99
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Earthquake Vulnerability in the Middle East

&
Pages 54-66 | Published online: 11 Aug 2020

References

  • Abdel-Ati, W. (1991) ‘Egypt: sitting on shaky ground’, Al-Ahram Weekly, 28 November, p. 11.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. (1991) ‘Seismicity of Egypt: the earthquakes of 1811, 1847 and 1899’ in Cosgrove, J. and Jones, M. (eds) Neotectonics and Resources. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 148-57.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Finkel, C. F. (1991) ‘Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara Sea region’, Terra Nova, 3, 5, pp. 527-39.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Melville, C. P. (1982) A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ambraseys, N. N., Melville, C. P. and Adams, R. D. (1994) Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A historical review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Antonopoulos, J. (1980) ‘Catalogue of tsunamis in the eastern Mediterranean from antiquity to present times’, Annali di Geofisica, 32, pp. 113-30.
  • Arlidge, J. and Bowcott, O. (1999) ‘Slow, helpless and disorganised: Turks accuse their leaders’, The Guardian, 23 August, p. 1.
  • Aysan, Y, Clayton, A., Cory, A., Davis, I. and Sanderson, D. (1995) Developing Building for Safety Programmes: Guidelines for organizing safe building improvement programmes in disaster-prone areas. London: Intermediate Technology.
  • Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
  • Ben-Menahem, A. (1991) ‘Four thousand years of seismicity along the Dead Sea rift’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, B12, pp. 20195-216.
  • Bentor, Y. K. (1989) ‘Geological events in the Bible’, Terra Nova, 1, 4, pp. 326-37.
  • Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B. (1994) At Risk: Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. London: Routledge.
  • Bolin, R. and Stanford, L. (2000) ‘Constructing vulnerability in the First World: the Northridge earthquake in southern California, 1994’ in Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M. (eds) The Angry Earth: Disaster in anthropological perspective. London: Routledge, pp. 89-112.
  • Coburn, A. and Leslie, J. D. L. (1985) Dhamar Building Education Project: Project assessment. Oxford: Oxfam.
  • Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (2002) Earthquake Protection (second edition). Chichester: Wiley
  • Comfort, L., Wisner, B., Cutter, S., Pulwarty, R., Hewitt, K., Oliver-Smith, A., Wiener, J., Fordham, M., Peacocok, W. and Krimgol, F. (1999) ‘Reframing disaster policy: the global evolution of vulnerable communities’, Environmental Hazards, 1, pp. 39-44.
  • Degg, M. R. (1993) ‘The 1992 “Cairo earthquake”: cause, effect and response’, Disasters, 17, 3, pp. 226-38.
  • Degg, M. R. (1994) ‘Perspectives on urban vulnerability to earthquake hazard in the Third World’ in Main, H. and Wyn Williams, S. (eds) Environment and Housing in Third World Cities. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 29-48.
  • Degg, M. R. (1998) ‘Natural hazards in the urban environment: the need for a more sustainable approach to mitigation’ in Maund, J. G. and Eddleston, M. (eds) Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Geological Society London, Engineering Geology Special Publication, 15, pp. 329-37.
  • Degg, M. R., Shufflebotham, E. J. and Doornkamp, J. C. (2000) Earthquake Hazard Atlas: Volume 1; Israel (second edition). London: International Underwriting Association.
  • Duggan, T. M. P. (1999) ‘The hatil and the lessons of history’, Turkish Daily News, 25 August.
  • European University Centre for Cultural Heritage (1993) ATLAS of Local Seismic Cultures, Supplement in STOP Disasters, The United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Newsletter, 12 (March-April).
  • Fathy, H. (1973) Architecture for the Poor: An experiment in rural Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hewitt, K. (1983) ‘The idea of calamity in a technocratic age’ in Hewitt, K. (ed) Interpretations of Calamity from the Viewpoint of Human Ecology. Boston: Allan and Unwin, pp. 3-32.
  • Hewitt, K. (1997) Regions of Risk: A geographical introduction to disasters. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.
  • Homan, J. (1998) Realism, Social Constructionism and ‘Natural’ Hazards: A study of people-nature relations in Egypt and the UK. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, UK.
  • Homan, J. (2001) ‘A culturally sensitive approach to risk? “Natural” hazard perception in Egypt and the UK’, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 16, 2, pp. 14-18.
