Shared control versus traded control in driving: a debate around automation pitfalls

References

• Abbink, D. A., T. Carlson, M. Mulder, J. C. F. de Winter, F. Aminravan, T. L. Gibo, and E. R. Boer. 2018. “A Topology of Shared Control Systems—Finding Common Ground in Diversity.” IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48 (5): 509–525. doi:10.1109/THMS.2018.2791570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbink, D. A., and M. Mulder. 2009. “Exploring the Dimensions of Haptic Feedback Support in Manual Control.” Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 9 (1): 011006. doi:10.1115/1.3072902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbink, D. A., M. Mulder, and E. R. Boer. 2012. “Haptic Shared Control: Smoothly Shifting Control Authority?” Cognition, Technology & Work 14 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1007/s10111-011-0192-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, J. A. 1987. “Historical Review and Appraisal of Research on the Learning, Retention, and Transfer of Human Motor Skills.” Psychological Bulletin 101 (1): 41–74. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• America’s Independent Electric Light and Power Companies. 1956. “Power Companies Build for Your New Electric Living.” LIFE Magazine 40: 8.
   Google Scholar
• Ammons, R. B., R. G. Farr, E. Bloch, E. Neumann, M. Dey, R. Marion, and C. H. Ammons. 1958. “Long-Term Retention of Perceptual-Motor Skills.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (4): 318–328. doi:10.1037/h0041893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andre, A., and A. Degani. 1997. “Do You Know What Mode You’re in? An Analysis of Mode Error in Everyday Things.” In Human-Automation Interaction: Research & Practice, edited by M. Mouloua and J. M. Koonce, 19–28. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Avanzini, G., and E. A. Minisci. 2011. “Evolutionary Design of a Full-Envelope Full-Authority Flight Control System for an Unstable High-Performance Aircraft.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 225 (10): 1065–1080. doi:10.1177/2F0954410011414469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayre, J. 2017. “Ford: Skip level 3 autonomous cars — Even engineers supervising self-driving vehicle testing lose ‘situational awareness’.” https://cleantechnica.com/2017/02/20/ford-skip-level-3-autonomous-cars-even-engineers-supervising-self-driving-vehicle-testing-lose-situational-awareness/
   Google Scholar
• Bahner, J. E., A.-D. Hüper, and D. Manzey. 2008. “Misuse of Automated Decision Aids: Complacency, Automation Bias and the Impact of Training Experience.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 66 (9): 688–699. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bainbridge, L. 1983. “Ironies of Automation.” Automatica 19 (6): 775–779. doi:10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, V. A., A. Eriksson, J. O’Donoghue, and N. A. Stanton. 2018. “Is Partially Automated Driving a Bad Idea? Observations from an on-Road Study.” Applied Ergonomics 68: 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckers, N., L. C. Siebert, M. Bruijnes, C. Jonker, and D. A. Abbink. 2022. “Drivers of Partially Automated Vehicles are Blamed for Crashes that they Cannot Reasonably Avoid.” Scientific Reports 12: 16193. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19876-0
   Google Scholar
• Benloucif, A., A.-T. Nguyen, C. Sentouh, and J.-C. Popieul. 2019. “Cooperative Trajectory Planning for Haptic Shared Control Between Driver and Automation in Highway Driving.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66 (12): 9846–9857. doi:10.1109/TIE.2019.2893864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, A., A. H. Ghasemi, Y. Zheng, H. Febbo, P. Jayakumar, T. Ersal, J. L. Stein, and R. B. Gillespie. 2020. “Who’s the Boss? Arbitrating Control Authority Between a Human Driver and Automation System.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 68: 144–160. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, A., Y. Lu, S. Pan, N. Sarter, and B. Gillespie. 2020. “The Effects of Driver Coupling and Automation Impedance on Emergency Steering Interventions.” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1738–1744. doi:10.1109/SMC42975.2020.9282961
   Google Scholar
• Bhargava, A., M. Bester, and L. Bolton. 2021. “Employees’ Perceptions of the Implementation of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Automation (RAIA) on Job Satisfaction, Job Security, and Employability.” Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 6 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1007/s41347-020-00153-8
   Google Scholar
• Bibby, K. S., F. Margulies, J. E. Rijnsdorp, R. M. J. Withers, I. M. Makarov, and J. E. Rijnsdorp. 1975. “Man’s Role in Control Systems.” IFAC Proceedings Volumes 8 (1): 664–683. doi:10.1016/S1474-6670(17)67612-2
   Google Scholar
• Billings, C. E. 1991. Human-Centered Aircraft Automation: A Concept and Guidelines (NASA Technical Memorandum 103885). Moffet Field, CA: NASA Ames Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, C. E. 1997. Aviation Automation—the Search for a Human-Centered Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Birkemeier, J. R. 1968. Inflight Maintenance of Crew Skills on Long-Duration Manned Missions (Report No. NASA-CR-97081). National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Björklund, G. M., and L. Åberg. 2005. “Driver Behaviour in Intersections: Formal and Informal Traffic Rules.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 8 (3): 239–253. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2005.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss, J. P. 2003. “Investigation of Alarm-Related Accidents and Incidents in Aviation.” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 13 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1207/S15327108IJAP1303_04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMW 2019. “Learn How to Utilize Active Cruise Control With Driver Attention Camera.” https://www.bmwofminnetonka.com/bmw-active-cruise-control-with-driver-attention-camera
   Google Scholar
• Boxer, H. E. C. 1948. “Navigation in Automatic Flight.” Journal of Navigation 1 (1): 87–88. doi:10.1017/S0373463300034615
   Google Scholar
