, Yemao, Monica Lundh, Thomas Porathe, and Scott MacKinnon. 2015. “From Desk to Field - Human Factor Issues in Remote Monitoring and Controlling of Autonomous Unmanned Vessels.” Procedia Manufacturing 3: 2674–2681. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.635.
   Google Scholar
• Man, Yemao, Reto Weber, Johan Cimbritz, Monica Lundh, and Scott N. MacKinnon. 2018. “Human Factor Issues during Remote Ship Monitoring Tasks: An Ecological Lesson for System Design in a Distributed Context.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 68: 231–244. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maritime UK. 2021. “Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships UK Code of Practice.” Maritime UK. https://www.maritimeuk.org/media-centre/publications/maritime-autonomous-surface-ships-uk-code-practice/
   Google Scholar
• Mendonça, R., M.M. Marques, F. Marques, A. Lourenço, E. Pinto, P. Santana, F. Coito, V. Lobo, and J. Barata. 2016. “A Cooperative Multi-Robot Team for the Surveillance of Shipwreck Survivors at Sea.” Paper Presented at the OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey, 19–23 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Michailidis, T., G. Meadow, C. Barlow, and E. Rajabally. 2020. “Implementing Remote Audio as a Diagnostics Tool for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.” Paper Presented at the 2020 27th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT), 7–9 September 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Christopher, and Raja Parasuraman. 2007. “Designing for Flexible Interaction between Humans and Automation: Delegation Interfaces for Supervisory Control.” Human Factors 49 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1518/001872007779598037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, R.W., and S.R. Montano. 1996. “Response Times to Visual and Auditory Alarms during Anaesthesia.” Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 24 (6): 682–684. doi:10.1177/0310057x9602400609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahavandi, S. 2017. “Trusted Autonomy between Humans and Robots: Toward Human-on-the-Loop in Robotics and Autonomous Systems.” IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine 3 (1): 10–17. doi:10.1109/MSMC.2016.2623867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima, Ann, and Jacquelyn M. Crébolder. 2010. “Evaluation of Audio and Visual Alerts during a Divided Attention Task in Noise.” Canadian Acoustics 38 (4): 3–8.
   Google Scholar
• Neisser, U. 1976. Cognition and Reality. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, Donald A. 1983. “Design Rules Based on Analyses of Human Error.” Communications of the ACM 26 (4): 254–258. doi:10.1145/2163.358092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, Jacob N. 2018. “Human Factors in Military Maritime and Expeditionary Settings: Opportunity for Autonomous Systems?” Paper Presented at the Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Olmos, Oscar, Christopher D. Wickens, and Andrew Chudy. 2000. “Tactical Displays for Combat Awareness: An Examination of Dimensionality and Frame of Reference Concepts and the Application of Cognitive Engineering.” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 10 (3): 247–271. doi:10.1207/S15327108IJAP1003_03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oncu, Mehmet, and Suleyman Yildiz. 2014. “An Analysis of Human Causal Factors in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Accidents.” https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/44637.
   Google Scholar
• Onnasch, L., C.D. Wickens, H. Li, and D. Manzey. 2014. “Human Performance Consequences of Stages and Levels of Automation: An Integrated Meta-Analysis.” Human Factors 56 (3): 476–488. doi:10.1177/0018720813501549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osga, G.A., and M.R. McWilliams. 2015. “Human-Computer Interface Studies for Semi-Autonomous Unmanned Surface Vessels.” Paper Presented at the 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE), Las Vegas, NV, July 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R. 2000. “Designing Automation for Human Use: Empirical Studies and Quantitative Models.” Ergonomics 43 (7): 931–951. doi:10.1080/001401300409125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, Raja, and Victor Riley. 1997. “Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39 (2): 230–253. doi:10.1518/001872097778543886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peschel, Joshua M., and Robin R. Murphy. 2015. “Human Interfaces in Micro and Small Unmanned Aerial Systems.” In Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, edited by Kimon P. Valavanis and George J. Vachtsevanos, 2389–2403. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Phansalkar, Shobha, Judy Edworthy, Elizabeth Hellier, Diane L. Seger, Angela Schedlbauer, Anthony J. Avery, and David W. Bates. 2010. “A Review of Human Factors Principles for the Design and Implementation of Medication Safety Alerts in Clinical Information Systems.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 17 (5): 493–501. doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.005264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzykowski, J., Z. Pietrzykowski, and J. Hajduk. 2019. “Operations of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.” TransNav 13 (4): 725–733. doi:10.12716/1001.13.04.04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant, K.L., and N.A. Stanton. 2012. “Why Did the Pilots Shut down the Wrong Engine? Explaining Errors in Context Using Schema Theory and the Perceptual Cycle Model.” Safety Science 50 (2): 300–315. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant, K.L., and N.A. Stanton. 2015. “The Process of Processing: Exploring the Validity of Neisser’s Perceptual Cycle Model with Accounts from Critical Decision-Making in the Cockpit.” Ergonomics 58 (6): 909–923. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.991765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porathe, Thomas, Johannes Prison, and Yemao Man. 2014. “Situation Awareness in Remote Control Centres for Unmanned Ships.” https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70605914.pdf doi:10.3940/rina.hf.2014.12.
   Google Scholar
• Praetorius, Gesa, Fulko van Westrenen, Deborah L. Mitchell, and Erik Hollnagel. 2012. “Learning Lessons in Resilient Traffic Management: A Cross-Domain Study of Vessel Traffic Service and Air Traffic Control.” Paper Presented at the HFES Europe Chapter Conference Toulouse 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, M.A., Christoph A. Thieme, Ingrid B. Utne, and A. Mosleh. 2020. “Human-System Concurrent Task Analysis for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Operation and Safety.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 195: 106697. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2019.106697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, Marilia, Ingrid Utne, and Ali Mosleh. 2019. “Collision Avoidance on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: Operators’ Tasks and Human Failure Events.” Safety Science 116: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revell, K., M. A. J. Richardson, P. Langdon, M. Bradley, I. Politis, S. Thompson, L. Skrypchuck, J. O'Donoghue, A. Mouzakitis, and N.A. Stanton. 2020. “Breaking the Cycle of Frustration: Applying Neisser’s Perceptual Cycle Model to Drivers of Semi-Autonomous Vehicles.” Applied Ergonomics 85: 103037. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyhanoglu, Mahmut. 1997. “Exponential Stabilization of an Underactuated Autonomous Surface Vessel.” Automatica 33 (12): 2249–2254. doi:10.1016/S0005-1098(97)00141-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenker, D.L., G.M. Cissell, K.K. Ball, V.G. Wadley, and J.D. Edwards. 2003. “Speed-of-Processing and Driving Simulator Training Result in Improved Driving Performance.” Human Factors 45 (2): 218–233. doi:10.1518/hfes.45.2.218.27241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, J.J., M.A. Escalera, A. Viguria, and A. Ollero. 2015. “A Simulation Framework to Validate the Use of Head-Mounted Displays and Tablets for Information Exchange with the UAV Safety Pilot.” Paper Presented at the 2015 Workshop on Research, Education and Development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (RED-UAS), 23–25 November 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Saha, Rana. 2021. “Mapping Competence Requirements for Future Shore Control Center Operators.” Maritime Policy & Management : 1–13. doi:10.1080/03088839.2021.1930224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, P.M., G.J. Read, N.A. Stanton, and M.G. Lenné. 2013. “The Crash at Kerang: Investigating Systemic and Psychological Factors Leading to Unintentional Non-Compliance at Rail Level Crossings.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 50: 1278–1288. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhåland, Hilde, Helle Oltedal, and Jarle Eid. 2015. “Situation Awareness in Bridge Operations – A Study of Collisions between Attendant Vessels and Offshore Facilities in the North Sea.” Safety Science 79: 277–285. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.06.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarter, Nadine, and David Woods. 1995. “How in the World Did We Ever Get into That Mode? Mode Error and Awareness in Supervisory Control.” Human Factors 37 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1518/001872095779049516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharre, P. The opportunity and challenge of autonomous systems. In Autonomous Systems: Issues for Defence Policymakers, edited by A. P. Williams and P. D. Scharre, 3–26). Norfolk, VA: NATO Allied Command Transformation, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, Amit, and Tae-eun Kim. 2022. “Exploring Technical and Non-Technical Competencies of Navigators for Autonomous Shipping.” Maritime Policy & Management 49 (6): 831–849. doi:10.1080/03088839.2021.1914874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, L.C. Batista da, R.M. Bernardo, H.A. de Oliveira, and P.F.F. Rosa. 2017. “Unmanned Aircraft System Coordination for Persistent Surveillance with Different Priorities.” Paper Presented at the 2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 19–21 June 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Skjervold, Espen. 2018. “Autonomous, Cooperative UAV Operations Using COTS Consumer Drones and Custom Ground Control Station.” Paper Presented at the MILCOM 2018-2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM).
