Fallow, labour and livelihood in shifting cultivation: implications for deforestation in northern Lao PDR

References

• Achard , F. , Eva , H. , Glinni , A. , Mayaux , P. , Richards , T. and Stibig , H. 1998 . Identification of Deforestation Hot Spot Areas in the Humid Tropics. . Trees Publication, Series B , 4 : 1 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. , Nilsson , C. , de Richelieu , T. , Fridriksdottir , H. , Gobilick , J. , Mertz , O. and Gausset , Q. 2001 . “ Local use of forest products in Kuyongon, Sabah, Malaysia. ” . In A Scientific Journey Through Borneo. Edited by: Ismail , G. and Ali , L. 15 – 38 . London : Academic Press . in Crocker Range National Park Sabah. Volume 2. Socio-Cultural *And* Human Dimension. ASEAN
   Google Scholar
• Badenoch , N. 1998 . Watershed Resources Management in Lao PDR. Thesis. University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Badenoch , N. 1999 . Watershed Management and Upland Development in Lao PDR-a Synthesis of Policy Issues. Washington : World Resources Institute . DC
   Google Scholar
• Boserup , E. 1965 . The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. London : Earthscan Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bott , T. 1998 . “ The role of livestock in upland farming systems in Huaphan and Phongsali Provinces-social implications. ” . In Upland Farming Systems in Lao P.D.R.-Problems and Opportunities for Livestock. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. ACIAR Proceedings 87. Edited by: Chapman , E. C. , Bouahom , B. and Hansen , P. K. 147 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunner , J. and Nielsen , D. 1998 . Ca river forest cover analysis: preliminary results. Washington : World Resources Institute . DC
   Google Scholar
• Cairns , M. and Garrity , D. P. 1999 . Improving shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia by building on indigenous fallow management strategies. . Agroforestry Systems , 47 : 37 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazee , L. 1999 . The peoples of Laos-rural and ethnic diversities. White Lotus Press, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. 2002 . Ethnobotany of the Iban and the Kelabit. Forest Department, Sarawak; NEPCon and University of Aarhus, Kuching and Aarhus.
   Google Scholar
• Cramb , R. A. 1993 . Shifting cultivation and sustainable agriculture in East Malaysia: a longitudinal case study. . Agricultural Systems , 42 : 209 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devendra , C. and Thomas , D. 2002 . Smallholder farming systems in Asia. . Agricultural Systems , 71 : 17 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder , J. F. 2003 . “ Land use and economic change in the post-frontier upland Philippines. ” . In Local Land Use Strategies in a Globalizing World: Shaping Sustainable Social and Natural Environments. Proceedings of the International Conference, August 21–23, 2003. Volume 1. Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen. Edited by: Mertz , O. , Wadley , R. L. and Christensen , A. E. 79 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 1995 . Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , J. 2000 . How blaming ‘slash and burn’ farmers is deforesting mainland Southeast Asia. . Asia Pacific Issues , 47 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Fujisaka , S. 1991 . A diagnostic survey of shifting cultivation in northern Laos: targeting research to improve sustainability and productivity. . Agroforestry Systems , 13 : 95 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandstaff , T. 1978 . The development of swidden agriculture (shifting cultivation). . Development and Change , 9 : 547 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland , D. J. 1975 . Bringing the Green Revolution to the shifting cultivator. . Science , 190 : 841 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GTZ/MRC . 1998 . Forest Land Cover Assessment and Monitoring in Lao PDR. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , P. K. 1995 . Shifting Cultivation Adaptations and Environment in a Mountainous Watershed in Northern Thailand. Thesis. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , P. K. 1998a . “ Animal husbandry in shifting cultivation societies of northern Laos. ” . In Upland Farming Systems in the Lao PDR. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. ACIAR Proceedings 87. Edited by: Chapman , E. C. , Bouahom , B. and Hansen , P. K. 112 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , P. K. 1998b . “ Shifting cultivation development in northern Laos. ” . In Upland Farming Systems in Lao P.D.R.-Problems and Opportunities for Livestock. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. ACIAR Proceedings 87. Edited by: Chapman , E. C. , Bouahom , B. and Hansen , P. K. 34 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , P. 1993 . The Third Revolution: Population, Environment and a Sustainable World. Penguin : Harmondsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Harwood , R. R. 1996 . Development pathways toward sustainable systems following slash-and-burn. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 58 : 75 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , J. R. 1996 . Introductory Digital Image Processing. Prentice Hall . A Remote Sensing Perspective. Upper Sadie River, New Jersey
   Google Scholar
• Juo , A. S. R. and Manu , A. 1996 . Chemical dynamics in slash-and-burn agriculture. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 58 : 49 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , M. 1996 . Land Tenure and Development in Divestiture in Lao PDR. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Vientiane, Lao PDR.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman , P. J. A. , Pimentel , D. and Bryant , R. B. 1995 . The ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 52 : 235 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambin , E. F. , Turner , B. L. , Geist , H. J. , Agbola , S. B. , Angelsen , A. , Bruce , J. W. , Coomes , O. T. , Dirzo , R. , Fischer , G. , Folke , C. , George , P. , Homewood , K. , Imbernon , J. , Leemans , R. , Li , X. , Moran , E. F. , Morti-more , M. , Ramakrishnan , P. S. , Richards , J. F. , Skånes , H. , Steffen , W. , Stone , G. D. , Svedin , U. , Veldkamp , T. A. , Vogel , C. and Xu , J. 2001 . The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. . Global Environmental Change , 11 : 261 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAF . 1996 . Instruction on Land Forest Allocation for Management and Use. MAF, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
   Google Scholar
• MAF . 1999 . National Village Forestry Programme. Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
   Google Scholar
• Mather , A. S. and Chapman , K. 1995 . Environmental Resources. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex.
   Google Scholar
• Mertz , O. 2002 . The relationship between fallow length and crop yields in shifting cultivation: a rethinking. . Agroforestry Systems , 55 : 149 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz , O. , Christensen , A. E. , Højskov , P. and Birch-Thomsen , T. 1999 . Subsistence or cash: strategies for change in shifting cultivation. Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography Special Issue: 133 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , N. 1992 . Tropical forests: The policy challenge. . Environmentalist , 12 : 15 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Padoch , C. , Harwell , E. and Susanto , A. 1998 . Swidden, sawah, and in-between: agricultural transformation in Borneo. . Human Ecology , 26 : 3 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pravongviengkham , P. P. 1998 . The Role of Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture in Improvements of Swidden-Based Livelihood Systems in the Lao PDR. Thesis. School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. A. 1994 . Remote Sensing Digital Analysis-An Introduction. Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Roder , W. 1997 . Slash-and-burn rice systems in transition: challenges for agricultural development in the hills of Northern Laos. . Mountain Research and Development , 17 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roder , W. 2001 . Slash-and-Burn Rice Systems in the Hills of Northern Lao PDR: Description, Challenges and Opportunities. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.
   Google Scholar
• Roder , W. , Phengchanh , S. and Keoboulapha , B. 1995 . Relationships between soil, fallow period, weeds and rice yield in slash-and-burn systems of Laos. . Plant and Soil , 176 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , R. 1992 . “ Deforestation: problems, causes and concerns ” . In Managing the Worlds' Forests: Looking for a Balance between Conservation and Development. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. Edited by: Sharma , N. P.
   Google Scholar
• Siaw , O. 1998 . Towards the sustainable utilization of natural resources in the Nam Khanh watershed, Lao PDR. 299 – 305 . in Community Forestry at a Crossroads. RECOFTC, Bangkok
   Google Scholar
• Sipadit , V. 1997 . Land Allocation-The Experiences of the Shifting Cultivation Stabilisation Programme. Shifting Cultivation Research Programme, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Technical Report 3.
   Google Scholar
• Souvanthong , P. 1995 . Shifting Cultivation in Laos-an Overview of Land Use and Policy Initiatives. IIED, London.
   Google Scholar