ROBERT E. LEE AT WEST POINT: CONTESTED LANDSCAPES AND LEGACIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

References

• Aden, R. C. 2015. Upon the Ruins of Liberty: Slavery, the President’s House at Independence National Historical Park, and Public Memory. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman, D. H. 2000. A Street Fit for A King: Naming Places and Commemoration in the American South. Professional Geographer 52(4):672–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, D. H. 2002. Street Names as Memorial Arenas: The Reputational Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr. in a Georgia County. Historical Geography 30:99–120.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman, D. H. 2003. Street Names and the Scaling of Memory: The Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr within the African American Community. Area 35(2):163–173. doi:10.1111/1475-4762.00250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, D. H., D. L. Butler, and S. P. Hanna. 2016. Memory, Slavery, and Plantation Museums: The River Road Project. Journal of Heritage Tourism 11(3):209–218. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2015.1100629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose, S. E. 1966. Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York, N.Y: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Azaryahu, M. 1996. The Power of Commemorative Street Names. Environment and Planning D: Society and Place 14(3):311–330. doi:10.1068/d140311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azaryahu, M. 2021. An Everlasting Name: Cultural Remembrance and Traditions of Onymic Commemoration. Boston, Mass.: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
   Google Scholar
• Basler, R. P. 1935. The Lincoln Legend: A Study of Changing Conceptions. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, L. D., and R. A. Kearns. 1996. Naming as Norming: ‘Race,’ Gender, and the Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14(1):99–122. doi:10.1068/d140099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, L. D., and J. Vuolteenaho. 2009. Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, T. 2017. Black Army Captain: I Lived in Robert E. Lee Barracks. Let’s Honor Our Real Heroes. USA Today, September 4. www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/09/04/black-army-captain-on-confederate-statues-build-monuments-to-real-heroes-timothy-berry-column/626451001/.
   Google Scholar
• Bindon, D., S. Askew, J. Schaeffer, T. Smith, C. Kehn, J. Lowe, N. Monaus, A. Salgado, and M. Blom. 2020. Policy Proposal: An Anti-Racist West Point, D.S. Bindon Et. Al to West Point Leaders. June 25. https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.militarytimes.com/assets/pdfs/1594132558.pdf/.
   Google Scholar
• Blount, R. Jr. 2003. Robert E. Lee: A Life. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brasher, J., D. H. Alderman, and J. F. J. Inwood. 2017. Applying Critical Race and Memory Studies to University Place Naming Controversies: Toward a Responsible Landscape Policy. Papers in Applied Geography 3(3–4):292–307. doi:10.1080/23754931.2017.1369892.
   Google Scholar
• Buffalo Soldiers Association of West Point. 2022. Welcome. https://www.buffalosoldiersofwestpoint.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Carhart, T. M., III. 2020. Barricades: The First African-American West Point Cadets and Their Constant Fight for Survival. Bloomington, Ind.: Xlibris.
   Google Scholar
• Carola, C. 2017. 2 NY Lawmakers: Strip Robert E. Lee’s Name from West Point. AP News, August 17. https://apnews.com/article/f09f2d164b6240cd83b67bfbfadeeb3c.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, K. 2021. No Common Ground: Confederate Monuments and the Ongoing Fight for Racial Justice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doe, W. 2020. Do You Have Any Knowledge of a Military Library at Piedmont College Named after Lieutenant General Ben Harrell? E-mail message to B. Glass, Piedmont College Librarian, December 29.
   Google Scholar
• Dubois, W. E. B. 1935. Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880. New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Dunne, A. 2020a. Rep. Maloney Asks Army to Remove Confederate Symbols at West Point. WAMC Northeast Public Radio, June 19. https://www.wamc.org/post/rep-maloney-asks-army-remove-confederate-symbols-west-point.
   Google Scholar
• Dunne, A. 2020b. Gillibrand Urges Removal of Confederate Symbols at West Point. WAMC Northeast Public Radio, August 4. https://www.wamc.org/post/gillibrand-urges-removal-confederate-symbols-west-point.
   Google Scholar
• Eicher, D. J. 1997. Robert E. Lee: A Life Portrait. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esper, M. 2020. Public Display or Depiction of Flags in the Department of Defense. Department of Defense, July 16. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jul/17/2002458783/-1/-1/1/200717-FLAG-MEMO-DTD-200716-FINAL.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Farrow, A., J. Lang, and J. Frank. 2005. Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery. New York, N.Y.: Ballantine Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foner, E. 2017. The Making and the Breaking of the Legend of Robert E. Lee. New York Times, August 28. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/books/review/eric-foner-robert-e-lee.html.
   Google Scholar
• Forest, B., and J. Johnson. 2019. Confederate Monuments and the Problem of Forgetting. Cultural Geographies 26(1):127–131. doi:10.1177/1474474018796653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, G. M. 1987. Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865-1913. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, J. F. C. 1957. Grant & Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship. New York, N.Y.: MJF Books (in arrangement with Indiana University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, G. W., and A. T. Nolan. 2000. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gates, H. L., Jr. 2019. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griem, M., and D. L. Allen. 2022. Challenging Whiteness and Storytelling in Museums: An Examination of Racial Representation in Kansas City Heritage Institutions. Southeastern Geographer 62(1):8–24. doi:10.1353/sgo.2022.0002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth, M. E. 2017. Slavery and Freedom in the Mid-Hudson Valley. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, W. A. 2001. Point’s Reconciliation Plaza Honors Army’s War Dead. Times Herald-Record, October 6. https://www.recordonline.com/story/news/2001/10/06/point-s-reconciliation-plaza-honors/51177022007/.
   Google Scholar
• Handlin, O. 1961. The Civil War as Symbol and as Actuality. Massachusetts Review 3(1):133–143.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, S. P., and E. F. Hodder. 2015. Reading the Signs: Using a Qualitative Geographic Information System to Examine the Commemoration of Slavery and Emancipation on Historical Markers in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Cultural Geographies 22(3):509–529. doi:10.1177/1474474014548161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Historical Marker Database. 2022. Reconciliation Plaza, West Point in Orange County, N.Y. www.HMdborg.
   Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm, E., and T. Ranger, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, E. S., ed. 1904. The Centennial of the USMA at West Point, New York, 1802–1902. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Inwood, J., and D. Alderman. 2016. Taking down the Flag Is Just a Start: Toward the Memory-work of Racial Reconciliation in White Supremacist America. Southeastern Geographer 56(1):9–15. doi:10.1353/sgo.2016.0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inwood, J., and D. Martin. 2008. Whitewash: White Privilege and Racialized Landscapes at the University of Georgia. Social and Cultural Geography 9(4):373–395. doi:10.1080/14649360802033882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korda, M. 2014. Clouds of Glory: The Life and Legend of Robert E. Lee. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Landrieu, M. 2018. In the Shadow of Statues: A White Southerner Confronts History. New York, N.Y.: Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Larned, C. W., ed. 1898. History of the Battle Monument at West Point. West Point, N.Y.: Battle Monument Association.
   Google Scholar
• LeFlouria, T. L. 2015. Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leib, J. I. 2002. Separate Times, Shared Spaces: Arthur Ashe, Monument Avenue and the Politics of Richmond, Virginia’s Symbolic Landscape. Cultural Geographies 9(3):286–312. doi:10.1191/1474474002eu250oa.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib, J. I. 2004. ‘Race,’ Representation and Redevelopment along Richmond, Virginia’s Canal Walk. Southeastern Geographer 44(2):236–262. doi:10.1353/sgo.2004.0025.
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, S. 1998. Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, L. 1929. Myths after Lincoln. New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. 2011. How Racism Takes Place. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, D. 1975. Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory. Geographical Review 65(1):1–36. doi:10.2307/213831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, B. L. 1991. From Negro to Black to African American: The Power of Names and Naming. Political Science Quarterly 106(1):83–107. doi:10.2307/2152175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEnany, B. R. 2015. For Brotherhood & Duty: The Civil War History of the West Point Class of 1862. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
   Google Scholar
• McKittrick, K. 2006. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Modlin, E. A. 2011. Representing Slavery at Plantation-House Museums in the U.S. South: A Dynamic Spatial Process. Historical Geography 39:147–173.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, P. T. 1971. Blacks and the Draft: A History of Institutional Racism. Journal of Black Studies 2(1):57–76. doi:10.1177/002193477100200104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, M. 2020. Confederate Flag Effectively Banned from Military Installations. Military Times, July 17. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/07/17/confederate-flag-effectively-banned-from-military-installations/.
   Google Scholar
• New York Times. 1897. West Point’s Dedication. (Archives). May 30.
   Google Scholar
• Nir, S., and P. Fondren. 2021. Buffalo Soldiers Get Statue at West Point. New York Times, September 11. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/nyregion/buffalo-soldiers-statue-west-point.html.
   Google Scholar
• Oltman, A. 2007. The Hidden History of Slavery in New York. The Nation, November 5.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. D. 1994. Lincoln in American Memory. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piedmont College. 1981. Memorial Fund for General Ben Harrell. Piedmont College Bulletin 49(3).
   Google Scholar
• Potter, A. E., S. P. Hanna, D. H. Alderman, P. L. Carter, C. F. Bright, and D. L. Butler, eds. 2022. Remembering Enslavement: Reassembling the Southern Plantation Museum. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose-Redwood, R. 2008. From Number to Name: Symbolic Capital, Places of Memory and the Politics of Street Renaming in New York City. Social & Cultural Geography 9(4):431–452. doi:10.1080/14649360802032702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose-Redwood, R., D. Alderman, and M. Azaryahu. 2010. Geographies of Toponymic Inscription: New Directions in Critical Place-Name Studies. Progress in Human Geography 34(4):453–470. doi:10.1177/0309132509351042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. H. 2018. Slavery in the North: Forgetting History and Recovering Memory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seidule, T. 2019. Black Power Cadets: How African American Students Defeated President Nixon’s Confederate Monument and Changed West Point, 1971-1976. The Hudson River Valley Review 36(1):55–82.
   Google Scholar
• Seidule, T. 2020. Robert E. Lee and Me: A Southerner’s Reckoning with the Myth of the Lost Cause. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s.
   Google Scholar
• Shabazz, R. 2015. Spatializing Blackness: Architectures of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, R., and J. Speights-Binet. 2019. Negotiating Strategies in New Orleans’s Memory-Work: White Fragility in the Politics of Removing Four Confederate-Inspired Monuments. Journal of Cultural Geography 36(3):346–367. doi:10.1080/08873631.2019.1641996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern Poverty Law Center. 2021. Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy. February 1. https://www.splcenter.org/20190201/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, R. 2022. Whose Heritage? 153 Years of Confederate Iconography. https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/com_whose_heritage_timeline_print.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tavernise, S. 2021. New Chapter in Richmond as Lee Statue Comes Down. New York Times, September 9.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, G. H. 1868. The Department Report. Sacramento Daily Union 36(5520), December 4.
   Google Scholar
• Threadcraft, S. 2016. Intimate Justice: The Black Female Body and the Body Politic. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thrift, N. 2007. Non-Representational Theory: Space, Politics, Affect. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 2011. The Power of Naming: The Toponymic Geographies of Commemorated African-Americans. The Professional Geographer 63(1):34–54. doi:10.1080/00330124.2010.537936.
   Google Scholar
• United States Army. 2022. Naming of U.S. Army Posts. U.S. Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/faq/naming-of-us-army-posts.htm.
   Google Scholar
• United States Congress. 2021. William M. “Mac” Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12.03.20%20FY21%20NDAA%20Summary.pdf#:~:text=The%20Fiscal%20Year%20%28FY%29%202021%20NDAA%20Conference%20Agreement,national%20security%20programs%20within%20the%20Department%20of%20Energy.
   Google Scholar
• USMA. 1952. The Sesquicentennial of the USMA: An Account of the Observance, January-June 1952. West Point, N.Y.: USMA.
   Google Scholar
• Seidule, T. 1970. Bugle Notes. West Point.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 1972. Chairman, Museum and Memorialization Board “Naming of Cadet Barracks,” Internal Memorandum to the USMA Superintendent. November 17.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 2004. USMA Regulation 1-4, Administration: Memorialization and Recognition Programs. Department of the Army, July 1.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 2015. The Register of Graduates & Former Cadets. West Point, NY: West Point Association of Graduates, October.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 2021a. Obituary: Be Thou at Peace and Memorial Articles. Hugh G. Robinson, 1954. Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. https://www.westpointaog.org/memorials.
   Google Scholar
• Tretter, E. M. 2021b. Obituary: Be Thou at Peace and Memorial Articles. Ben Harrell, 1933. Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. https://www.westpointaog.org/memorials.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, G. R., and J. I. Leib. 2016. Religion, Murder, and the Confederate Battle Flag in South Carolina. Southeastern Geographer 56(1):29–37. doi:10.1353/sgo.2016.0009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winberry, J. J. 1983. “Lest We Forget”: The Confederate Monument and the Southern Townscape. Southeastern Geographer 23(2):107–121. doi:10.1353/sgo.1983.0008.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, C., and K. McKittrick, eds. 2007. Black Geographies and the Politics of Place. Toronto, Canada: Between the Lines.
   Google Scholar