• Brown, I. D., and E. C. Poulton. 1961. “Measuring the Spare ‘Mental Capacity’ of Car Drivers by a Subsidiary Task.” Ergonomics 4 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1080/00140136108930505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, R. N. 1954. “An Airline Pilot Looks at Safety.” Flying Safety 11: 2–5. https://www.safety.af.mil/Portals/71/documents/Magazines/FSM/1950s/195401%20-%20FlyingSafetyMagazine.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrall, C. D. D., N. M. Janssen, and J. C. F. de Winter. 2018. “Adaptive Automation: Automatically (Dis)Engaging Automation During Visually Distracted Driving.” PeerJ. Computer Science 4: e166. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, B. 2007. A Review of the Mental Workload Literature (Technical Report). Canada: Defence Research and Development Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Calvert, S. C., D. D. Heikoop, G. Mecacci, and B. van Arem. 2020. “A Human Centric Framework for the Analysis of Automated Driving Systems Based on Meaningful Human Control.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 21 (4): 478–506. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2019.1697390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camara, F., N. Bellotto, S. Cosar, F. Weber, D. Nathanael, M. Althoff, J. Wu, J. Ruenz, A. Dietrich, G. Markkula, A. Schieben, F. Tango, N. Merat, and C. Fox. 2021. “Pedestrian Models for Autonomous Driving Part II: High-Level Models of Human Behavior.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 22 (9): 5453–5472. doi:10.1109/TITS.2020.3006767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camargo, F., W. R. Gombeski, Jr., P. Barger, C. Jehlik, H. Wiemers, J. Mead, and A. Lawyer. 2018. “Horse-Related Injuries: Causes, Preventability, and Where Educational Efforts Should Be Focused.” Cogent Food & Agriculture 4 (1): 1432168. doi:10.1080/23311932.2018.1432168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carsten, O. M. J., and F. N. Tate. 2005. “Intelligent Speed Adaptation: Accident Savings and Cost–Benefit Analysis.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 37 (3): 407–416. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2004.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, P. V. R., I. L. dos Santos, J. O. Gomes, M. R. S. Borges, and S. Guerlain. 2008. “Human Factors Approach for Evaluation and Redesign of Human–System Interfaces of a Nuclear Power Plant Simulator.” Displays 29 (3): 273–284. doi:10.1016/j.displa.2007.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casner, S. M., R. W. Geven, M. P. Recker, and J. W. Schooler. 2014. “The Retention of Manual Flying Skills in the Automated Cockpit.” Human Factors 56 (8): 1506–1516. doi:10.1177/0018720814535628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, R. I., and D. D. Woods. 1996. “Adapting to New Technology in the Operating Room.” Human Factors 38 (4): 593–613. doi:10.1518/001872096778827224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall, J. W., N. Anderson, C. Ashcraft, J. Grosh, J. Henderson, J. McClellan, A. Neupane, and M. A. Goodrich. 2017. “Human-Swarm Interaction as Shared Control: Achieving Flexible Fault-Tolerant Systems.” In Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Performance, Emotion and Situation Awareness, edited by D. Harris, 266–284. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58472-0_21
   Google Scholar
• Crandall, J. W., and M. A. Goodrich. 2002. “Characterizing Efficiency of Human Robot Interaction: A Case Study of Shared-Control Teleoperation.” IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 2 : 1290–1295. doi:10.1109/IRDS.2002.1043932
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, M. L., A. Clare, and C. Hart. 2010. “The Role of Human-Automation Consensus in Multiple Unmanned Vehicle Scheduling.” Human Factors 52 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1177/2F0018720810368674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damböck, D., M. Farid, L. Tönert, and K. Bengler. 2012. “Übernahmezeiten beim hochautomatisierten Fahren.” Tagungsband der VDI-Tagung Fahrerassistenz in München, 15, 16ff. https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1142102/file.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Darvall, F. O. 1934. Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England: Being an Account of the Luddite and Other Disorders in England During the Years 1811–1817 and of the Attitude and Activity of the Authorities. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Detjen, H., S. Geisler, and S. Schneegass. 2020. “Maneuver-Based Control Interventions During Automated Driving: Comparing Touch, Voice, and Mid-Air Gestures as Input Modalities.” Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 3268–3274. doi:10.1109/SMC42975.2020.9283431
   Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F. 2019. “Pitfalls of Automation: A Faulty Narrative? Commentary on Hancock (2019) Some Pitfalls in the Promises of Automated and Autonomous Vehicles.” Ergonomics 62 (4): 505–508. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1563334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F., and D. Dodou. 2011. “Preparing Drivers for Dangerous Situations: A Critical Reflection on Continuous Shared Control.” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics, 1050–1056. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6083813
   Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F., Y. B. Eisma, C. D. D. Cabrall, P. A. Hancock, and N. A. Stanton. 2019. “Situation Awareness Based on Eye Movements in Relation to the Task Environment.” Cognition, Technology & Work 21 (1): 99–111. doi:10.1007/s10111-018-0527-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F., R. Happee, M. H. Martens, and N. A. Stanton. 2014. “Effects of Adaptive Cruise Control and Highly Automated Driving on Workload and Situation Awareness: A Review of the Empirical Evidence.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 27: 196–217. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F., M. Mulder, M. M. van Paassen, D. A. Abbink, and P. A. Wieringa. 2008. “A Two-Dimensional Weighting Function for a Driver Assistance System.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : A Publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society 38 (1): 189–195. doi:10.1109/TSMCB.2007.908860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, J. C. F., N. A. Stanton, and Y. B. Eisma. 2021. “Is the Take-over Paradigm a Mere Convenience?” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 10: 100370. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2021.100370
   Google Scholar
• Dönmez Özkan, Y., A. G. Mirnig, A. Meschtscherjakov, C. Demir, and M. Tscheligi. 2021. “Mode Awareness Interfaces in Automated Vehicles, Robotics, and Aviation: A Literature Review.” Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 147–158. doi:10.1145/3409118.3475125
   Google Scholar
• Doshi, A., and M. M. Trivedi. 2011. “Tactical Driver Behavior Prediction and Intent Inference: A Review.” Proceedings of the 2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1892–1897. doi:10.1109/ITSC.2011.6083128
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, A. 2009. “AA09: Pilot Handling Skills Under Threat, Says Airbus.” https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aa09-pilot-handling-skills-under-threat-says-airbus-331991
   Google Scholar
