Structure-property relationships in three-phase relaxor-ferroelectric terpolymers

References

• H. S. Nalwa, Ferroelectric Polymers: Chemistry, Physics, and Applications (M. Dekker, Inc, New York, 1995).
   Google Scholar
• Q. Li, and Q. Wang, Ferroelectric polymers and their energy-related applications, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 217 (11), 1228 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201500503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Martins, A. C. Lopes, and S. Lanceros-Mendez, Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride): determination, processing and applications, Prog. Polym. Sci. 39 (4), 683 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Scott, and L. D. Bozano, Nonvolatile memory elements based on organic materials, Adv. Mater. 19 (11), 1452 (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bauer, and F. Bauer, Piezoelectric polymers and their applications. In Piezoelectricity, Springer Series in Materials Science (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 157–177.
   Google Scholar
• A. J. Lovinger, Ferroelectric polymers, Science 220 (4602), 1115 (1983). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4602.1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Lovinger et al., Structural, dielectric, and thermal investigation of the Curie transition in a tetrafluoroethylene copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, J. Appl. Phys. 56 (9), 2412 (1984). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.334303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Furukawa, Ferroelectric properties of vinylidene fluoride copolymers, Phase Transit. 18 (3–4), 143 (1989). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411598908206863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Furukawa, Recent advances in ferroelectric polymers, Ferroelectrics 104 (1), 229 (1990). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199008223826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. G. Kepler, and R. A. Anderson, Ferroelectric polymers, Adv. Phys. 41 (1), 1 (1992). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00018739200101463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Lovinger, Annealing of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and formation of a fifth phase, Macromolecules 15 (1), 40 (1982). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00229a008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. M. Sessler, Piezoelectricity in polyvinylidenefluoride, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 (6), 1596 (1981). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.387225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. K. Das-Gupta, and K. Doughty, Corona charging and the piezoelectric effect in polyvinylidene fluoride, J. Appl. Phys. 49 (8), 4601 (1978). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.325441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nakamura, and Y. Wada, Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and the electrostriction constant of poly(vinylidene fluoride), J. Polym. Sci. A-2 Polym. Phys. 9 (1), 161 (1971). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160090111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Lovinger et al., On the Curie temperature of poly(vinylidene fluoride), Macromolecules 19 (5), 1491 (1986). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00159a036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. M. Zhang et al., Characteristics of the electromechanical response and polarization of electric field biased ferroelectrics, J. Appl. Phys. 77 (6), 2549 (1995). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Odajima et al., Irradiation effects on the ferroelectric phase transition of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymers, Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Electrets, Heidelberg, West Germany, 4–6 Sept. 1985, pp. 642–647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341550.
   Google Scholar
• Q. M. Zhang, V. Bharti, and X. Zhao, Giant electrostriction and relaxor ferroelectric behavior in electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer, Science 280 (5372), 2101 (1998). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5372.2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. C. Chung, and A. Petchsuk, Synthesis and properties of ferroelectric fluoroterpolymers with Curie transition at ambient temperature, Macromolecules 35 (20), 7678 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma020504c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Bauer et al., Ferroelectric copolymers and terpolymers for electrostrictors: synthesis and properties, IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 11 (2), 293 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2004.1285900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan et al., Relaxation processes and structural transitions in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) relaxor-ferroelectric terpolymers as seen in dielectric spectroscopy, IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 25 (6), 2229 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.-M. Bao et al., Phase transitions and ferroelectric relaxor behavior in P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymers, Macromolecules 40 (7), 2371 (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma062800l.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. J. Klein, J. Runt, and Q. M. Zhang, Influence of crystallization conditions on the microstructure and electromechanical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene- chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymers, Macromolecules 36 (19), 7220 (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma034745b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. J. Klein et al., Influence of composition on relaxor ferroelectric and electromechanical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene), J. Appl. Phys. 97 (9), 094105 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1882769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan, P. Frübing, and R. Gerhard, Influence of composition and preparation on crystalline phases and morphology in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) relaxor-ferroelectric terpolymer, presented at the 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), Budapest, Hungary, 2018, pp. 1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICD.2018.8468492.
   Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan, and R. Gerhard, Origin of the mid-temperature transition in vinylidenefluoride-based ferro-, pyro- and piezoelectric homo-, co- and ter-polymers, Mater. Res. Express. 7 (6), 065301 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab842c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. C. Chung, A. Petchsuk, and G. W. Taylor, Ferroelectric polymers with large electrostriction; based on semicrystalline VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers, Ferroelectr. Lett. 28 (5–6), 135 (2001). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315170108202957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. R. Gadinski et al., Understanding of relaxor ferroelectric behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) terpolymers, Macromolecules 48 (8), 2731 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Bauer, Review on the properties of the ferrorelaxor polymers and some new recent developments, Appl. Phys. A. 107 (3), 567 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-6831-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Stubning, I. Denes, and R. Gerhard, Tuning electro-mechanical properties of EAP-based haptic actuators by adjusting layer thickness and number of stacked layers—a comparison, Eng. Res. Express. 3 (1), 015015 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/abd286.
   Google Scholar
• M. Wübbenhorst, X. Zhang, and T. Putzeys, Polymer Electrets and Ferroelectrets as EAPs: Characterization (Springer International Publishing, New York, 2016), 591–623.
   Google Scholar
• N. Tsutsumi et al., Re-evaluation of the origin of relaxor ferroelectricity in vinylidene fluoride terpolymers: An approach using switching current measurements, Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 15871 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16017-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Yang et al., Novel polymer ferroelectric behavior via crystal isomorphism and the nanoconfinement effect, Polymer 54 (7), 1709 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Yang et al., Relaxor ferroelectric behavior from strong physical pinning in a poly(vinylidene fluoride- co -trifluoroethylene- co -chlorotrifluoroethylene) random terpolymer, Macromolecules 47 (22), 8119 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma501852x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Ohwada and Y. Tomita, Experiment and theory of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3: antiferroelectric, ferroelectric, or relaxor state depending on perovskite b-site randomness, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 79 (1), 011012 (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.79.011012.
   Google Scholar
• A. Chauhan et al., Anti-ferroelectric ceramics for high energy density capacitors, Materials 8 (12), 8009 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8125439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Bauer, Relaxor fluorinated polymers: novel applications and recent developments, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 17 (4), 1106 (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. A. Tuttle, and D. A. Payne, The effects of microstructure on the electrocaloric properties of Pb (Zr, Sn, Ti) O3 ceramics, Ferroelectrics 37 (1), 603 (1981). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198108223496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. V. Sinyavsky, and V. M. Brodyansky, Experimental testing of electrocaloric cooling with transparent ferroelectric ceramic as a working body, Ferroelectrics 131 (1), 321 (1992). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199208223433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. S. Mischenko et al. , Giant electrocaloric effect in thin-film PbZr(0.95)Ti(0.05)O3, Science 311 (5765), 1270 (2006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Neese et al., Large electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric polymers near room temperature, Science 321 (5890), 821 (2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Neese et al., Electrocaloric effect of the relaxor ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 (4), 042910 (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3077189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan et al., Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy for detecting and evaluating structure-property relations in a P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) relaxor-ferroelectric terpolymer, Appl. Phys. A. 127 (10), 756 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04876-0.
   Google Scholar
• F. Xia et al., High electromechanical responses in a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer, Adv. Mater. 14 (21), 1574 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20021104)14:21<1574::AID-ADMA1574>3.0.CO;2-#.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. S. Buckley et al., Electrostrictive properties of poly(vinylidenefluoride- trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene), Chem. Mater. 14 (6), 2590 (2002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0116471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan et al., Tuning the relaxor-ferroelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer by thermally induced micro- and nanostructures. Manuscript submitted for publication, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• F. Bargain et al., From solvent-cast to annealed and poled Poly(VDF- co -TrFE) films: new insights on the defective ferroelectric phase, Polymer 105, 144 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Liu, C. Richard, and J.-F. Capsal, Control of crystal morphology and its effect on electromechanical performances of electrostrictive P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) terpolymer, Eur. Polym. J. 91, 46 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Zhang et al., Direct spectroscopic evidence of field-induced solid-state chain conformation transformation in a ferroelectric relaxor polymer, J. Appl. Phys. 99 (4), 044107 (2006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2169659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan, P. Frübing, and R. Gerhard, Modifying crystallinity and morphology in the relaxor-ferroelectric terpolymer P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) by means of rapid quenching, presented at 2019 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE), 2019, pp. 68.
   Google Scholar
• K. Nakagawa, and Y. Ishida, Dielectric relaxations and molecular motions in poly(vinylidene fluoride) with crystal form II, J. Polym. Sci. A-2 Polym. Phys. 11 (8), 1503 (1973). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. B. Enns, and R. Simha, Transitions in semicrystalline polymers. I. poly(vinyl fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride), J. Macromol. Sci. B. 13 (1), 11 (1977). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222347708208750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Miyamoto, H. Miyaji, and K. Asai, Anisotropy of dielectric relaxation in crystal form II of poly(vinylidene fluoride), J. Polym. Sci.: Poly. Phys. 18 (3), 597 (1980). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Leonard et al., DSC studies on the transitions in poly(vinylidenefluoride) and some related copolymers, Polym. Bull. 11 (2), 195 (1984). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00258030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Frübing, F. Wang, and M. Wegener, Relaxation processes and structural transitions in stretched films of polyvinylidene fluoride and its copolymer with hexafluoropropylene, Appl. Phys. A. 107 (3), 603 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-6838-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Loufakis, and B. Wunderlich, Thermal analysis of the conformational disorder in semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(trifluoroethylene), Macromolecules 20 (10), 2474 (1987). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00176a026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Neidhöfer et al., Structural evolution of PVDF during storage or annealing, Polymer 45 (5), 1679 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. F. Boyer, Glassy transitions in semicrystalline polymers, J. Polym. Sci, C. Polym. Symp. 50 (1), 189 (1975). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070500114.
   Google Scholar
• T. Raman Venkatesan et al., The mystery behind the mid-temperature transition(s) in vinylidenefluoride-based homo-, co- and terpolymers - has the puzzle been solved? IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 27 (5), 1446 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2020.008865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Seguela, Critical review of the molecular topology of semicrystalline polymers: The origin and assessment of intercrystalline tie molecules and chain entanglements, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 43 (14), 1729 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Lustiger, and R. L. Markham, Importance of tie molecules in preventing polyethylene fracture under long-term loading conditions, Polymer 24 (12), 1647 (1983). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(83)90187-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Teyssèdre, and C. Lacabanne, Study of the thermal and dielectric behavior of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymers in relation with their electroactive properties, Ferroelectrics 171 (1), 125 (1995). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199508018427.
   Google Scholar
• G. E. Johnson et al., Thermal piezoelectric stability of poled uniaxially-and biaxially-oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride), Ferroelectrics 32 (1), 43 (1981). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198108238672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. M. Faria, A. Jorge, and O. N. Oliveira, A novel space-charge effect in thermally stimulated current measurements on β-PVDF, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 23 (3), 334 (1990). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/3/011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar