URBAN FORM AND SPATIOTEMPORAL VULNERABILITY OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO COVID-19

References

• Abuelgasim, E., L. J. Saw, M. Shirke, M. Zeinah, and A. Harky. 2020. COVID-19: Unique Public Health Issues Facing Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Communities. Current Problems in Cardiology 45 (8):100621. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahsan, M. M. 2020. Strategic Decisions on Urban Built Environment to Pandemics in Turkey: Lessons from COVID-19. Journal of Urban Management 9 (3):281–285. doi:10.1016/j.jum.2020.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, M. Z. 2021. Is Population Density A Risk Factor for Communicable Diseases like COVID-19? A Case of Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 33 (8):949–950. doi:10.1177/1010539521998858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcendor, D. J. 2020. Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (8):2442. doi:10.3390/jcm9082442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alidadi, M., and A. Sharifi. 2022. Effects of the Built Environment and Human Factors on the Spread of COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review. Science of the Total Environment 850:158056. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allam, Z., and D. S. Jones. 2020. Pandemic Stricken Cities on Lockdown. Where are Our Planning and Dsign Professionals [Now, Then and into the Future]? Land Use Policy 97:104805. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagwell, A., H. Brown, C. Pugh, K. Schroeder, C. F. Weir, and Q. Williams. 2022. Community Food Resilience in the Time of Covid: An Example from an Appalachian County. Geographical Review 112 (1):1–21. doi:10.1080/00167428.2022.2085103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, N., U. Sommer, and N. Mualam. 2021. Urban Attributes and the Spread of COVID-19: The Effects of Density, Compliance and Socio-political Factors in Israel. Science of the Total Environment 793:148626. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baser, O. 2021. Population Density Index and Its Use for Distribution of Covid-19: A Case Study Using Turkish Data. Health Policy 125 (2):148–154. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt, D. J., and J. Clifford. 1994. Using Dynamic Time Warping to Find Patterns in Time Series. KDD Workshop 10 (16):359–370.
   Google Scholar
• Bhadra, A., A. Mukherjee, and K. Sarkar. 2021. Impact of Population Density on Covid-19 Infected and Mortality Rate in India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 7 (1):623–629. doi:10.1007/s40808-020-00984-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibri, S. E., J. Krogstie, and M. Kärrholm. 2020. Compact City Planning and Development: Emerging Practices and Strategies for Achieving the Goals of Sustainability. Developments in the Built Environment 4:100021. doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2020.100021.
   Google Scholar
• Budhwani, K. I., H. Budhwani, and B. Podbielski. 2021. Evaluating Population Density as a Parameter for Optimizing COVID-19 Testing: Statistical Analysis. JMIRx Med 2 (1):e22195. doi:10.2196/22195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carozzi, F. 2020. Urban Density and COVID-19. SSRN 3643204.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, H. Y., A. Chen, W. Ma, N. N. Sze, and X. T. Liu. 2021. COVID-19, Community Response, Public Policy, and Travel Patterns: A Tale of Hong Kong. Transport Policy 106:173–184. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charrad, M., N. Ghazzali, V. Boiteau, and A. Niknafs. 2014. Nbclust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software 61 (6):1–36. doi:10.18637/jss.v061.i06.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., X. Liu, T. Hu, S. Bao, X. Ye, N. Ma, and X. Zhou. 2022. Measurement of Contagion Spatial Spread Probability in Public Places: A Case Study on COVID-19. Applied Geography 143:102700. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshmehzangi, A. 2021a. Revisiting the Built Environment: 10 Potential Development Changes and Paradigm Shifts Due to COVID-19. Journal of Urban Management 10 (2):166–175. doi:10.1016/j.jum.2021.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshmehzangi, A. 2021b. Urban Health, Sustainability, and Peace in the Day the World Stopped. Singapore: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Coşkun, H., N. Yıldırım, and S. Gündüz. 2021. The Spread of COVID-19 Virus through Population Density and Wind in Turkey Cities. Science of the Total Environment 751:141663. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silveira, M. P., K. K. D. Fagundes, M. R. Bizuti, E. Starck, R. C. Rossi, and D. T. D. E. Silva. 2021. Physical Exercise as a Tool to Help the Immune System against COVID-19: An Integrative Review of the Current Literature. Clinical and Experimental Medicine 21 (1):15–28. doi:10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diao, Y., S. Kodera, D. Anzai, J. Gomez-Tames, E. A. Rashed, and A. Hirata. 2021. Influence of Population Density, Temperature, and Absolute Humidity on Spread and Decay Durations of COVID-19: A Comparative Study of Scenarios in China, England, Germany, and Japan. One Health 12:100203. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, E. S., H. R. Du, and L. Gardner. 2020. An Interactive Web-based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time. Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 (5):533–534. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., and S. Hamidi. 2015. Compactness versus Sprawl: A Review of Recent Evidence from the United States. Journal of Planning Literature 30 (4):413–432. doi:10.1177/0885412215595439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farag, S., T. Schwanen, M. Dijst, and J. Faber. 2007. Shopping Online and/or In-store? A Structural Equation Model of the Relationships between E-shopping and In-store Shopping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 41 (2):125–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federgruen, A., and S. Naha. 2021. Crowding Effects Dominate Demographic Attributes in COVID-19 Cases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 102:509–516. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, S. L. P., and F. Cribari-Neto. 2004. Beta Regression for Modelling Rates and Proportions. Journal of Applied Statistics 31 (7):799–815. doi:10.1080/0266476042000214501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida, R., A. Rodríguez-Pose, and M. Storper. 2021. Cities in a Post-COVID World. Urban Studies 00420980211018072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., and G. Pivo. 1994. Impacts of Mixed Use and Density on Utilization of Three Modes of Travel: Single-Occupant Vehicle, Transit, and Walking. Transportation Research Record 1466:44–52.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., and B. Wali. 2021. Treating Two Pandemics for the Price of One: Chronic and Infectious Disease Impacts of the Built and Natural Environment. Sustainable Cities and Society 73:103089. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, S., and J.-W. Lee. 2021. COVID-19 Mortality in New York City across Neighborhoods by Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity Status. Geographical Review 111 (4):571–591. doi:10.1080/00167428.2021.1951118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frumkin, H. 2021. COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health. Environmental Health Perspectives 129 (7):075001. doi:10.1289/EHP8888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaisie, E., N. Y. Oppong-Yeboah, and P. B. Cobbinah. 2022. Geographies of Infections: Built Environment and COVID-19 Pandemic in Metropolitan Melbourne. Sustainable Cities and Society 81:103838. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.103838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganasegeran, K., M. F. A. Jamil, A. S. H. Ch’ng, I. Looi, and K. M. Peariasamy. 2021. Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (18):9866. doi:10.3390/ijerph18189866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, A., S. Nundy, S. Ghosh, and T. K. Mallick. 2020. Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in London (UK) from Urban Context. Cities 106:102928. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, C., J. Tan, B. Hall, C. Liu, Y. Li, and Z. Cai. 2022. The Effect of the Built Environment on the COVID-19 Pandemic at the Initial Stage: A County-Level Study of the USA. Sustainability 14 (6):3417. doi:10.3390/su14063417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidi, S., and R. Ewing. 2014. A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Urban Sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning 128:72–82. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidi, S., S. Sabouri, and R. Ewing. 2020. Does Density Aggravate the COVID-19 Pandemic? Early Findings and Lessons for Planners. Journal of the American Planning Association 86 (4):495–509. doi:10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlem, G. 2020. Descriptive Analysis of Social Determinant Factors in Urban Communities Affected by COVID-19. Journal of Public Health 42 (3):466–469. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, B., B. J. Bonczak, A. Gupta, L. E. Thorpe, and C. E. Kontokosta. 2021. Exposure Density and Neighborhood Disparities in COVID-19 Infection Risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (13):e2021258118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2021258118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, S., C. Xiong, H. Younes, M. Yang, A. Darzi, and Z. Catherine Jin. 2022. Examining Spatiotemporal Evolution of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Human Mobility and COVID-19 Health Outcomes: Evidence from the Contiguous United States. Sustainable Cities and Society 76:103506. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, T., H. Yue, C. Wang, B. She, X. Ye, R. Liu, X. Zhu, W. W. Guan, and S. Bao. 2020. Racial Segregation, Testing Site Access, and COVID-19 Incidence Rate in Massachusetts, USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (24):9528. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., and R. Li. 2022. The Lockdown, Mobility, and Spatial Health Disparities in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of New York City. Cities 122:103549. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., M.-P. Kwan, Z. Kan, M. S. Wong, C. Y. T. Kwok, and X. Yu. 2020. Investigating the Relationship between the Built Environment and Relative Risk of COVID-19 in Hong Kong. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9 (11):624. doi:10.3390/ijgi9110624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzhak, N., T. Shahar, R. Moskovich, and Y. Shahar. 2022. The Impact of US County-Level Factors on COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality. Journal of Urban Health 99 (3):562–570. doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00601-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshidi, S., M. Baniasad, and D. Niyogi. 2020. Global to USA County Scale Analysis of Weather, Urban Density, Mobility, Homestay, and Mask Use on COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (21):7847. doi:10.3390/ijerph17217847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo, Y., A. Hong, and H. Sung. 2021. Density or Connectivity: What are the Main Causes of the Spatial Proliferation of COVID-19 in Korea? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (10):5084. doi:10.3390/ijerph18105084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan, Z., M.-P. Kwan, M. S. Wong, J. Huang, and D. Liu. 2021. Identifying the Space-time Patterns of COVID-19 Risk and Their Associations with Different Built Environment Features in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment 772:145379. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashem, S. B., D. M. Baker, S. R. González, and C. A. Lee. 2021. Exploring the Nexus between Social Vulnerability, Built Environment, and the Prevalence of COVID-19: A Case Study of Chicago. Sustainable Cities and Society 75:103261. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keough, S. B., and D. H. Kaplan. 2021. Introduction to the Special Issue on COVID-19. Geographical Review 111 (4):493–495. doi:10.1080/00167428.2021.1971476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, I., M. N. Iftikhar, S. H. Ali, and S. Khalid. 2021. Cities and COVID-19: Navigating the New Normal. Global Sustainability 4:e12. doi:10.1017/sus.2021.10.
   Google Scholar
• Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., A. Sharifi, and N. Moradpour. 2021. Are High-density Districts More Vulnerable to the COVID-19 Pandemic? Sustainable Cities and Society 70:102911. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., I. Garcia, and S. Brewer. 2021. Spatial Relationship between Eviction Filings, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Proximity to the Central Business District: A Case Study of Salt Lake County, Utah. Housing Policy Debate 31 (3–5):601–626. doi:10.1080/10511482.2020.1838598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuk, J., A. Schachter, J. W. Faber, and M. Besbris. 2021. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Rental Market: Evidence from Craigslist. American Behavioral Scientist 65 (12):1623–1648. doi:10.1177/00027642211003149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, D., S. E. S. Oh, S. Choi, and B. H. S. Kim. 2022. Viability of Compact Cities in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Subway Ridership Variations in Seoul Korea. The Annals of Regional Science doi:10.1007/s00168-022-01119-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, K. Y., C. Webster, S. Kumari, and C. Sarkar. 2020. The Nature of Cities and the Covid-19 Pandemic. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 46:27–31. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lak, A., A. Sharifi, S. Badr, A. Zali, A. Maher, E. Mostafavi, and D. Khalili. 2021. Spatio-temporal Patterns of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Place-based Influential Factors at the Neighborhood Scale in Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society 72:103034. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. R., S. Kandula, and J. Shaman. 2021. Differential COVID-19 Case Positivity in New York City Neighborhoods: Socioeconomic Factors and Mobility. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 15 (2):209–217. doi:10.1111/irv.12816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier, W. A., K. D. Babitz, A. Collingwood, M. F. Graul, S. Dickson, L. Cunningham, A. C. Dunn, D. MacKellar, and A. L. Hersh. 2021. COVID-19 Testing to Sustain In-Person Instruction and Extracurricular Activities in High Schools - Utah, November 2020-March 2021. Mmwr-Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70 (21):785–791. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. C., S. J. Park, G. R. Lee, J. E. Kim, J. H. Lee, Y. S. Jung, and E. W. Nam. 2020a. The Relationship between Trends in COVID-19 Prevalence and Traffic Levels in South Korea. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96:399–407. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M., J. Zhao, Q. Sun, Y. Pan, W. Zhou, C. Xiong, and L. Zhang. 2020b. Human Mobility Trends during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. PLOS ONE 15 (11):e0241468. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, B., Y. Peng, H. He, M. Wang, and T. Feng. 2021a. Built Environment and Early Infection of COVID-19 in Urban Districts: A Case Study of Huangzhou. Sustainable Cities and Society 66:102685. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., S. Ma, and J. Zhang. 2021b. Association of Built Environment Attributes with the Spread of COVID-19 at Its Initial Stage in China. Sustainable Cities and Society 67:102752. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., L. Zhou, T. Jia, R. Peng, X. Fu, and Y. Zou. 2020. Associating COVID-19 Severity with Urban Factors: A Case Study of Wuhan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (18):6712. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. Z. L., and C. Guan. 2021. The Impacts of the Built Environment on the Incidence Rate of COVID-19: A Case Study of King County, Washington. Sustainable Cities and Society 74:103144. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S., S. Li, and J. Zhang. 2021. Diverse and Nonlinear Influences of Built Environment Factors on COVID-19 Spread across Townships in China at Its Initial Stage. Scientific Reports 11 (1):12415. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91849-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majewska, A., M. Denis, E. Jarecka-Bidzińska, J. Jaroszewicz, and W. Krupowicz. 2022. Pandemic Resilient Cities: Possibilities of Repairing Polish Towns and Cities during COVID-19 Pandemic. Land Use Policy 113:105904. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maturana, B., A. M. Salama, and A. McInneny. 2021. Architecture, Urbanism and Health in a Post-pandemic Virtual World. Archnet-Ijar International Journal of Architectural Research 15 (1):1–9. doi:10.1108/ARCH-02-2021-0024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartney, G., C. Collins, and M. Mackenzie. 2013. What (Or Who) Causes Health Inequalities: Theories, Evidence and Implications? Health Policy 113 (3):221–227. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza, D. L., T. M. Benney, R. Bares, and E. T. Crosman. 2021. Intra-city Variability of Fine Particulate Matter during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Case Study from Park City, Utah. Environmental Research 201:111471. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurisse, M., A. Lajot, B. Devleesschauwer, D. Van Cauteren, H. Van Oyen, L. Van den Borre, and R. Brondeel. 2022. The Association between Area Deprivation and COVID-19 Incidence: A Municipality-level Spatio-temporal Study in Belgium, 2020–2021. Archives of Public Health 80 (1):109. doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00856-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosa, I. A., and I. N. Khatatbeh. 2021. The Density Paradox: Are Densely-populated Regions More Vulnerable to Covid-19? International Journal of Health Planning and Management 36 (5):1575–1588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouratidis, K. 2021. How COVID-19 Reshaped Quality of Life in Cities: A Synthesis and Implications for Urban Planning. Land Use Policy 111:105772. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouratidis, K. 2022. COVID-19 and the Compact City: Implications for Well-being and Sustainable Urban Planning. Science of the Total Environment 811:152332. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namin, S., W. Xu, Y. Zhou, and K. Beyer. 2020. The Legacy of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and the Political Ecology of Urban Trees and Air Pollution in the United States. Social Science & Medicine 246:112758. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, Q., W. Wu, J. Shen, J. Huang, and Q. Zhou. 2021. Relationship between Built Environment and COVID-19 Dispersal Based on Age Stratification: A Case Study of Wuhan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (14):7563. doi:10.3390/ijerph18147563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowotny, K. M., K. Seide, and L. Brinkley-Rubinstein. 2021. Risk of COVID-19 Infection among Prison Staff in the United States. BMC Public Health 21 (1):1036. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11077-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, D., T. Moore, and E. Baker. 2022. Exploring the Well-being of Renters during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Housing Policy 1–21. doi:10.1080/19491247.2022.2037177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. C., and B. G. Link. 2013. Fundamental Cause Theory. In Medical Sociology on the Move, edited by W. C. Cockerham, 105–125. Dordrecht, Neitherland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Romanillos, G., J. C. García-Palomares, B. Moya-Gómez, J. Gutiérrez, J. Torres, M. López, O. G. Cantú-Ros, and R. Herranz. 2021. The City Turned Off: Urban Dynamics during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Mobile Phone Data. Applied Geography 134:102524. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D., J. Huang, B. T. Fisher, A. Gasparrini, V. Tam, L. Song, X. Wang, J. Kaufman, K. Fitzpatrick, A. Jain, H. Griffis, K. Crammer, J. Morris, and G. Tasian. 2020. Association of Social Distancing, Population Density, and Temperature with the Instantaneous Reproduction Number of SARS-CoV-2 in Counties across the United States. JAMA Network Open 3 (7):e2016099–e2016099. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel, L. J., D. J. Gaskin, A. J. Trujillo, S. L. Szanton, A. Samuel, and E. Slade. 2021. Race, Ethnicity, Poverty and the Social Determinants of the Coronavirus Divide: U.S. County-level Disparities and Risk Factors. BMC Public Health 21 (1):1250. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11205-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi, A. 2019. Urban Form Resilience: A Meso-scale Analysis. Cities 93:238–252. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigler, T., S. Mahmuda, A. Kimpton, J. Loginova, P. Wohland, E. Charles-Edwards, and J. Corcoran. 2021. The Socio-spatial Determinants of COVID-19 Diffusion: The Impact of Globalisation, Settlement Characteristics and Population. Globalization and Health 17 (1):56. doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00707-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siregar, K. N., N. M. Nasir, B. Baequni, D. Darmawan, R. Kurniawan, Retnowati, A. Prabawa, E. S. Darmawan, F. Ariyanti, Daniah, R. J. B. Nur, and Y. Handayani. 2022. Increasing Community Awareness on Covid-19 Prevention in Jakarta, Indonesia: An Outreach Program for Urban Poor. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 34 (4):443–445. doi:10.1177/10105395221084931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Z., H. Zhang, Y. Yang, H. Wan, and Y. Wang. 2020. Impacts of Geographic Factors and Population Density on the COVID-19 Spreading under the Lockdown Policies of China. Science of the Total Environment 746:141347. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sy, K. T. L., L. F. White, and B. E. Nichols. 2021. Population Density and Dasic Reproductive Number of COVID-19 across United States Counties. PloS one 16 (4):e0249271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tammes, P. 2020. Social Distancing, Population Density, and Spread of COVID-19 in England: A Longitudinal Study. BJGP Open 4 (3):20X101116. doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20X101116.
   Google Scholar
• Tinson, A., and A. Clair. 2020. Better Housing Is Crucial for Our Health and the COVID-19 Recovery. The Health Foundation 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Tribby, C. P., and C. Hartmann. 2021. COVID-19 Cases and the Built Environment: Initial Evidence from New York City. Professional Geographer 73 (3):365–376. doi:10.1080/00330124.2021.1895851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich-Schad, J., and J. E. Givens. 2020. COVID-19, Politics, and Science in Utah: Executive Summary of Research Findings. Department of Sociology, Social Work, & Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, Unites States. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2020. World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. UN-Habitat, New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Vandrevala, T., L. Alidu, J. Hendy, S. Shafi, and A. Ala. 2022. ‘It’s Possibly Ade Us Feel a Little More Alienated’: How People from Ethnic Minority Communities Conceptualise COVID-19 and Its Influence on Engagement with Testing. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 27 (2):141–150. doi:10.1177/13558196211054961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, R., T. Yabe, and S. V. Ukkusuri. 2021. Spatiotemporal Contact Density Explains the Disparity of COVID-19 Spread in Urban Neighborhoods. Scientific Reports 11 (1):10952. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90483-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wali, B., and L. D. Frank. 2021. Neighborhood-level COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Mortality Relationships with Built Environment, Active and Sedentary Travel. Health & Place 71:102659. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., X. Wu, R. Wang, D. He, D. Li, Y. Y. Linchuan Yang, and Y. Lu. 2021. Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (14):7561. doi:10.3390/ijerph18147561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D., W. Xiao, and Y. Wu. 2021. Trip Generation, Trip Chains and Polycentric Development in Metropolitan USA: A Case Study of the Wasatch Front Region, Utah. Applied Geography 133:102488. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, D. W. S., and Y. Li. 2020. Spreading of COVID-19: Density Matters. PLOS ONE 15 (12):e0242398. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigley-Field, E., S. Garcia, J. P. Leider, and D. Van Riper. 2021. COVID-19 Mortality at the Neighborhood Level: Racial and Ethnic Inequalities Deepened in Minnesota in 2020. Health Affairs 40 (10):1644–1653. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Y. D. Wei, and H. Li. 2020a. Analyzing Spatial Heterogeneity of Housing Prices Using Large Datasets. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 13 (1):223–256. doi:10.1007/s12061-019-09301-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu. 2020b. Firm Suburbanization in the Context of Urban Sprawl: Neighborhood Effect and Sectoral Difference. The Professional Geographer 72 (4):598–617. doi:10.1080/00330124.2020.1750437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Y. D. Wei, H. Li, and M. Liu. 2022. Amenity, Firm Agglomeration, and Local Creativity of Producer Services in Shanghai. Cities 120:103421. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip, T. L., Y. Huang, and C. Liang. 2021. Built Environment and the Metropolitan Pandemic: Analysis of the COVID-19 Spread in Hong Kong. Building and Environment 188:107471. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. H., and G. G. Schwartz. 2020. Spatial Disparities in Coronavirus Incidence and Mortality in the United States: An Ecological Analysis as of May 2020. The Journal of Rural Health 36 (3):433–445. doi:10.1111/jrh.12476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar