Spectators to the Spectacle of Law: The Formation of a ‘Validating Public’ at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

References

• Atkinson , M. and Drew , P. 1979 . Order in Court: The Organization of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bajc , V . 2007 . Surveillance in Public Rituals: Security Meta-ritual and the 2005 US Presidential Inauguration . American Behavioral Scientist , 50 : 1648 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann , G . 1992 . “ Ritual Implicates ‘Others’. Rereading Durkheim in a Plural Society ” . In Understanding Rituals , Edited by: Coppet , D. d. London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , C . 1992 . Ritual Theory, Ritual practice , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P . 2003[1977] . Outline of a Theory of Practice , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyes , J . 1997[1928] . The Company of Adventurers , Alexander , NC : Alexander Books .
   Google Scholar
• Buur , L . 2003 . Crime and Punishment on the Margins of the Postapartheid State . Anthropology and Humanism , 28 : 23 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• de Certeau , M . 1984 . The Practice of Everyday Life , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , K. M. 2009 . Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , J . 1988 . The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature and Art , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conley , J. M. and O'Barr , W.M. 1990 . Rules Versus Relationships: The Ethnography of Legal Discourse. Language and Legal Discourse , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conley , J. M. and O'Barr , W.M. 2005 . “ Just Words: Law, Language, and Power ” . In Language and Legal Discourse, (2nd ed.) , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eltringham , N . 2004 . Accounting for Horror: Post-genocide Debates in Rwanda , London : Pluto .
   Google Scholar
• Eltringham , N . 2009 . ‘We are not a Truth Commission’: Fragmented Narratives and the Historical Record at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda . Journal of Genocide Research , 11 : 55 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Eltringham , N . 2010 . “ Judging the ‘Crime of Crimes’: Continuity and Improvisation at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ” . In Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities in the Aftermath of Genocide and Mass Violence , Edited by: Hinton , A . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Finke , J . 2006 . The Rough Guide to Tanzania , New York : London: Rough Guides .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M . 1978 . The History of Sexuality , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M . 1980 . “ Two Lectures ” . In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977 , Edited by: Gordon , C. Harlow : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M . 1991[1975] . Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Garapon , A . 2001 . Bien Juger: Essai sur le Rituel Judiciare , Paris : Éditions Odile Jacob .
   Google Scholar
• Garfinkel , H . 1956 . Conditions of Successful Degradation Ceremonies . American Journal of Sociology , 61 : 420 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz , C . 1980 . Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (GADH) . 2009 . International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Model or Counter Model for International Criminal Justice? Geneva
   Google Scholar
• van Gennep , A . 1960 . The Rites of Passage , London : Routledge & Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , J. L. 1963 . The Kpelle Moot: A Therapeutic Model for the Informal Settlement of Disputes . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute , 33 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , A . 1992 . The Song of the Nonaligned World: Transnational Identities and the Reinscription of Space in Late Capitalism . Cultural Anthropology , 7 : 63 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , J . 1996 . The Architecture of Justice: Iconography and Space Configuration in the English Law Court Building . Architectural Research Quarterly , 1 : 50 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Network for Central and Eastern Africa). 2001. Government Puts Genocide Victims at 1.07 Million. 19 December 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Just , P . 1986 . Let the Evidence Fit the Crime: Evidence, Law, and ‘Sociological Truth’ among the Dou Donggo . American Ethnologist , 13 : 43 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapferer , B . 1977 . “ First Class to Maradana: Secular Drama in Sinhalese Healing Rites ” . In Secular Ritual , Edited by: Moore , S. F. and Myerhoff , B. G. Assen : Gorcum .
   Google Scholar
• Kapferer , B . 1986 . “ Performance and the Structuring of Meaning and Experience ” . In The Anthropology of Experience , Edited by: Turner , V. and Bruner , E. M. Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , H . 1991 . The Production of Space , Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Merry , S. E. 1990 . Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness among Working-Class Americans , London : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , D . 1987 . Material Culture and Mass Consumption , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. P. 2004 . Ritual Structure and Ritual Agency: ‘Rebounding Violence’ and ‘Maltese festa’ . Social Anthropology , 12 : 57 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Moghalu , K. C. 2005 . Rwanda's Genocide: The Politics of Global Justice , New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Mulcahy , L . 2007 . Architects of Justice: The Politics of Courtroom Design . Social Legal Studies , 16 : 383 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peskin , V . 2008 . International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Philips , S. U. 1998 . Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics and Courtroom Control , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pitt-Rivers , J . 1986 . “ Un Rite de Passage de la Société Moderne: Le Voyage Aérien ” . In Les rites de passage aujourd'hui. Actes du colloque de Neuchâtel 1981 , Edited by: Centlivres , P. and Hainard , J. Lausanne : I'Âge d'homme .
   Google Scholar
• Rock , P . 1993 . The Social World of an English Crown Court: Witness and Professionals in the Crown Court Centre at Wood Green , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salter , M. B. 2005 . “ At the Threshold of Security: A Theory of International Borders ” . In Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity , Edited by: Zureik , E. and Salter , M. B. Cullompton : Willan .
   Google Scholar
• Schabas , W . 2006 . The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spear , T . 1997 . Mountain Farmers: Moral Economies of Land and Development in Arusha and Meru , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , K. F. 1993 . In the Theater of Criminal Justice: The Palais de Justice in Second Empire Paris , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tošic , J . 2007 . “ Transparent Broadcast? The Reception of Milosevic's Trial in Serbia ” . In Paths to International Justice: Social and Legal Perspectives , Edited by: Dembour , M.-B. and Kelly , T. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. W. 1985 . The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V.W. and Turner , E. 1978 . Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1948 . Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations , New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1961 . Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1993 . Security Council Resolution 827 (1993) , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/RES/827 (1993). 25 May 1993
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1994a . Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Rwanda , New York : United Nations . UN doc. S/1994/640. 31 May 1994
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1994b . Letter dated 28 September 1994 from the Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the United Nations , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/1994/1115. 29 September 1994
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1994c . Letter dated 1 October 1994 from the Secretary General to the President of the Security Council Transmitting the Interim Report of Commission of Experts , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/1994/1125. 4 October 1994
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1994d . Security Council Resolution 955 (1994) , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/RES/955 (1994). 8 November 1994
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1996 . Report of the ICTR , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/2003/946. 6 October 2003
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2004 . Ninth Annual Report to the United Nations General Assembly by the President of the ICTR , New York : United Nations General Assembly . UN Doc. A/59/183. 27 July 2004
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2009 . Security Council Resolution 1901 (2009) , New York : United Nations . UN Doc. S/RES/1901 (2009). 16 December 2009
   Google Scholar