  • Homan, J. and Eastwood, W. J. (2001) ‘The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake: historical records and seismic culture’, Earthquake Spectra, 17, 4, pp. 617-34.
  • House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology (2000) Science and Society (third report). London: HMSO.
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1999) World Disasters Report. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
  • Karanci, N. A. and Aksit, B. (2000) ‘Building disaster-resistant communities: lessons learned from past earthquakes in Turkey and suggestions for the future’, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18, 3, pp. 403-16.
  • Khater, M. (1992) Reconnaissance Report on the Cairo, Egypt Earthquake of October 12, 1992. Technical Report NCEER-92-0033. Buffalo: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
  • Leslie, J. D. L. (1986) ‘A building education programme in North Yemen’, Disasters, 10, 3, pp. 163-70.
  • Leslie, J. D. L. (2002) ‘Think before you build: An earthquake reconstruction project in Yemen’ as reproduced in Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (eds) Earthquake Protection (second edition). Chichester: Wiley, p. 381 (originally published 1984, International Symposium on Earth Relief in Less-industrialised Areas, Zurich).
  • Maskrey, A. (1989) Disaster Mitigation: A community-based approach. Development Guidelines No. 3. Oxford: Oxfam.
  • Mitchell, J. K. (1999) Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-cities and disasters in transition. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
  • Morrow, B. H. (1999) ‘Identifying and mapping community vulnerability’, Disasters, 23, 1, pp. 1-18.
  • Morrow, B. H. and Phillips, B. (1999) ‘What's gender “got to do with it”?’, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 17, 1, pp. 5-13.
  • Munich Reinsurance Company (1999) Topics 2000: Natural catastrophes — the current position. Munich: The Munich Reinsurance Company.
  • Nuhfer, E. B., Proctor, R. J. and Moser, P. H. (1993) The Citizen's Guide to Geological Hazards. Colorado: American Institute of Professional Geologists.
  • Nur, A. and Ron, H. (1996) ‘And the walls came tumbling down: earthquake history in the Holyland’ in Stiros, S. and Jones, R. E. (eds) Archaeoseismology. Athens: IGME and the British School at Athens.
  • Oliver-Smith, A. (1994) ‘Peru's five hundred year earthquake: vulnerability in historical context’ in Varley, A. (ed) Disasters, Development and Environment. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 31-48.
  • Ollenburger, J. C. and Tobin, G. (1999) ‘Women, ageing and post-disaster stress: risk factors for psychological morbidity’, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 17, 1, pp. 65-78.
  • Pelling, M. (2001) ‘Natural disasters?’ in Castree, N. and Braun, B. (eds) Social Nature: Theory, practice and politics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 170-88.
  • Petal, M. (2002) ‘Community emergency response team training revisited’ paper presented at Hazards 2002: Disaster mitigation in the perspective of the new Millenium Conference, Antalya, Turkey, 3-6 October.
  • Petts, J. and Homan, J. (2000) Risk Literacy and the Public, Report of a Pilot Project for the Department of Health. Centre for Environmental Research and Training, the University of Birmingham.
  • Richter, C. F. (1958) Elementary Seismology. San Francisco: WH Freeman & Co.
  • Stein, R. S. M., Barka, A. A. and Dieterich, J. H. (1997) ‘Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering’, Geophysical Journal International, 128, pp. 594-604.
  • Steinberg, T. (2000) Acts of God: The unnatural history of natural disaster in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Toksoz, M. N., Shakal, A. F. and Michael, A. J. (1979) ‘Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and seismic gaps’, Pure Applied Geophysics, 117, pp. 1258-70.
  • Traynor, I. (1999) ‘First the terror, now the recriminations’, The Guardian, 20 August, p. 3.
  • United Nations (1995) World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 revision. New York: UN.
  • Wachs, D. and Levitte, D. (1984) ‘Earthquake risk and slope stability in Jerusalem’, Environmental Geological Water Sciences, 6, 3, pp. 183-6.
  • Wood, H. O. and Neumann, F. (1931) ‘Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931’, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 53, 5, pp. 979-87.
  • Zaman, M. Q. (1999) ‘Vulnerability, disaster and survival in Bangladesh: three case studies’ in Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. (eds) The Angry Earth: Disaster in anthropological perspective. London: Routledge, pp. 192-212.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.