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, Neville A., and Guy H. Walker. 2011. “Exploring the Psychological Factors Involved in the Ladbroke Grove Rail Accident.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 43 (3): 1117–1127. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stateczny, Andrzej, and Pawel Burdziakowski. 2019. “Universal Autonomous Control and Management System for Multipurpose Unmanned Surface Vessel.” Polish Maritime Research 26 (1): 30–39. doi:10.2478/pomr-2019-0004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwilliger, Brent A., David C. Ison, Dennis A. Vincenzi, and Dahai Liu. 2014. “Advancement and Application of Unmanned Aerial System Human-Machine-Interface (HMI) Technology.” Paper Presented at the Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Thieme, Christoph Alexander, and Ingrid Bouwer Utne. 2017. “A Risk Model for Autonomous Marine Systems and Operation Focusing on Human–Autonomy Collaboration.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 231 (4): 446–464. doi:10.1177/1748006X17709377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichon, Jennifer G. 2007. “The Use of Expert Knowledge in the Development of Simulations for Train Driver Training.” Cognition, Technology & Work 9 (4): 177–187. doi:10.1007/s10111-006-0048-6.
   Google Scholar
• Vagia, Marialena, Aksel A. Transeth, and Sigurd A. Fjerdingen. 2016. “A Literature Review on the Levels of Automation during the Years. What Are the Different Taxonomies That Have Been Proposed?” Applied Ergonomics 53: 190–202. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veitch, Erik, and Ole Andreas Alsos. 2022. “A Systematic Review of Human-AI Interaction in Autonomous Ship Systems.” Safety Science 152: 105778. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voshell, M., J. Tittle, and E. Roth. 2016. “Multi-Level Human-Autonomy Teams for Distributed Mission Management.” Paper Presented at the AAAI Spring Symposium – Technical Report.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlström, Mikael, Jaakko Hakulinen, Hannu Karvonen, and Iiro Lindborg. 2015. “Human Factors Challenges in Unmanned Ship Operations – Insights from Other Domains.” Procedia Manufacturing 3: 1038–1045. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.167.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J.H., F.X. Ren, Z.Y. Li, Z. Liu, X. Zheng, Y.S. Yang and  Ieee. 2016. “Unmanned Surface Vessel for Monitoring and Recovering of Spilled Oil on Water.” Paper Presented at the OCEANS Conference, Shanghai, Peoples R China, April 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Wild, Graham, Kellie Gavin, John Murray, Jose Silva, and Glenn Baxter. 2017. “A Post-Accident Analysis of Civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System Accidents and Incidents.” Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management 9 (2): 157–168. doi:10.5028/jatm.v9i2.701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D.D. 2010. Behind Human Error. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, B., G. Li, L. Zhao, H.I.J. Aandahl, H.P. Hildre, and H. Zhang. 2022. “Navigating Patterns Analysis for Onboard Guidance Support in Crossing Collision-Avoidance Operations.” IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 14 (3): 62–77. doi:10.1109/MITS.2021.3108473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida, Masanori, Etsuro Shimizu, Masashi Sugomori, and Ayako Umeda. 2020. “Regulatory Requirements on the Competence of Remote Operator in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship: Situation Awareness, Ship Sense and Goal-Based Gap Analysis.” Applied Sciences 10 (23): 8751. doi:10.3390/app10238751.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W.J., D. Feltner, D. Kaber, and J. Shirley. 2021. “Utility of Functional Transparency and Usability in UAV Supervisory Control Interface Design.” International Journal of Social Robotics 13 (7): 1761–1776. doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00757-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., B. Guo, Y. Liu, and T. Huang. 2021. “Construction and Application of Applicability Evaluation Model of Human Factors Methods for Complex Human-Machine System.” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1213: 333–340.
   Google Scholar