• Dragan, A. D., and S. S. Srinivasa. 2013. “A Policy-Blending Formalism for Shared Control.” The International Journal of Robotics Research 32 (7): 790–805. doi:10.1177/0278364913490324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durso, F. T., Hackworth, C. A., Truitt, T. R., Crutchfield, J., Nikolic, D. and Manning C. A. 1998. “Situation Awareness as a Predictor of Performance for en Route Air Traffic Controllers.” Air Traffic Control Quarterly 6 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2514/atcq.6.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Ebbatson, M., D. Harris, J. Huddlestone, and R. Sears. 2010. “The Relationship Between Manual Handling Performance and Recent Flying Experience in Air Transport Pilots.” Ergonomics 53 (2): 268–277. doi:10.1080/00140130903342349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elish, M. C. 2019. “Moral Crumple Zones: Cautionary Tales in Human-Robot Interaction.” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 5: 40–60. doi:10.17351/ests2019.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvik, R. 2004. “To What Extent Can Theory Account for the Findings of Road Safety Evaluation Studies?” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 36 (5): 841–849. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2003.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endsley, M. R. 1988. “Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT).” Proceedings of the IEEE 1988 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, 789–795. doi:10.1109/NAECON.1988.195097
   Google Scholar
• Endsley, M. R. 1995. “A Taxonomy of Situation Awareness Errors.” In Human Factors in Aviation Operations, edited by R. Fuller, N. Johnston, and N. McDonald, 287–292. Aldershot, England: Avebury Aviation, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Endsley, M. R., and E. O. Kiris. 1995. “The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1518/001872095779064555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission 2020. “Regulation (EU) 2019/2144. Type-Approval Requirements to Ensure the General Safety of Vehicles and the Protection of Vulnerable Road Users (Summary Regulation (EU) 2019/2144).” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.325.01.0001.01.ENG
   Google Scholar
• Federal Aviation Administration 2017. Manual Flight Operations Proficiency (Safety Alert for Operators SAFO 17007). Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. 2015. “Protective Braking for ACSF.” https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/27459841/ACSF-04-04%20%20%28D%29%20-%20ACSF-Protective-Braking.pdf?api=v2
   Google Scholar
• Feldhütter, A., C. Segler, and K. Bengler. 2018. “Does Shifting Between Conditionally and Partially Automated Driving Lead to a Loss of Mode Awareness?” In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. AHFE 2017, edited by N. Stanton, 730–741. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_70
   Google Scholar
• Ferris, T., N. Sarter, and C. D. Wickens. 2010. “Cockpit Automation: Still Struggling to Catch Up….” In Human Factors in Aviation, edited by E. Salas, T. Allard, and D. Maurino, 479–503. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Fitts, P. M. (Ed.). 1951. Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation and Traffic Control System. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman, E. A., and J. F. Parker, Jr. 1962. “Factors in the Retention and Relearning of Perceptual-Motor Skill.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 64: 215–226. doi:10.1037/h0041220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flemisch, F., C. A. Adams, S. R. Conway, K. H. Goodrich, M. T. Palmer, and P. C. Schutte. 2003. The H-Metaphor as a Guideline for Vehicle Automation and Interaction (Technical Memorandum NASA/TM-2003-212672). Hampton, VA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Flemisch, F., J. Kelsch, C. Löper, A. Schieben, J. Schindler, and M. Heesen. 2008. “Cooperative Control and Active Interfaces for Vehicle Assistance and Automation.” Proceedings of the FISITA World Automotive Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Flemisch, F. O., K. Bengler, H. Bubb, H. Winner, and R. Bruder. 2014. “Towards Cooperative Guidance and Control of Highly Automated Vehicles: H-Mode and Conduct-by-Wire.” Ergonomics 57 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.869355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flew, A. 1977. Thinking Straight. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, R. 2005. “Towards a General Theory of Driver Behaviour.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 37 (3): 461–472. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2004.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., J. Zhao, J. Yan, Y. Zhu, and H. Cai. 2005. “Multi-Robot Tele-Operation System Based on Multi-Agent Structure.” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Mechatronics and Automation, 1726–1730. doi:10.1109/ICMA.2005.1626819
   Google Scholar
• Gempler, K. S. 1999. Display of Predictor Reliability on a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (Report No. FY99-178). University of Illinois at Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Ghasemi, A. H., P. Jayakumar, and R. B. Gillespie. 2019. “Shared Control Architectures for Vehicle Steering.” Cognition, Technology & Work 21 (4): 699–709. doi:10.1007/s10111-019-00560-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, C., D. Damböck, L. Lorenz, and K. Bengler. 2013. “Take Over!” How Long Does It Take to Get the Driver Back into the Loop?” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 57 (1): 1938–1942. doi:10.1177/2F1541931213571433
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, P. G., and R. B. Gillespie. 2005. “Sharing Control Between Humans and Automation Using Haptic Interface: Primary and Secondary Task Performance Benefits.” Human Factors 47 (3): 574–590. doi:10.1518/2F001872005774859944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakuli, S., S. Geyer, H. Winner, and J. Henning. 2011. “Integrated Concept for Maneuver-Based Driver Assistance.” ATZ Worldwide eMagazine 113 (3): 40–42. doi:10.1365/s38311-011-0032-5
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, P. A. 1996. “Effects of Control Order, Augmented Feedback, Input Device and Practice on Tracking Performance and Perceived Workload.” Ergonomics 39 (9): 1146–1162. doi:10.1080/00140139608964535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, P. A. 2021. “Months of Monotony – Moments of Mayhem: Planning for the Human Role in a Transitioning World of Work.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 22 (1): 63–82. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2020.1753260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, P. A., and S. Stackhouse. 1992. “Human Factors and Safety Issues in IVHS.”. Proceedings of the 25th ISATA Conference on Road Transport Informatics/Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems, 489–496.
   Google Scholar
• Hanusch, M. 2017. Manual Flying Skills – Airline Procedures and Their Effect on Pilot Proficiency (MSc Final Project). City University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. G., and L. E. Staveland. 1988. “Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research.” In Human Mental Workload, edited by P. A. Hancock and N. Meshkati, 139–183. Amsterdam: North Holland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. G., and C. D. Wickens. 1990. “Workload Assessment and Prediction.” In Manprint, edited by H. R. Booher, 257–296. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0437-8_9
   Google Scholar
• Haslbeck, A., and H.-J. Hoermann. 2016. “Flying the Needles: Flight Deck Automation Erodes Fine-Motor Flying Skills Among Airline Pilots.” Human Factors 58 (4): 533–545. doi:10.1177/0018720816640394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm, E. J. 1952. “The Machine Breakers.” Past and Present 1 (1): 57–70. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649989. doi:10.1093/past/1.1.57
   Google Scholar
• Hoedemaeker, M., and K. A. Brookhuis. 1998. “Behavioural Adaptation to Driving With an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC).” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 1 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1016/S1369-8478(98)00008-4
   Google Scholar
• Horswill, M. S., and F. P. McKenna. 2004. “Drivers’ Hazard Perception Ability: Situation Awareness on the Road.” In A Cognitive Approach to Situation Awareness, edited by S. Banbury and S. Tremblay, 155–175. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, R. W. 1973. “Automatic Flight Controls in Fixed Wing Aircraft. The First 100 Years.” The Aeronautical Journal 77: 533–562. doi:10.1017/S0001924000041889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki, T. 2003. “Adaptive Automation: Sharing and Trading of Control.” In Handbook of Cognitive Task Design, edited by E. Hollnagel, 221–245. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, R. J., A. M. Tinga, R. de Zwart, and S. T. van der Kint. 2022. “Devil in the Details: Systematic Review of TOR Signals in Automated Driving with a Generic Classification Framework.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 91: 274–328. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaber, D. B., and M. R. Endsley. 2004. “The Effects of Level of Automation and Adaptive Automation on Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Dynamic Control Task.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 5 (2): 113–153. doi:10.1080/1463922021000054335
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., and J. Beatty. 1966. “Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory.” Science 154 (3756): 1583–1585. doi:10.1126/science.154.3756.1583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A., and M. Haenlein. 2020. “Rulers of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence.” Business Horizons 63 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, D. G., J. B. Cicchino, I. J. Reagan, and L. B. Kerfoot. 2017. “Driver Trust in Five Driver Assistance Technologies Following Real-World Use in Four Production Vehicles.” Traffic Injury Prevention 18 (sup1): S44–S50. doi:10.1080/15389588.2017.1297532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., M. Song, and Z. Doerzaph. 2022. “Is Driving Automation Used as Intended? Real-World Use of Partially Automated Driving Systems and Their Safety Consequences.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676 (1): 30–37. doi:10.1177/03611981211027150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolekar, S., S. M. Petermeijer, E. Boer, J. C. F. de Winter, and D. A. Abbink. 2021. “A Risk Field-Based Metric Correlates with Driver’s Perceived Risk in Manual and Automated Driving: A Test-Track Study.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 133: 103428. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, A. F. 1991. “Physiological Metrics of Mental Workload: A Review of Recent Progress.” In Multiple-Task Performance, edited by D. L. Damos, 279–328. London: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1201/9781003069447-14
   Google Scholar
• Krebsbach, K. D., and D. J. Musliner. 1999. Adjustable Autonomy in Procedural Control for Refineries (Technical Report AAAI Spring Symposium No. SS-99-06). https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/1999/SS-99-06/SS99-06-015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, F. 2022. “Tesla Releases New Full Self-Driving Beta Update, and It’s a Big One.” https://electrek.co/2022/05/19/tesla-full-self-driving-beta-update-v10-12
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. D., and B. D. Seppelt. 2009. “Human Factors in Automation Design.” In Springer Handbook of Automation, edited by S. Nof, 417–436. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_25
   Google Scholar
• Lin, A. Y., K. Kuehl, J. Schöning, and B. Hecht. 2017. “Understanding ‘Death by GPS’: A Systematic Study of Catastrophic Incidents Associated with Personal Navigation Technologies.” Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1154–1166. doi:10.1145/3025453.3025737
   Google Scholar
• Lin, P., G. Bekey, and K. Abney. 2008. Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics, and Design. California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, P., R. Yang, and Z. Xu. 2019. “How Safe is Safe Enough for Self‐Driving Vehicles?” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 39 (2): 315–325. doi:10.1111/risa.13116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losey, D. P., C. G. McDonald, E. Battaglia, and M. K. O’Malley. 2018. “A Review of Intent Detection, Arbitration, and Communication Aspects of Shared Control for Physical Human–Robot Interaction.” Applied Mechanics Reviews 70 (1): 010804. doi:10.1115/1.4039145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Z., R. Happee, C. D. D. Cabrall, M. Kyriakidis, and J. C. F. de Winter. 2016. “Human Factors of Transitions in Automated Driving: A General Framework and Literature Survey.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 43: 183–198. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcano, M., S. Díaz, J. Pérez, and E. Irigoyen. 2020. “A Review of Shared Control for Automated Vehicles: Theory and Applications.” IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50 (6): 475–491. doi:10.1109/THMS.2020.3017748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchal-Crespo, L., S. McHughen, S. C. Cramer, and D. J. Reinkensmeyer. 2010. “The Effect of Haptic Guidance, Aging, and Initial Skill Level on Motor Learning of a Steering Task.” Experimental Brain Research 201 (2): 209–220. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2026-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquart, G., C. Cabrall, and J. de Winter. 2015. “Review of Eye-Related Measures of Drivers’ Mental Workload.” Procedia Manufacturing 3: 2854–2861. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.783
   Google Scholar
• Mars, F., M. Deroo, and J.-M. Hoc. 2014. “Analysis of Human-Machine Cooperation When Driving with Different Degrees of Haptic Shared Control.” IEEE Transactions on Haptics 7 (3): 324–333. doi:10.1109/TOH.2013.2295095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, P. K. 2018. “You’re Fired,” Says the Robot: The Rise of Automation in the Workplace, Technophobes, and Fears of Unemployment.” Social Science Computer Review 36 (2): 139–156. doi:10.1177/0894439317698637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCourt, M. J., S. S. Mehta, E. A. Doucette, and J. W. Curtis. 2016. “Human-Machine Teaming for Effective Estimation and Path Planning.” In Micro-and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications VIII, Vol. 9836, 98361 W. doi:10.1117/12.2224121
   Google Scholar
• Melman, T., D. A. Abbink, M. M. van Paassen, E. R. Boer, and J. C. F. de Winter. 2018. “What Determines Drivers’ Speed? A Replication of Three Behavioural Adaptation Experiments in a Single Driving Simulator Study.” Ergonomics 61 (7): 966–987. doi:10.1080/00140139.2018.1426790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melman, T., J. C. F. de Winter, and D. A. Abbink. 2017. “Does Haptic Steering Guidance Instigate Speeding? A Driving Simulator Study into Causes and Remedies.” Accident, Analysis and Prevention 98: 372–387. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercedes-Benz 2021. “Easy Tech: Conditionally Automated Driving With the DRIVE PILOT.” https://group.mercedes-benz.com/magazine/technology-innovation/easy-tech-drive-pilot.html
   Google Scholar
• Merlo, J. L., C. D. Wickens, and M. Yeh. 1999. Effect of Reliability on Cue Effectiveness and Display Signaling (Technical Report No. ARL-99-4/FED-LAB-99-3). Savoy: University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation, Aviation Research Lab.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, J. S., J. Alban, K. Cosenzo, T. Johnson, and E. Capstick. 2010. “Field Testing of Tele-Operation versus Shared and Traded Control for Military Assets: An Evaluation Involving Real-Time Embedded Simulation and Soldier Assessment.” Unmanned Systems Technology XII 7692: 769206. doi:10.1117/12.850597
   Google Scholar
• Metz, C. 2021. “The Costly Pursuit of Self-Driving Cars Continues on. And on. And on.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/24/technology/self-driving-cars-wait.html
   Google Scholar
• Millard-Ball, A. 2018. “Pedestrians, Autonomous Vehicles, and Cities.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 38 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1177/2F0739456X16675674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millot, P., and M. P. Lemoine. 1998. “An Attempt for Generic Concepts Toward Human-Machine Cooperation.” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1044–1049. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.1998.725555
   Google Scholar
• Muir, B. M., and N. Moray. 1996. “Trust in Automation. Part II. Experimental Studies of Trust and Human Intervention in a Process Control Simulation.” Ergonomics 39 (3): 429–460. doi:10.1080/00140139608964474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, M., D. A. Abbink, and E. R. Boer. 2012. “Sharing Control With Haptics: Seamless Driver Support from Manual to Automatic Control.” Human Factors 54 (5): 786–798. doi:10.1177/0018720812443984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, M., M. Mulder, M. M. van Paassen, and D. A. Abbink. 2008. “Haptic Gas Pedal Feedback.” Ergonomics 51 (11): 1710–1720. doi:10.1080/00140130802331583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musić, S., and S. Hirche. 2017. “Control Sharing in Human-Robot Team Interaction.” Annual Reviews in Control 44: 342–354. doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2017.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2022a. Summary Report: Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (Report No. DOT HS 813 325). https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2022-06/ADAS-L2-SGO-Report-June-2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2022b. Occupant Protection for Vehicles With Automated Driving Systems (Docket No. NHTSA-2021-0003, RIN 2127-AM06). https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2022-03/Final-Rule-Occupant-Protection-Amendment-Automated-Vehicles.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Safety Council 2020. “Injury facts. Odds of dying.” https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/all-injuries/preventable-death-overview/odds-of-dying
   Google Scholar
• National Transportation Safety Board. 2014. Allision of the Passenger Vessel Seastreak Wall Street with Pier 11, Lower Manhattan, New York, New York, January 9, 2013 (Marine Accident Report No. NTSB/MAR-14/01). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAR1401.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Transportation Safety Board. 2017. Collision Between a Car Operating With Automated Vehicle Control Systems and a Tractor-Semitrailer Truck Near Williston, Florida, May 7, 2016 (Accident Report No. NTSB/HAR-17/02). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/reports/har1702.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Transportation Safety Board. 2019a. Collision between car operating with partial driving automation and truck-tractor semitrailer. Delray Beach, Florida, March 1, 2019 (Highway Accident Brief). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAB2001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Transportation Safety Board 2019b. Collision between vehicle controlled by developmental automated driving system and pedestrian. Tempe, Arizona, March 18, 2018 (Accident Report No. NTSB/HAR-19/03). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/accidentreports/reports/har1903.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Transportation Safety Board 2020. Collision between a sport utility vehicle operating with partial driving automation and a crash attenuator. Mountain View, California, March 23, 2018 (Accident Report No. NTSB/HAR-20/01). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAR2001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nordhoff, S., J. D. Lee, S. Calvert, S. Hegna Berge, M. Hagenzieker, and R. Happee. 2022. Testing Unfinished Automated Driving Technology on Public Roads: Results from Interviews With Participants of Tesla’s Full-Self Driving (FSD) Beta. Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364336031_Testing_unfinished_automated_driving_technology_on_public_roads_Results_from_interviews_with_participants_of_Tesla’s_Full-Self_Driving_FSD_Beta
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. A. 1980. Errors in Human Performance (Report No. 8004). La Jolla, CA: Center for Human Information Processing, University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. A. 2007. The Design of Future Things. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. A., and D. G. Bobrow. 1975. “On Data-Limited and Resource-Limited Processes.” Cognitive Psychology 7 (1): 44–64. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90004-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noy, I. Y., D. Shinar, and W. J. Horrey. 2018. “Automated Driving: Safety Blind Spots.” Safety Science 102: 68–78. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.07.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1990. Behavioral Adaptation to Changes in the Road Transport System. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Scientific Expert Group.
   Google Scholar
• Oudet, L. 1970. “The Torrey Canyon Commission of Inquiry.” The Journal of Navigation 23 (2): 238–250. doi:10.1017/S0373463300038443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, D. A., G. Helmers, and M. Sivak. 1993. “Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems: A Call for User-Centred Design.” Ergonomics 36 (4): 363–369. doi:10.1080/00140139308967893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacaux-Lemoine, M.-P, and M. Itoh. 2015. “Towards Vertical and Horizontal Extension of Shared Control Concept.” Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 3086–3091. doi:10.1109/SMC.2015.536
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., T. Bahri, J. Deaton, J. Morrison, and M. Barnes. 1992. Theory and Design of Adaptive Automation in Aviation Systems (Progress Report No. NAWCADWAR-92033-60). Warminster, PA: Naval Air Warfare Center.
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., P. A. Hancock, and O. Olofinboba. 1997. “Alarm Effectiveness in Driver-Centred Collision-Warning Systems.” Ergonomics 40 (3): 390–399. doi:10.1080/001401397188224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., and D. H. Manzey. 2010. “Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration.” Human Factors 52 (3): 381–410. doi:10.1177/0018720810376055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., and V. Riley. 1997. “Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39 (2): 230–253. doi:10.1518/001872097778543886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., T. B. Sheridan, and C. D. Wickens. 2000. “A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction With Automation.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part A, Systems and Humans : A Publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society 30 (3): 286–297. doi:10.1109/3468.844354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penny, S. 2022. “Sensorimotor Debilities in Digital Cultures.” AI & SOCIETY 37 (1): 355–366. doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01186-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petermeijer, S. M., D. A. Abbink, and J. C. F. de Winter. 2015. “Should Drivers Be Operating within an Automation-Free Bandwidth? Evaluating Haptic Steering Support Systems with Different Levels of Authority.” Human Factors 57 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1177/2F0018720814563602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petermeijer, S. M., T. Sakuma, S. B. Kolekar, J. C. F. de Winter, and D. A. Abbink. 2022. Resolving Driver-Assistance Disagreements: How LKAS Interaction Design and Trajectory-Matching Affect Driver Behaviour and Acceptance. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, S. S., R. I. Cook, D. D. Woods, and J. S. McDonald. 1990. “The Role of Human Factors Guidelines in Designing Usable Systems: A Case Study of Operating Room Equipment.” Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 34 (4): 392–395. doi:10.1177/154193129003400434
   Google Scholar
• Radlmayr, J., V. Weinbeer, C. Löber, M. Farid, and K. Bengler. 2018. “How Automation Level and System Reliability Influence Driver Performance in a Cut-in Situation.” In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. AHFE 2017, edited by N. Stanton, 684–694. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_66
   Google Scholar
• Rantanen, E. M., and J. H. Goldberg. 1999. “The Effect of Mental Workload on the Visual Field Size and Shape.” Ergonomics 42 (6): 816–834. doi:10.1080/001401399185315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, G. J. M., S. Shorrock, G. H. Walker, and P. M. Salmon. 2021. “State of Science: Evolving Perspectives on ‘Human Error’.” Ergonomics 64 (9): 1091–1114. doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1953615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reagan, I. J., J. B. Cicchino, L. B. Kerfoot, and R. A. Weast. 2018. “Crash Avoidance and Driver Assistance Technologies–Are They Used?” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 52: 176–190. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reason, J. 1997. “Hazards, Defences and Losses.” In Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents, edited by J. Reason, 1–20. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Reason, J. 1999. “Are We Casting the Net Too Widely in Our Search for the Factors Contributing to Errors and Accidents?” In Nuclear Safety: A Human Factors Perspective, edited by J. Misumi, R. Mille, and B. Wilpert, 199–205. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogovin, M., and G. T. Frampton, Jr. 1980. Three Mile Island. A Report to the Commissioners and to the Public. Volume I. Washington, DC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Special Inquiry Group. doi:10.2172/5395798
   Google Scholar
• Roscoe, A. H. 1992. “Assessing Pilot Workload. Why Measure Heart Rate, HRV and Respiration?” Biological Psychology 34 (2–3): 259–287. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(92)90018-P
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, P. E. 2018. “Gill Pratt of Toyota: Safety Is no Argument for Robocars: The Technology That Will Eventually Make Self-Driving Cars Safe Can Be Implemented in Human-Driven Cars.” https://spectrum.ieee.org/gil-pratt-of-toyota-safety-is-no-argument-for-robocars
   Google Scholar
• Rudenko, A., L. Palmieri, M. Herman, K. M. Kitani, D. M. Gavrila, and K. O. Arras. 2020. “Human Motion Trajectory Prediction: A Survey.” The International Journal of Robotics Research 39 (8): 895–935. doi:10.1177/0278364920917446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, Y., H. Muslim, and M. Itoh. 2021. “Design of Haptic Protection With an Adaptive Level of Authority Based on Risk Indicators under Hands-on Partial Driving Automation.” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1613–1618. doi:10.1109/SMC52423.2021.9658933
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, K., M. Hossny, and S. Nahavandi. 2017. “Towards Trusted Autonomous Vehicles from Vulnerable Road Users Perspective.” Proceedings of the 2017 Annual IEEE International Systems Conference. doi:10.1109/SYSCON.2017.7934782
   Google Scholar
• Sarter, N. B., and D. D. Woods. 1995. “How in the World Did We Ever Get Into That Mode? Mode Error and Awareness in Supervisory Control.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1518/001872095779049516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, P. N. 1958. “Radar and Marine Collisions Today.” The Hastings Law Journal 10: 71–88. https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol10/iss1/5.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtens, W., S. Barendswaard, D. Pool, R. van Paassen, and D. Abbink. 2018. “A New Haptic Shared Controller Reducing Steering Conflicts.” Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 2705–2710. doi:10.1109/SMC.2018.00462
   Google Scholar
• Shang, C., H. Fang, J. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2017. “Interacting with Multi-Agent Systems through Intention Field Based Shared Control Methods.” Proceedings of the 2017 11th Asian Control Conference, 150–155. doi:10.1109/ASCC.2017.8287158
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B. 1991. “Automation, Authority and Angst—Revisited.” Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 35 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1177/154193129103500103
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B. 1992. Telerobotics, Automation, and Human Supervisory Control. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B. 1995. “Human Centered Automation: oxymoron or Common Sense?.” Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century, 823–828. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.1995.537867
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B. 2011. “Adaptive Automation, Level of Automation, Allocation Authority, Supervisory Control, and Adaptive Control: Distinctions and Modes of Adaptation.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 41 (4): 662–667. doi:10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2093888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B., T. Vámos, and S. Aida. 1983. “Adapting Automation to Man, Culture and Society.” Automatica 19 (6): 605–612. doi:10.1016/0005-1098(83)90024-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, T. B., and W. L. Verplank. 1978. Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators (Technical Report, Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Siebert, L. C., M. L. Lupetti, E. Aizenberg, N. Beckers, A. Zgonnikov, H. Veluwenkamp, D. Abbink, E. Giaccardi, G.-J. Houben, C. M. Jonker, J. van den Hoven, D. Foster, and R. L. Lagendijk. 2021. “Meaningful Human Control Over AI Systems: Beyond Talking the Talk.” arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01298
   Google Scholar
• Silva, S. S., and R. J. Hansman. 2015. “Divergence Between Flight Crew Mental Model and Aircraft System State in Auto-Throttle Mode Confusion Accident and Incident Cases.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 9 (4): 312–328. doi:10.1177/1555343415597344
   Google Scholar
• Skitka, L. J., K. L. Mosier, and M. Burdick. 1999. “Does Automation Bias Decision-Making?” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 (5): 991–1006. doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solís-Marcos, I., C. Ahlström, and K. Kircher. 2018. “Performance of an Additional Task During Level 2 Automated Driving: An on-Road Study Comparing Drivers with and without Experience With Partial Automation.” Human Factors 60 (6): 778–792. doi:10.1177/2F0018720818773636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorkin, R. D. 1988. “Why Are People Turning off Our Alarms?” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84 (3): 1107–1108. doi:10.1121/1.397232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton, N. A., and P. M. Salmon. 2009. “Human Error Taxonomies Applied to Driving: A Generic Driver Error Taxonomy and Its Implications for Intelligent Transport Systems.” Safety Science 47 (2): 227–237. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2008.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, C., A. Liu, D. Brown, and A. Porch. 2019. Monitoring Engineer Fatigue (MEFA) (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-19/48). Cambridge, MA: Aurora Flight Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Stiegemeier, D., S. Bringeland, J. Kraus, and M. Baumann. 2022. “Do I Really Need It?”: An Explorative Study of Acceptance and Usage of in-Vehicle Technology.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 84: 65–82. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storms, J. G., and D. M. Tilbury. 2014. “Blending of Human and Obstacle Avoidance Control for a High Speed Mobile Robot.” Proceedings of the 2014 American Control Conference, 3488–3493. doi:10.1109/ACC.2014.6859352
   Google Scholar
• Tabone, W., J. de Winter, C. Ackermann, J. Bärgman, M. Baumann, S. Deb, C. Emmenegger, A. Habibovic, M. Hagenzieker, P. A. Hancock, R. Happee, J. Krems, J. D. Lee, M. Martens, N. Merat, D. Norman, T. B. Sheridan, and N. A. Stanton. 2021. “Vulnerable Road Users and the Coming Wave of Automated Vehicles: Expert Perspectives.” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 9: 100293. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100293
   Google Scholar
• Tan, H. S., R. Rajamani, and W. B. Zhang. 1998. “Demonstration of an Automated Highway Platoon System.” Proceedings of the 1998 American Control Conference, 1823–1827. doi:10.1109/ACC.1998.707332
   Google Scholar
• Tso, K. S., G. K. Tharp, W. Zhang, and A. T. Tai. 1999. “A Multi-Agent Operator Interface for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” Proceedings of the 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. doi:10.1109/DASC.1999.821969
   Google Scholar
• United Nations 2013. “Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which Can Be Fitted and/or Be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of These Prescriptions (Addendum: 130: Regulation: 131).” https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R131e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Van Baelen, D., J. Ellerbroek, M. M. van Paassen, and M. Mulder. 2020. “Design of a Haptic Feedback System for Flight Envelope Protection.” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 43 (4): 700–714. doi:10.2514/1.G004596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Hulst, M., T. Rothengatter, and A. Heino. 1996. “Effectiveness of Distance-Keeping Support Systems.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, 179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dintel, K. M., S. M. Petermeijer, E. J. H. de Vries, and D. A. Abbink. 2021. “SAE Level-3 automation-Comparison of Traded and Shared Control.” ATZ Worldwide 123 (5–6): 26–33. doi:10.1007/s38311-021-0667-9
   Google Scholar
• Vengattil, M. 2020. “Self-Driving Technology Companies Suspend Testing on Virus Fears.” https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-waymo-idUSKBN2143MO
   Google Scholar
• Vlakveld, W. P. 2011. “Hazard Anticipation of Young Novice Drivers.” Doctoral Diss., University of Groningen.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, R. L., J. L. Tate, and M. J. Moss. 1980. Advanced Flight Deck/Crew Station Simulator Functional Requirements (NASA Contractor Report 159331). Hamton, VA: Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., and Z. Li. 2019. “Exploring Causes and Effects of Automated Vehicle Disengagement Using Statistical Modeling and Classification Tree Based on Field Test Data.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 129: 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., X. Na, D. Cao, J. Gong, J. Xi, Y. Xing, and F.-Y. Wang. 2020. “Decision-Making in Driver-Automation Shared Control: A Review and Perspectives.” IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 7: 1–19. doi:10.1109/JAS.2020.1003294
   Google Scholar
• Weigl, K., C. Schartmüller, A. Riener, and M. Steinhauser. 2021. “Development of the Questionnaire on the Acceptance of Automated Driving (QAAD): Data-Driven Models for Level 3 and Level 5 Automated Driving.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 83: 42–59. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, C. D., L. Onnasch, A. Sebok, and D. Manzey. 2020. “Absence of DOA Effect but No Proper Test of the Lumberjack Effect: A Reply to Jamieson and Skraaning (2019).” Human Factors 62 (4): 530–534. doi:10.1177/0018720820901957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, E. L. 1989. Human Factors of Advanced Technology (“Glass Cockpit”) Transport Aircraft (NASA Tech. Report 117528). Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, E. L., and R. E. Curry. 1980. “Flight-Deck Automation: Promises and Problems.” Ergonomics 23 (10): 995–1011. doi:10.1080/00140138008924809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde, G. J. S. 1982. “The Theory of Risk Homeostasis: Implications for Safety and Health.” Risk Analysis 2 (4): 209–225. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01384.x
   Google Scholar
• Wilde, G. J. S. 2013. “Homeostasis Drives Behavioural Adaptation.” In Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action, edited by C. M. Rudin-Brown and S. L. Jamson, 61–86. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilde, G. J. S., L. S. Robertson, and I. B. Pless. 2002. “Does Risk Homoeostasis Theory Have Implications for Road Safety.” BMJ 324 (7346): 1149–1152. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williges, R. C., and W. W. Wierwille. 1979. “Behavioral Measures of Aircrew Mental Workload.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 21 (5): 549–574. doi:10.1177/001872087902100503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. M., S. Yang, T. Roady, J. Kuo, and M. G. Lenné. 2020. “Driver Trust & Mode Confusion in an On-Road Study of Level-2 Automated Vehicle Technology.” Safety Science 130: 104845. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, S. 2004. Flight Crew Reliance on Automation (CAA Paper 2004/10). Gatwick Airport South, West Sussex, UK: Civil Aviation Authority, Safety Regulation Group.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2019. “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684
   Google Scholar
• Xing, Y., C. Huang, and C. Lv. 2020. “Driver-Automation Collaboration for Automated Vehicles: A Review of Human-Centered Shared Control.” Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 1964–1971. doi:10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304755
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., J. C. F. de Winter, S. Varotto, R. Happee, and M. Martens. 2019. “Determinants of Take-Over Time from Automated Driving: A Meta-Analysis of 129 Studies.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 64: 285–307. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar