Cognitive dissonance increases spine loading in the neck and low back

References

• Akselrod, S., D. Gordon, F. A. Ubel, D. C. Shannon, A. C. Berger, and R. J. Cohen. 1981. “Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Fluctuation: A Quantitative Probe of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Control.” Science 213 (4504): 220–222. doi:10.1126/science.6166045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhowimel, A., M. Alotaibi, K. Radford, and N. Coulson. 2018. “Psychosocial Factors Associated with Change in Pain and Disability Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Treated by Physiotherapist: A Systematic Review.” SAGE Open Medicine 6: 2050312118757387. doi:10.1177/2050312118757387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizadeh, M., A. Aurand, G. G. Knapik, J. S. Dufour, E. Mendel, E. Bourekas, and W. S. Marras. 2020. “An Electromyography-Assisted Biomechanical Cervical Spine Model: Model Development and Validation.” Clinical Biomechanics 80: 105169. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizadeh, M., G. G. Knapik, and W. S. Marras. 2018. “Application of MR-Derived Cross-Sectional Guideline of Cervical Spine Muscles to Validate Neck Surface Electromyography Placement.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 43: 127–139. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. 1990. “Change Scores as Dependent Variables in Regression Analysis.” Sociological Methodology 20: 93–114. doi:10.2307/271083.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, B. K., S. Karcz, and B. Rosenberg. 2008. “Hooked on a Feeling: Emotional Labor as an Occupational Hazard of the Post-Industrial Age.” New Solutions 18 (2): 245–255. doi:10.2190/NS.18.2.m.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appelhans, B. M., and L. J. Luecken. 2008. “Heart Rate Variability and Pain: Associations of Two Interrelated Homeostatic Processes.” Biological Psychology 77 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurand, A. M., J. S. Dufour, and W. S. Marras. 2017. “Accuracy Map of an Optical Motion Capture System with 42 or 21 Cameras in a Large Measurement Volume.” Journal of Biomechanics 58: 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baevsky, R. M., and A. P. Berseneva. 2008. Use Kardivar System for Determination of the Stress Level and Estimation of the Body Adaptability: Standards of Measurements and Physiological Interpretation. Moscow-Prague. pp. 1–41.
   Google Scholar
• Bernston, G., and J. T. Cacioppo. 2004. Heart Rate Variability: Stress and Psychiatric Conditions. New York: Futura.
   Google Scholar
• Bloemsaat, J. G., R. G. Meulenbroek, and G. P. VAN Galen. 2005. “Differential Effects of Mental Load on Proximal and Distal Arm Muscle Activity.” Experimental Brain Research 167 (4): 622–634. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0066-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, M., M. Palaniswami, and P. Kamen. 2001. “Do Existing Measures of Poincaré Plot Geometry Reflect Nonlinear Features of Heart Rate Variability?” IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering 48 (11): 1342–1347. doi:10.1109/10.959330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. L., T. Asher, and R. B. Cialdini. 2005. “Evidence of a Positive Relationship between Age and Preference for Consistency.” Journal of Research in Personality 39: 517–533. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chany, A. M., J. Parakkat, G. Yang, D. L. Burr, and W. S. Marras. 2006. “Changes in Spine Loading Patterns throughout the Workday as a Function of Experience, Lift Frequency, and Personality.” The Spine Journal 6 (3): 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2005.10.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu, B., K. Marwaha, T. Sanvictores, and D. Ayers. 2021. Physiology, Stress Reaction. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, H., L. Neumann, M. Shore, M. Amir, Y. Cassuto, and D. Buskila. 2000. “Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Fibromyalgia: Application of Power Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability.” Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 29 (4): 217–227. doi:10.1016/s0049-0172(00)80010-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J., and S. Worchel. 1970. “Role of Undesired Consequences in Arousing Cognitive Dissonance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16: 199–206. doi:10.1037/h0029830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J., M. P. Zanna, and P. A. Taves. 1978. “Arousal as a Necessary Condition for Attitude Change following Induced Compliance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (10): 1101–1106. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.10.1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronqvist, A., T. Theorell, T. Burns, and K. Lützén. 2001. “Dissonant Imperatives in Nursing: A Conceptualization of Stress in Intensive Care in Sweden.” Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 17 (4): 228–236. doi:10.1054/iccn.2000.1588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., and R. Larson. 1987. “Validity and Reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175: 526–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., and M. Wong. 2014. “The Situational and Personal Correlates of Happiness: A Cross-National Comparison.” Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology: The Collected Works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi : 69–88.
   Google Scholar
• Dagenais, S., J. Caro, and S. Haldeman. 2008. “A Systematic Review of Low Back Pain Cost of Illness Studies in the United States and Internationally.” The Spine Journal 8 (1): 8–20. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. G., W. S. Marras, C. A. Heaney, T. R. Waters, and P. Gupta. 2002. “The Impact of Mental Processing and Pacing on Spine Loading: 2002 Volvo Award in Biomechanics.” Spine 27 (23): 2645–2653. doi:10.1097/00007632-200212010-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G., J. M. Tauer, K. E. Barron, A. J. Elliot, and K. M. Vance. 1999. “Moving beyond Attitude Change in the Study of Dissonance-Related Processes.” In Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Dieleman, J. L., R. Baral, M. Birger, A. L. Bui, A. Bulchis, A. Chapin, H. Hamavid, C. Horst, E. K. Johnson, J. Joseph, R. Lavado, L. Lomsadze, A. Reynolds, E. Squires, M. Campbell, B. Decenso, D. Dicker, A. D. Flaxman, R. Gabert, T. Highfill, M. Naghavi, N. Nightingale, T. Templin, M. I. Tobias, T. Vos, and C. J. L. Murray. 2016. “US Spending on Personal Health Care and Public Health, 1996–2013.” JAMA 316: 2627–2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommerholt, J., C. Bron, and J. Franssen. 2006. “Myofascial Trigger Points: An Evidence-Informed Review.” Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14: 203–221. doi:10.1179/106698106790819991.
   Google Scholar
• Dufour, J. S., W. S. Marras, and G. G. Knapik. 2013. “An EMG-Assisted Model Calibration Technique That Does Not Require MVCs.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 23 (3): 608–613. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbinoune, I., B. Amine, S. Shyen, S. Gueddari, R. Abouqal, and N. Hajjaj-Hassouni. 2016. “Chronic Neck Pain and Anxiety-Depression: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors.” The Pan African Medical Journal 24: 89. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.89.8831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., and P. G. Devine. 1994. “On the Motivational Nature of Cognitive Dissonance: Dissonance as Psychological Discomfort.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 382–394. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, H. 1998. “Flow and Occupation: A Review of the Literature.” Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 65: 37–44. doi:10.1177/000841749806500105.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row-Peterson.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrits, M. M. J. G., P. Van Oppen, H. W. J. Van Marwijk, B. W. J. H. Penninx, and H. E. V ∼ DER Horst. 2014. “Pain and the Onset of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders.” PAIN 155: 5. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrits, M. M., H. W. Van Marwijk, P. Van Oppen, H. Van Der Horst, and B. W. Penninx. 2015. “Longitudinal Association between Pain, and Depression and Anxiety over Four Years.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 78 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granata, K. P., and W. S. Marras. 1993. “An EMG-Assisted Model of Loads on the Lumbar Spine during Asymmetric Trunk Extensions.” Journal of Biomechanics 26 (12): 1429–1438. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(93)90093-t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granata, K. P., and W. S. Marras. 1995. “The Influence of Trunk Muscle Coactivity on Dynamic Spinal Loads.” Spine 20 (8): 913–919. doi:10.1097/00007632-199504150-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaney, J. L., A. Surachman, E. F. H. Saunders, L. M. Alexander, and D. M. Almeida. 2020. “Greater Daily Psychosocial Stress Exposure is Associated with Increased Norepinephrine‐Induced Vasoconstriction in Young Adults.” Journal of the American Heart Association 9 (9): e015697. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.015697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E. 2000. “Cognitive Dissonance and Experienced Negative Affect: Evidence That Dissonance Increases Experienced Negative Affect Even in the Absence of Aversive Consequences.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 1490–1501. doi:10.1177/01461672002612004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartvigsen, J., M. J. Hancock, A. Kongsted, Q. Louw, M. L. Ferreira, S. Genevay, D. Hoy, J. Karppinen, G. Pransky, J. Sieper, R. J. Smeets, M. Underwood, R. Buchbinder, J. Hartvigsen, D. Cherkin, N. E. Foster, C. G. Maher, M. Underwood, M. VAN Tulder, J. R. Anema, R. Chou, S. P. Cohen, L. Menezes Costa, P. Croft, M. Ferreira, P. H. Ferreira, J. M. Fritz, S. Genevay, D. P. Gross, M. J. Hancock, D. Hoy, J. Karppinen, B. W. Koes, A. Kongsted, Q. Louw, B. Öberg, W. C. Peul, G. Pransky, M. Schoene, J. Sieper, R. J. Smeets, J. A. Turner, and A. Woolf. 2018. “What Low Back Pain is and Why we Need to Pay Attention.” Lancet 391 (10137): 2356–2367. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino-Browne, E., A. S. Zanna, S. J. Spencer, M. P. Zanna, S. Kitayama, and S. Lackenbauer. 2005. “On the Cultural Guises of Cognitive Dissonance: The Case of Easterners and Westerners.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (3): 294–310. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hülsheger, U. R., and A. F. Schewe. 2011. “On the Costs and Benefits of Emotional Labor: A Meta-Analysis of Three Decades of Research.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 16 (3): 361–389. doi:10.1037/a0022876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., G. G. Knapik, J. S. Dufour, A. Aurand, T. M. Best, S. N. Khan, E. Mendel, and W. S. Marras. 2016a. “A Biologically-Assisted Curved Muscle Model of the Lumbar Spine: Model Structure.” Clinical Biomechanics 37: 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., G. G. Knapik, J. S. Dufour, T. M. Best, S. N. Khan, E. Mendel, and W. S. Marras. 2016b. “A Biologically-Assisted Curved Muscle Model of the Lumbar Spine: Model Validation.” Clinical Biomechanics 37: 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joines, S. M., C. M. Sommerich, G. A. Mirka, J. R. Wilson, and S. D. Moon. 2006. “Low-Level Exertions of the Neck Musculature: A Study of Research Methods.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 16 (5): 485–497. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, D., M. Zoe, V. Johnston, and S. O’leary. 2017. “Physical Risk Factors for Developing Non-Specific Neck Pain in Office Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 90 (5): 373–410. doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1205-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, M. 1996. “Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.” Heart Rate Variability 93: 1043–1065.
   Google Scholar
• Marras, W. S., and C. M. Sommerich. 1991a. “A Three-Dimensional Motion Model of Loads on the Lumbar Spine: I. Model Structure.” Human Factors 33 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1177/001872089103300201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marras, W. S., and C. M. Sommerich. 1991b. “A Three-Dimensional Motion Model of Loads on the Lumbar Spine: II. Model Validation.” Human Factors 33 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1177/001872089103300202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marras, W. S., K. G. Davis, S. A. Ferguson, B. R. Lucas, and P. Gupta. 2001. “Spine Loading Characteristics of Patients with Low Back Pain Compared with Asymptomatic Individuals.” Spine 26 (23): 2566–2574. doi:10.1097/00007632-200112010-00009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marras, W. S., K. G. Davis, C. A. Heaney, A. B. Maronitis, and W. G. Allread. 2000. “The Influence of Psychosocial Stress, Gender, and Personality on Mechanical Loading of the Lumbar Spine.” Spine 25 (23): 3045–3054. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012010-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merletti, R. 1999. “Standards for Reporting EMG Data.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 9: 3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Minerbi, A., and S. Vulfsons. 2018. “Challenging the Cinderella Hypothesis: A New Model for the Role of the Motor Unit Recruitment Pattern in the Pathogenesis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Postural Muscles.” Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal 9: e0021. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirka, G. A., and W. S. Marras. 1993. “A Stochastic Model of Trunk Muscle Coactivation during Trunk Bending.” Spine 18 (11): 1396–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunan, D., G. R. Sandercock, and D. A. Brodie. 2010. “A Quantitative Systematic Review of Normal Values for Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults.” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 33 (11): 1407–1417. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortego, G., J. H. Villafañe, V. Doménech-García, P. Berjano, L. Bertozzi, and P. Herrero. 2016. “Is There a Relationship between Psychological Stress or Anxiety and Chronic Nonspecific Neck-Arm Pain in Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 90: 70–81. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, M. B., M. L. Ferreira, K. Refshauge, C. G. Maher, J. R. Ordoñana, T. B. Andrade, A. Tsathas, and P. H. Ferreira. 2016. “Symptoms of Depression as a Prognostic Factor for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.” The Spine Journal 16 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, M. B., M. L. Ferreira, K. Refshauge, J. R. Ordoñana, G. C. Machado, L. R. Prado, C. G. Maher, and P. H. Ferreira. 2015. “Symptoms of Depression and Risk of New Episodes of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Arthritis Care & Research 67 (11): 1591–1603. doi:10.1002/acr.22619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendra Acharya, U., K. Paul Joseph, N. Kannathal, C. M. Lim, and J. S. Suri. 2006. “Heart Rate Variability: A Review.” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 44 (12): 1031–1051. doi:10.1007/s11517-006-0119-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. I. 2007. “Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Spine Pain.” Neurologic Clinics 25 (2): 353–371. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2007.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, S. J., and J. Cooper. 1989. “Motivational Basis of Dissonance: The Singular Role of Behavioral Consequences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (6): 899–906. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.6.899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, P. A., and L. K. Stroh. 2004. “Gender Differences: emotional Expression and Feelings of Personal Inauthenticity.” The Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (4): 715–721. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarvainen, M. P., J.-P. Niskanen, J. A. Lipponen, P. O. Ranta-Aho, and P. A. Karjalainen. 2014. “Kubios HRV – Heart Rate Variability Analysis Software.” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 113 (1): 210–220. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. F., and J. F. Brosschot. 2005. “Psychosomatics and Psychopathology: looking up and down from the Brain.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (10): 1050–1058. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. F., and R. D. Lane. 2000. “A Model of Neurovisceral Integration in Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation.” Journal of Affective Disorders 61 (3): 201–216. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00338-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. F., J. J. Sollers, D. M. Labiner, M. Weinand, A. M. Herring, R. D. Lane, and G. L. Ahern. 2009. “Age-Related Differences in Prefrontal Control of Heart Rate in Humans: A Pharmacological Blockade Study.” International Journal of Psychophysiology 72 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell, G. 1987. “Volvo Award in Clinical Sciences. A New Clinical Model for the Treatment of Low-Back Pain.” Spine 12: 632–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waersted, M., and R. H. Westgaard. 1996. “Attention-Related Muscle Activity in Different Body Regions during VDU Work with Minimal Physical Activity.” Ergonomics 39 (4): 661–676. doi:10.1080/00140139608964488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen. 1988. “Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (6): 1063–1070. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, E. B., A. L. Hassett, S. N. Khan, T. E. Weaver, and W. S. Marras. 2022. “The Potential Relationship between a Cognitive Dissonance State and Musculoskeletal Injury – A Systematic Review.” Human Factors. doi:10.1177/00187208221120459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar