78
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
MAIN ARTICLES

Current Shifts in Abrupt Climate Change: The Stability of the North Atlantic Conveyor and its Influence on Future Climate

, &
Pages 250-266 | Published online: 11 Aug 2020

References

  • Alley, R.B. and Clark, P.U. (1999) ‘The deglaciation of the northern hemisphere: a global perspective’, Annual Review Earth Planet Science, 27, pp. 149-82.
  • Anderson, D. (2000) ‘Abrupt climate change’, Geography Review, March 2000, pp. 2-6.
  • BBC (2003) Horizon ‘The Big Chill’, screened 13 November.
  • Berger, A. and Loutre, M.F. (2002) ‘An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?’, Science, 297, pp. 1287-8.
  • Bonan, G.B. (1999) ‘Frost followed the plough: impacts of deforestation on the climate of the United States’, Ecological Applications, 9, pp. 1305-15.
  • Bond, G.C., Broecker, W, Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, J. and Bonani, G. (1993) ‘Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice’, Nature, 365, pp. 143-7.
  • Brown, P (2005) ‘Hotter world may freeze Britain’, The Guardian, 2 February, p. 9.
  • Broecker, W (1987) ‘Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse’, Nature, 328, pp. 123-6.
  • Broecker, W.S., Clark, E., McCorckle, D.C., Peng T-H., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G. (1999) ‘Evidence for a reduction in the carbonate ion content of the deep sea during the course of the Holocene’, Paleoceanography, 3, p. 317.
  • Broecker, W.S., Peteet, D.M. and Rind, D. (1985) ‘Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?’, Nature, 315, pp. 21-6.
  • Chase, T.N., Pielke, R.A., Kittel, T.G.F., Zhao, M., Pitman, A.J., Running, S.W and Nemani, R.R. (2001) ‘Relative climate effects of landcover change and elevated carbon dioxide combined with aerosols: a comparison of model results and observations’, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106, pp. 31685-91.
  • Cox, J.D. (2005) Climate Crash: Abrupt climate change and what it means for our future. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.
  • Curry, R., Dickson, B. and Yashayaev, I. (2003) ‘A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades’, Nature, 426, pp. 826-9.
  • Dickson, B. (1999) ‘All change in the Arctic’, Nature, 397, pp. 389-90.
  • Dickson, B., Yashayaev, I., Meincke, J., Turrell, B., Dye, S. and Holfort, J. (2002) ‘Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades’, Nature, 416, pp. 832-6.
  • Dowsett, H.J., Cronin, T.M., Poore, R.Z., Thompson, R.S., Whatley, R.C. and Wood, A.M. (1992) ‘Micropaleontological evidence for increased meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Pliocene’, Science, 258, pp. 1133-35.
  • Dowsett, H., Barron, J. and Poore, R. (1996) ‘Middle Pliocene sea surface temperatures: a global reconstruction’, Marine Micropaleontology, 27, pp. 13-25.
  • Dowsett, H.J., Barron, J.A., Poore, R.Z., Thompson, R.S., Cronin, T.M., Ishman, S.E. and Willard, D.A., (1999) ‘Middle Pliocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction: PRISM2’, USGS Open File Report 99-535 (available online: http://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of99-535).
  • Elliot, M., Labeyrie, L. and Duplessy J-C. (2002) ‘Changes in North Atlantic deep-water formation associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger temperature oscillations (60-10ka)’, Quaternary Science Review, 21, pp. 1153-65.
  • EPICA (2004) ‘Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core’, Nature, 429, pp. 623-8.
  • Fichefet, T., Poncin, C., Goosse, H., Huybrechts, P., Janssens, I. and Le Treut. H. (2003) ‘Implications of changes in freshwater flux from the Greenland ice sheet for the climate of the 21st century’, Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 17, pp. 1-4.
  • Ganopolski, A. and Rahmstorf, S. (2001) ‘Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model’, Nature, 409, pp. 153-8.
  • Gent, P.R. (2001) ‘Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century?’, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 6, pp. 1023-6.
  • Hallam, A. (2004) Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hansen, B., Turrell, W.R. and Osterhus, S. (2001) ‘Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the North Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950’, Nature, 411, pp. 927-30.
  • Haywood, A.M., Sellwood, B.W. and Valdes, P.J. (2000) ‘Regional warming: Pliocene (3Ma) paleoclimate of Europe and the Mediterranean’, Geology, 28, 12, pp. 1063-6.
  • Haywood, A.M. and Valdes, P.J. (2004) ‘Modelling Pliocene warmth: contribution of atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere’, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 218, pp. 363-77.
  • Henderson, M. (2001) ‘Britain faces climate as cold as Canada's’, The Times, 7 September, p. 8.
  • Houghton, J. (1997) Global Warming: The complete briefing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Houghton, J. et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hulme, M. and Jenkins, G. (1998) Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom. Scientific Report with Summary, UK Climate Impacts Programme, Technical Report No 1. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
  • Imbrie, J. and Imbrie, K. (1979) Ice Ages: Solving the mystery. London: MacMillan.
  • The Independent (2004) ‘Disaster at sea: global warming hits UK birds’, 30 July, p. 1.
  • Indermuhle, A., Stocker, T.F., Joos, F., Fischer. H., Smith, H.J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B.,Masttroianni, D., Blunnier, T., Meyer, R. and Stauffer, B. (1999) ‘Holocene carbon cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica’, Nature, 398, p. 121.
  • IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jenkins, G., Betts, R., Collins, M., Griggs, D., Lowe, J. and Wood, R. (2005) Stabilising Climate to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change. London: The Hadley Centre/DEFRA.
  • Keigwin, L.D. and Lehman, S.J. (1994) ‘Deep circulation change linked to Heinrich event 1 and Younger Dryas in a mid-depth North Atlantic core’, Paleoceanography, 9, pp. 185-94.
  • Latif, M., Roecker, E., Mikolajewicz, U. and Voss R. (2000) ‘Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation’, Journal of Climate, 13, 11, pp. 1809-13.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R.J. (1993) ‘Century scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmosphere system’, Nature, 364, pp. 215-18.
  • McManus, J.F. (2004) ‘A great grand-daddy of ice cores’, Nature, 429, pp. 611-12.
  • Muller, R. and MacDonald, G. (1995) ‘Glacial cycles and orbital inclination’, Nature, 377, pp. 107-8.
  • The National Academy of Sciences (1975) ‘NAS warning on climate change’, Science News, 25, January
  • The National Academies (2004) Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable surprises. (National Research Council Report). Washington DC: National Academies Press (available online: www.nap.edu).
  • NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project members) (2004) ‘High resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period’, Nature, 431, pp. 147-51.
  • O'Hare, G. (2000) ‘Reviewing the uncertainties of climate change science’, Area, 32, 4, pp. 357-68.
  • O'Hare, G., Sweeney, J. and Wilby R. (2005) Weather Climate and Climate Change: Human perspectives. London: Pearson.
  • Oppo, D and Lehman S.J. (1993) ‘Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum’, Science, 259, pp. 1148-52.
  • Paillard, D. (2001) ‘Glacial cycles: towards a new paradigm’, Geophysical Review, 39, pp. 325-46.
  • Peterson, B.J., Holmes, R.M., McClelland, J.W, Vörösmarty, C.J., Lammers, R.B., Shiklomanov, A.J., Shiklomanov, I.A. and Rahmstorf, S. (2002) ‘Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean’, Science, 298, pp. 2171-73.
  • Petit, J.R. et al. (1999) ‘Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica’, Nature, 399, pp. 429-36.
  • Rahmstorf, S. (1999) ‘Shifting seas in the greenhouse?’, Nature, 399, pp. 523-4.
  • Rahmstorf, S. (2002) ‘Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years’, Nature, 419, pp. 207-14.
  • Raymo, M.E. and Ruddiman, W.F. (1992) ‘Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate’, Nature, 359, pp. 117-22.
  • Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M. and Rau, G.H. (1996) ‘Mid-Pliocene warmth: stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor’, Marine Micropaleontology, 27, pp. 313-26.
  • Renssen, H., Van Geel, B., Van der Plicht, J. and Magny, M. (2001) ‘Reduced solar activity as a trigger for the start of the Younger Dryas?’, Quaternary International, 68-71, pp. 373-83.
  • Ruddiman, W.F. (2001) Earth's Climate: Past and present. New York: Freeman Press.
  • Ruddiman, W.F. (2003) ‘The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago’, Climate Change, 61, pp. 261-93.
  • Ruddiman, W.F. (2005) ‘How did humans first alter global climate?’, Scientific American, March, pp. 34-41.
  • Sarnthein, M. et al. (1994) ‘Changes in east Atlantic deepwater circulation over the last 30,000 years: eight time slice reconstructions’, Paleoceanography, 9, pp. 209-67.
  • Solanki, S.K., Usoskin, I.G., Kromer, B., Schussler, M. and Beer, J. (2004) ‘Unusual activity of the sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years’, Nature, 431, pp. 1084-7.
  • Stanley, S.M. (1995) ‘New horizons for paleontology, with two examples - the rise and fall of the Cretaceous Supertethys and the cause of the modern ice age’, Journal of Paleontology, 69, pp. 999-1007.
  • Stainforth, D.A., Aina, T., Christensen, C. et al. (2005) ‘Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases’, Nature, 433, pp. 403-6.
  • Stocker, T.F. and Schmittner, A. (1997) ‘Influence of CO2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation’, Nature, 388, pp. 862-5.
  • Stouffer, R.J. and Manabe, S. (1999) ‘Response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: sensitivity to the rate of increase’, Journal of Climatology, 12, pp. 2224-37.
  • UK Climate Impacts Programme (2002) UKCIP02 Climate Scenarios. London/Oxford: DEFRA/University of Oxford (available online: www.ukcip.org.uk).
  • Voss, R. and Mikolajewicz, U. (2001) ‘Long term climate changes due to increased CO2 concentration in the coupled atmospheric-ocean general circulation model ECHAM3/LSG’, Climate Dynamics, 17, pp. 45-60.
  • Wigley, T.M.L. (1999) The Science of Climate Change: Global and US perspectives. Arlington VI: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
  • Wood, R.A., Keen, A.B., Mitchell, J.F.B. and Gregory J.M. (1999) ‘Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric CO2 forcing in a climate model’, Nature, 399, pp. 572-5.
  • Wu, P.L., Wood, R. and Stott, P. (2004) ‘Does the recent freshening trend in the North Atlantic indicate a weakening thermohaline circulation?’, Geophysical Research Letters, 31, 2, p. 4.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.