A procedure to determine the individually comfortable position of visual displays relative to the eyes

References

• BERGQVIST , U. O. V. and KNAVE , B. G. 1994 . Eye discomfort and work with visual display terminals . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health , 20 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEST , P. S. , LITTLETON , A. K. , GRAMOPADHYE , A. K. and TYRRELL , R. A. 1996 . Relations between individual differences in oculomotor resting states and visual inspection performance . Ergonomics , 39 : 35 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIXON , W. J. 1992 . BMDP Statistical Software Manual , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• GRANDJEAN , E. 1987 . “ Design of VDT workstations ” . In Handbook of Human Factors , Edited by: Salvendy , G. 1359 – 1397 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• HEUER , H. 1993 . “ Visual work with different gaze inclinations ” . In Work with Display Units '92 , Edited by: Luczak , H. , Çakir , A. and Çakir , G. 115 – 120 . Amsterdam : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• HEUER , H. and OWENS , D. A. 1989 . Vertical gaze direction and the resting posture of the eyes . Perception , 18 : 363 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEUER , H. , BRÜWER , M. , RÖMER , T. , KRÖGER , H. and KNAPP , H. 1991 . Preferred vertical gaze direction and observation distance . Ergonomics , 34 : 379 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEUER , H. , HOLLENDIEK , G. , KRÖGER , H. and RÕMER , T. 1989 . Die Ruhelage der Augen und ihr Einfluβ auf Beobachtungsabstand und visuelle Ermüdung bei der Bildschirmarbeit . Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie , 39 : 538 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• HILL , S. G. and KROEMER , K. H. E. 1986 . Preferred declination of the line of sight . Human Factors , 28 : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUBER , H. P. 1982 . Zur Auswertung mehrfaktorieller Rangvarianzanalysen bei ungleichen Zellbesetzungen. Teil II: Versuchspläne mit abhängigen Stichproben . Psychologische Beiträge , 24 : 419 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• ISO 9241-3 . 1992 . Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs). Part 3: Visual Display Requirements , International Organisation for Standardization .
   Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI , W. 1997 . Fixation disparity and accommodation as a function of viewing distance and prism load . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 17 : 324 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI , W. 1998 . Fixation disparity at different viewing distances and the preferred viewing distance in a laboratory near-vision task . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 18 : 30 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI , W. , HEUER , H. and KYLIAN , H. 1998a . The preferred position of visual displays relative to the eyes: a field study of visual strain and individual differences . Ergonomics , 41 : 1034 – 1049 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI , W. , KOITCHEVA , V. and HEUER , H. 1998b . Fixation disparity, accommodation, dark vergence and dark focus during incline gaze . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , in press
   Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI-KRUZA , W. 1988 . Visual strain during VDU work: the effect of viewing distance and dark focus . Ergonomics , 31 : 1449 – 1465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI-KRUZA , W. 1990 . On the preferred viewing distance to screen and document at VDU workplaces . Ergonomics , 33 : 1055 – 1063 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASCHINSKI-KRUZA , W. 1991 . Eyestrain in VDU users: viewing distance and the resting position of ocular muscles . Human Factors , 33 : 69 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KROEMER , K. H. E. and HILL , S. G. 1986 . Preferred line of sight angle . Ergonomics , 29 : 1129 – 1134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIBOWITZ , H. W. , SHUPERT , C. L. , POST , R. B. and DICHGANS , J. 1983 . Autokinetic drifts and gaze deviation . Perception and Psychophysics , 33 : 455 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVY , J. 1969 . Physiological position of rest and phoria . American Journal of Ophthalmology , 68 : 706 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIE , I. and FOSTERVOLD , K. I. 1995 . “ VDT-work with different gaze inclinations ” . In Work with Display Units '94 , Edited by: Grieco , A. , Molteni , G. , Piccoli , B. and Occhipinti , E. 137 – 142 . Amsterdam : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• LIE , I. , FOSTERVOLD , K. I. , AAÅS , A. and LARSEN , S. Gaze inclination and health in VDU-operators . From Experience to Innovation, Proceedings of the 13th Triennal Congress of the International Ergonomics Association . 1997 , Tampere, Finland. Edited by: Seppälä , P. , Luopajärvi , T. , Nygård , C.-H. and Mattila , M. Vol. 5 , pp. 50 – 52 . Helsinki : Finnish Institute of Occupational Health .
   Google Scholar
• v. MENOZZI , M. , BUOL , A. , KRUEGER , H. and MIÈGE , Ch. 1994 . Direction of gaze and comfort: discovering the relation for the ergonomic optimization of visual tasks . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 14 : 393 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NITSCH , J. R. and UDRIS , I. 1976 . Beanspruchung im Sport , 81 – 102 . Limpert : Bad Homburg .
   Google Scholar
• OWENS , D. A. and LEIBOWITZ , H. W. 1983 . “ Perceptual and motor consequences of tonic vergence ” . In Vergence Eye Movements: Basic and Clinical Aspects , Edited by: Schor , C. M. and Ciuffreda , K. J. 25 – 74 . Boston : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• STRAKER , L. , JONES , K. J. and MILLER , J. 1997 . A comparison of postures assumed when using laptop computers and desktop computers . Applied Ergonomics , 28 : 263 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TYRRELL , R. A. and LEIBOWITZ , H. W. 1990 . The relation of vergence eOEort to reports of visual fatigue following prolonged near work . Human Factors , 32 : 341 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAEGAN . 1976 . The position of random autokinetic movement and the physiological position of rest are frequently stable and identical . Perception and Psychophysics , 19 : 240 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar