Goal difficulty, anxiety and performance

References

• ATKINSONJ , W. 1958 . “ Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motivesexpectancies and incentives ” . In Motives in fantasyaction and society , Edited by: Atkinson , J. W. 288 – 305 . New York : Van Nostrand .
   Google Scholar
• BANDURA , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEGGS , W. D. A. 1990 . “ Goal setting in sport ” . In Stress and performance in sport , Edited by: Jones , G. and Hardy , L. Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• BITTNER , A. C. , CARTER , R. C. , KENNEDY , R. S. , HARBESON , M. M. and KRAUSE , M. 1986 . Performance evaluation tests for environmental research (PETER): evaluation of 114 measures . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 63 : 683 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALE , A. 1991 . Goal setting multidimensional anxiety and performance , Loughborough University . Unpublished doctoral thesis
   Google Scholar
• CALE , A. and JONES , G. 1990 . Relationship between goal settingmultidimensional anxiety and perceptuo-motor performance . Journal of Sports Sciences , 8 : 85 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• CARRIER , C. , HIGSON , V. , KLIMOSKI , V. and PETERSON , E. 1984 . The effects of facilitative and debilitative achievement anxiety on note taking . Journal of Education Research , 77 : 133 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIDESTER , T. R. and GRIGSBY , W. C. A meta-analysis of the goal setting-performance literature . Proceedings of the 44th annual meeting of the academy of management . Edited by: Pearce , J. A. and Robinson , R. B. pp. 202 – 206 . Jr
   Google Scholar
• COUCH , J. V. , GARBER , T. B. and TURNER , W. E. 1983 . Facilitating and debilitating test anxiety and academic achievement . The Psychological Record , 33 : 237 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIDSON , R. J. and SCHWARTZ , G. E. 1976 . “ The psychobiology of relaxation and related states: a multiprocess theory ” . In Behaviour control and modification of physiological activity , Edited by: Mostofsky , D. 399 – 442 . New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• DORNIC , S. 1977 . Mental load, effort and individual differences , Vol. 509 , University of Stockholm . Reports from the Department of Psychology
   Google Scholar
• EARLEY , P. C. , CONNOLLY , T. and EKEGREN , G. 1989 . Goals strategy development and task performance: Some limits on the efficacy of goal setting . Journal of Applied Psychology , 74 : 24 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EREZ , M. and ZIDON , I. 1984 . Effect of goal acceptance on the relationship of goal difficulty to performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 69 : 69 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EYSENCK , M. W. 1984 . A handbook of cognitive psychology , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• EYSENCK , M. W. 1992 . Anxiety: the cognitive perspective , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• HARDY , L. , MAIDEN , D. S. and SHERRY , K. 1986 . Goal setting and performance anxiety . Journal of Sports Sciences , 4 : 233 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• HUMPHREYS , M. S. and REVELLE , W. 1984 . Personality, motivation and performance: a theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing . Psychological Review , 91 : 153 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES , G. 1995 . More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport . British Journal of Psychology , 86 : 449 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES , G. and CALE , A. 1989 . Relationships between multidimensional competitive state anxiety and cognitive and motor subcomponents of performance . Journal of Sports Sciences , 7 : 229 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES , G. , HANTON , S. and SWAIN , A. 1994 . Intensity and interpretation of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers . Personality and Individual Differences , 17 : 657 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES , G. , SWAIN , A. and CALE , A. 1990 . Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-con? dence in elite intercollegiate middle-distance runners . The Sport Psychologist , 4 : 107 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• JONES , G. , SWAIN , A. and HARDY , L. 1993 . Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance . Journal of Sports Sciences , 11 : 485 – 494 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KAHNEMAN , D. 1973 . Attention and effort , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• LATHAM , G. P. and YUKL , G. A. 1975 . Assigned versus participative goal setting with educated and uneducated wood workers . Journal of Applied Psychology , 60 : 299 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIEBERT , R. M. and MORRIS , L. W. 1967 . Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: a distinction and some initial data . Psychological Reports , 20 : 975 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. 1966 . The relationship of intentions to level of performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 50 : 60 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. 1968 . Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives . Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance , 3 : 157 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. 1991 . Problems with goal setting research in sports? and their solution . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 8 : 311 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. , FEREN , D. B. , MCCALEB , V. M. , SHAWK , N. and DENNEY , A. T. 1980 . “ The relative effectiveness of four methods of motivating employee performance ” . In Changes in working life , Edited by: Duncan , K. , Gruneberg , M. and Wallis , D. 363 – 388 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. and LATHAM , G. P. 1985 . The application of goal setting to sports . Journal of Sport Psychology , 7 : 205 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOCKE , E. A. , SHAW , K. N. , SAARI , L. M. and LATHAM , G. P. 1981 . Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980 . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 125 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTENS , R. , BURTON , D. , VEALEY , R. S. , BUMP , L. A. and SMITH , D. E. 1990 . “ The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory -2 (CSAI-2) ” . In Competitive anxiety in sport , Edited by: Martens , R. , Vealey , R. S. and Burton , D. 117 – 232 . Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• MENTO , A. J. , STEEL , R. P. and KARREN , R. J. 1987 . A meta-analytic study on the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966–1984 . Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 39 : 52 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORRIS , L. W. , DAVIS , M. A. and HUTCHINGS , C. H. 1981 . Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: literature review and a revised Worry-Emotionality Scale . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 541 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARFITT , C. G. and HARDY , L. 1987 . Further evidence for the differential effects of competitive anxiety upon a number of cognitive and motor sub-systems . Journal of Sports Sciences , 5 : 62 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• PRIBRAM , K. H. and MCGUINNESS , D. 1975 . Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention . Psychological Review , 82 : 116 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEDRY , A. C. and KAY , E. 1966 . The effect of goal difficulty on performance: a field experiment . Behavioural Science , 11 : 459 – 470 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SWAIN , A. and JONES , G. 1996 . Explaining performance variance. The relative contributions of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive anxiety . Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal , 9 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TUBBS , M. E. 1986 . Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 474 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINBERG , R. and WEIGAND , D. 1993 . Goal setting in sport and exercise: A reaction to Locke . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 15 : 88 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINE , J. D. 1980 . “ Cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety ” . In Test anxiety; theory, research, and applications , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. 349 – 385 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar