The Cambrian explosion: Animals or fossils?

References

• Alderman , A. R. 1959 . Sir Douglas Mawson . Geol. Soc. Aust., J. , 6 : 57 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. McN. 1971 . Size and shape . Stud. Biol. , 92 : 1 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Anders , E. and Owen , T. 1977 . Mars and Earth: origin and abundance of volatiles . Science , 198 : 453 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arculus , R. J. and Delano , J. W. 1980 . Implications for the primitive atmosphere of the oxidation state of the Earth's upper mantle . Nature , 288 : 72 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awramik , S. M. 1971 . Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: reflection of metazoan appearance . Science , 174 : 825 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , J. E. and Krebs , H. 1981 . The evolution of metabolic cycles . Nature , 291 : 381 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsam , W. L. and Vogel , S. 1973 . Water movement in archaeocyathids: evidence and implications of passive flow in models . J. Paleontol , 47 : 979 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassler , R. S. 1941 . A supposed jellyfish from the Pre‐Cambrian of the Grand Canyon . U.S. Natl Mus., Proc. , 89 : 519 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Beer , E. J. 1919 . Note on a spiral impression on Lower Vindhyan Limestone . India Geol. Surv., Rec. , 50 : 139
   Google Scholar
• Berkner , L. V. and Marshall , L. C. 1965 . On the origin and rise of oxygen concentration in the Earth's atmosphere . J. Atmos. Sci. , 22 : 225 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , A. J. and Carver , J. H. 1977 . The evolutionary role of atmospheric ozone . J. Atmos. Sci. , 34 : 720 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaden , P. J. S. 1975 . Anaerobiosis, meiofauna, and early metazoan evolution . Tool. Scr. , 4 : 21 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Brafield , A. E. 1969 . Water movements in the pennatulid coelenterate . Pteroides griseum. J. Zool, Lond. , 158 : 317 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasier , M. D. 1979 . “ The Cambrian radiation event ” . In The origin o) major invertebrate groups. The Systematics Association Special Volume No 12 , Edited by: House , M. R. 103 – 59 . London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann , R. T. 1969 . Dissociation of water vapor and evolution of oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res. , 74 : 5355 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock , T. D. 1980 . Precambrian evolution . Nature , 288 : 214 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrett , C. F. and Richardson , R. G. 1978 . Cambrian trilobite diversity related to cratonic flooding . Nature , 272 : 717 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , J. H. 1974 . The origin of atmospheric oxygen . Search , 5 : 130 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , J. H. 1980 . “ Oxygen and ozone evolution in palaeoatmospheres ” . In Biogeochemistry of ancient and modern environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , B. J. 55 – 64 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , J. H. 1981 . Prebiotic atmospheric oxygen levels . Nature , 292 : 136 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , C. K. 1975 . “ Recent Lebensspurren in nonmarine aquatic environments ” . In The study of trace fossils , Edited by: Frey , R. W. New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. 1948 . Some problems and patterns of evolution exemplified by fossil invertebrates . Evolution , 2 : 322 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. 1965 . The significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) microflora . Science , 148 : 27 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. 1968 . “ Pre‐metazoan evolution and the origins of the metazoa ” . In Evolution and environment , Edited by: Drake , E. T. 1 – 72 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. 1976 . Beginnings of biospheric evolution and their biogeochemical consequences . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 2 : 351 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. 1980 . “ Early biogeochemical systems ” . In Biogeochemistry of ancient and modern environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , B. J. 7 – 27 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. , Gustafson , L. B. and Watson , J. A. L. 1980 . The works of living social insects as pseudofossils and the age of the oldest known metazoa . Science , 210 : 1013 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud , P. and Lajoie , K. R. 1980 . Calcite‐impregnated defluidization structures in littoral sands of Mono Lake, California . Science , 210 : 1009 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway Morris , S. 1979 . The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) fauna . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 10 : 327 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Conway Morris , S. and Whittington , H. B. 1979 . The animals of the Burgess Shale . Sci. Am. , 241 : 122 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , P. J. , Shergold , J. H. , Sheldon , R. P. , Notholt , A. J. G. and Burnett , W. C. 1980 . Phosphorites: research and phosphate resource potential—Project 156 . Nature and Resources , 16 : 26 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Cope , J. C. W. 1977 . An Ediacara‐type fauna from South Wales . Nature , 268 : 624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen , R. and Stockton , W. L. 1978 . Testing for evolutionary equilibria . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc) , 4 : 195 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowie , J. W. and Cribb , S. J. 1978 . The Cambrian system; in Cohee, G. V., Glaessner, M. F. Hedberg, H. D. Contributions to the geological time scale . Stud. Geol. , 6 : 355 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Crimes , T. P. 1974 . Colonisation of the early ocean floor . Nature , 248 : 328 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily , B. 1956 . The Cambrian in South Australia; Rodgers J. (ed.) El Sistema Cambrico, Su Paleo‐geografia y el Problema de Su Base . 20th Int. Geol. Congr. , 2 : 91 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Daily , B. 1972 . The base of the Cambrian and the first Cambrian faunas , 13 – 41 . Centre for Precambrian Research, Univ. Adelaide . Spec. Pap. 1
   Google Scholar
• Daily , B. 1973 . Discovery and significance of the basal Cambrian Uratanna Formation, Mt Scott Range, Flinders Ranges, South Australia . Search , 4 : 202 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• De Zwaan , A. , Kluytmans , J. H. F. M. and Zandee , D. I. 1976 . Facultative anaerobiosis in molluscs . Biochem. Soc., Symp. , 41 : 133 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimroth , E. and Kimberley , M. M. 1976 . Precambrian atmospheric oxygen: evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium and iron . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 13 : 1161 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop , J. S. R. , Muir , M. D. , Milne , V. A. and Groves , D. I. 1978 . A new microfossil assemblage from the Archaean of Western Australia . Nature , 274 : 676 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham , J. W. 1978 . The probable metazoan biota of the Precambrian as indicated by the subsequent record . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , 6 : 21 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers , W. E. 1980 . “ Chemical conditions for the precipitation of banded iron formations ” . In Biogeochemistry of ancient and modern environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , B. J. 83 – 92 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Faul , H. 1950 . Fossil burrows from the Precambrian Ajibik Quartzite of Michigan . J. Paleontol. , 24 : 102 – 06 .
   Google Scholar
• Fedonkin , M. A. 1977 . “ Precambrian‐Cambrian ichnocoenoses of the east European platform ” . In Trace fossils , Edited by: Crimes , T. P. and Harper , J. C. Vol. 2 , 183 – 94 . Liverpool : Seel House Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fedonkin , M. A. 1981 . Belomorskaya biota Venda. [White Sea biota of the Vendian.] . Akad. Nauk SSSR, Geol. Inst., Tr. , 342 : 1 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenchel , T. M. and Riedl , R. J. 1970 . The sulfide system: a new biotic community underneath the oxidized layer of marine sand bottoms . Mar. Biol. , 7 : 255 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , A. G. 1965 . Fossils, early life, and atmospheric history . Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A., Proc. , 53 : 1205 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , B. G. 1972 . Explanatory notes, Parachilna 1:250 000 geological map , S. Aust. Geol. Surv .
   Google Scholar
• Fridovich , I. 1974 . Superoxide and evolution . Horizons Biochem. Biophys. , 1 : 1 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fridovich , I. 1978 . The biology of oxygen radicals . Science , 201 : 875 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer , B. J. 1977 . Rare earth evidence in iron‐formations for changing Precambrian oxidation states . Geo‐chim. Cosmochim. Ada , 41 : 361 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett , P. 1970 . Phanerozoic stromatolites: non‐competitive ecologic restriction by grazing and burrowing animals . Science , 169 : 171 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison , R. E. 1981 . “ Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation in active margin basins ” . In Depositional systems of active continental margin basins: short course notes , Edited by: Douglas , R. G. , Colburn , I. P. and Gorsline , D. S. 15 – 38 . Los Angeles : Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. .
   Google Scholar
• Germs , G. J. B. 1972 . Trace fossils from the Nama Group, south‐west Africa . J. Paleontol. , 46 : 864 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiretti , F. 1966 . “ Respiration ” . In Physiology of Mollusca , Edited by: Wilbur , K. M. and Yonge , C. M. 175 – 208 . New York and London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giese , A. C. 1976 . Living with our sun's ultraviolet rays , New York and London : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glaessner , M. F. 1962 . Precambrian fossils . Biol. Rev. , 37 : 467 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaessner , M. F. 1969 . Trace fossils from the Precambrian and basal Cambrian . Lethaia , 2 : 369 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaessner , M. F. 1979a . “ Biogeography and biostrati‐graphy—Precambrian ” . In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part A , Edited by: Robison , R. A. and Teichert , C. A79 – A118 . Lawrence : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Glaessner , M. F. 1979b . An echiurid worm from the late Precambrian . Lethaia , 12 : 121 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldich , S. 1973 . Ages of Precambrian banded iron‐formations . Econ. Geol. , 68 : 1126 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldring , R. and Curnow , C. N. 1967 . The stratigraphy and facies of the late Precambrian at Ediacara, South Australia . Geol. Soc. Aust., J. , 14 : 194 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S. J. 1977 . Ever since Darwin , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S. J. 1980 . The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 6 : 96 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , R. V. 1971 . Giant Pyrosoma seen in New Zealand seas . Aust. Nat. Hist. , 17 : 118 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Grandstaff , D. E. 1980 . Origin of uraniferous conglomerates at Elliot Lake, Canada and Witwatersrand. South Africa: Implications for oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere . Precambrian Res. , 13 : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravestock , D. I. 1980 . The biostratigraphy and paleontology of Archaeocyatha (Cambrian), South Australia , Univ. Adelaide (unpubl.) . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Habe , T. 1972 . The Japan's smallest gastropod, Ammonicera japonica . sp. nov Venus , 31 : 115 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Häntzschel , W. 1975 . “ Trace fossils and problematica ” . In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part W, suppl , Edited by: Teichert , C. Vol. 1 , W1 – W269 . Lawrence : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , D. 1972 . “ Archaeocyalha ” . In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part E , Edited by: Teichert , C. E1 – E158 . Lawrence : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Hochachka , P. W. 1976 . Biochemical adaptation to environmental change . Biochem. Soc. Symp. , 41 : 3 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hochachka , P. W. , Fields , J. and Mustafa , T. 1973 . Animal life without oxygen: basic biochemical mechanisms . Am. Zool. , 13 : 543 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , H. J. and Jinbiao , Chen . 1981 . Carbonaceous megafossils from the Precambrian (1800 Ma) near Jixian, northern China . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 18 : 443 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , M. R. 1979 . The origin of major invertebrate groups. The Systematics Association special volume No 12 , London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger , H. and Martinsson , A. 1980 . The Early Cambrian trace fossil Plagiogmus in its type area . Geol. Foren. Stockh., Forh. , 102 : 117 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Jell , P. A. 1978 . Trilobite respiration and genal caeca . Alcheringa , 2 : 251 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jell , P. A. 1979 . Plumulites and the machaeridian problem . Alcheringa , 3 : 253 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jell , P. A. 1980 . Earliest known pelecypod on earth—a new Early Cambrian genus from South Australia . Alcheringa , 4 : 233 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Jell , P. A. 1981 . Thambetolepis delicata. gen. et sp. nov., an enigmatic fossil from the Early Cambrian of South Australia . Alcheringa , 5 : 85 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. J. F. 1975 . The diversification of early metazoans . Geol. Soc. Aust., 1st Geol. Convent., Abstr. , 19
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. J. F. , Plummer , P. S. and Moriarty , K. C. 1981 . Late Precambrian pseudofossils from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia . R. Soc. S. Aust., Trans. , 105 : 67 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhiwen , Jiang . 1981 . “ Shelly fossil assemblages and the trace‐fossil sequence in the Meishucun Stage, China ” . In Short papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System , Open‐File Rep. Edited by: Taylor , M. E. 81 – 743 . 98 – 99 . U.S. Geol. Surv. .
   Google Scholar
• Jokiel , P. L. 1980 . Solar ultraviolet radiation and coral reef epifauna . Science , 207 : 1069 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , P. J. and McKenzie , K. G. 1980 . Queensland Middle Cambrian Bradoriida (Crustacea): new taxa, palaeobiogeography and biological affinities . Alcheringa , 4 : 203 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Jukes , J. H. 1980 . Silent nucleotide substitutions and the molecular evolutionary clock . Science , 210 : 973 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasting , J. F. and Donahue , T. M. 1980 . The evolution of atmospheric ozone . J. Geophys. Res. , 85 : 3255 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman , E. G. and Steidtmann , J. R. 1976 . Are these the oldest metazoan trace fossils? . Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs , 8 : 947 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Keen , A. M. and Smith , A. G. 1961 . West American species of the bivalved gastropod genus . Berthelinia. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. , 30 : 47 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , B. M. and Fedonkin , M. A. 1976 . New organic fossil finds in the Precambrian Valday series along the Syuz'ma River . Int. Geol. Rev. , 19 : 924 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , B. M. and Rozanov , A. Yu. , eds. 1979 . Paleonto‐logiya Verknedokembriyskikh i Kembriyskikh otloz‐heniy Vostochno‐Europeyskoy Platformy , Moscow : Nauka . [Upper Precambrian and Cambrian palaeontology of the East‐European platform.]
   Google Scholar
• Knoll , A. H. and Barchoorn , E. S. 1977 . Archean microfossils showing cell division from the Swaziland System of South Africa . Science , 198 : 396 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstam , H. A. 1981 . Minerals formed by organisms . Science , 211 : 1126 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstam , H. A. and Margulis , L. 1980 . Evolutionary prerequisites for early Phanerozoic calcareous skeletons . Bio Systems , 12 : 27 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , R. A. and Rhoads , D. C. 1977 . Anaerobiosis and a theory of growth line formation . Science , 198 : 1222 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manwell , C. 1960a . Histological specificity of respiratory pigments—I. Comparisons of the coelom and muscle hemoglobins of the polychaete worm Travisia pupa and the echiuroid worm Arhynchite puget‐tensis . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 1 : 267 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manwell , C. 1960b . Histological specificity of respiratory pigments—II. Oxygen transfer systems involving hemerythrins in sipunculid worms of different ecologies . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 1 : 277 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margulis , L. , Walker , J. C. G. and Rambler , M. 1976 . Reassessment of roles of oxygen and ultraviolet light in Precambrian evolution . Nature , 264 : 620 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslen , G. and Davey , G. 1978 . Other new fossil finds . Sci. Aust. , 2 (3) : 37 50
   Google Scholar
• Mawson , D. 1937 . The most northerly occurrence of fossiliferous Cambrian strata yet recorded in South Australia . R. Soc. S. Aust., Trans. , 61 : 181 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Mawson , D. 1938 . Cambrian and Sub‐Cambrian formations at Parachilna Gorge . R. Soc. S. Aust., Trans. , 62 : 255 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Mawson , D. 1941 . The Wilpena Pound Formation and underlying Proterozoic sediments . R. Soc. S. Aust., Trans. , 65 : 295 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• McLean , J. H. 1979 . A new monoplacophoran limpet from the continental shelf off southern California . Contrib. Sci. Natur. Hist. Mas. Los Angeles County , 307 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• McLennan , S. M. 1980 . “ Timing and relationships among Precambrian crustal and atmospheric evolution and banded iron‐formations ” . In Biogeochemistry of ancient and modern environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , B. J. 73 – 82 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• McWhirter , N. , ed. 1979 . Guinness book of records , Enfield : Guinness Superlatives .
   Google Scholar
• Mill , P. J. 1972 . Respiration in the invertebrates , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. R. 1977 . Small species of Nuculidae (Bivalvia) from the tropical western Atlantic . Nautilus , 91 : 119 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , K. J. 1979 . Phosphatocopine ostracodes with preserved appendages from the Upper Cambrian of Sweden . Lethaia , 12 : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicol , D. 1966 . Cope's rule and Precambrian and Cambrian invetebrates . Paleontol. , 40 : 1397 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicol , D. 1977 . The number of living animal species likely to be fossilized . Florida Sci. , 40 : 135 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Nursall , J. R. 1959 . Oxygen as a prerequisite to the origin of the metazoa . Nature , 183 : 1170 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palij , V. M. 1974 . Pro znakhidku slidu zhittediyal’ nosti v Rifeys'kikh vidkladakh Ovruts'kogo Kryazhu. [On finding of the trace fossil in the Riphean deposits of the Ovruch Ridge.] . Akad. Nauk. Ukr. R.S.R. Dop. Geol. Geofiziki , 36 : 34 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Pocock , K. J. 1970 . The Emuellidae, a new family of trilobites from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia . Palaeontology , 13 : 522 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Pojeta , J. 1975 . Fordilla troyensis: Barrande and early pelecypod phylogeny . Bull. Am. Paleontol. , 67 : 363 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Pojeta , J. 1978 . The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods . R. Soc. Lond., Philos. Trans. Ser. B. , 284 : 225 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pojeta , J. and Runnegar , B. 1976 . The paleontology of rostroconch mollusks and the early history of the phylum Mollusca . U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. , 968 : 1 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Pregenzer , C. L. 1981 . The effect of Pinnotheres hickmani on the meat yield (condition) of Mytilus edulis measured several ways . Veliger , 23 : 250 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purchon , R. D. 1960 . A further note on the biology of Brechites penis (L.) (Lamellibranchia) . Proc. Malacol. Soc. London , 34 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Raff , R. A. and Raff , O. C. 1970 . Respiratory mechanisms and the metazoan fossil record . Nature , 228 : 1003 – 04 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambler , M. B. and Margulis , L. 1980 . Bacterial resistance to ultraviolet irradiation under anaerobiosis: implications for pre‐Phanerozoic evolution . Science , 210 : 638 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads , D. C. and Morse , J. W. 1971 . Evolutionary and ecologic significance of oxygen deficient marine basins . Lethaia , 4 : 413 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger , R. M. and Sterrer , W. 1975 . New spicular skeletons in Turbellaria and occurrence of spicules in marine meiofauna. Part 1. Sonder. Z . Zool. System. Evol. Forsch. , 13 : 207 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Rozanov , A. Yu. 1973 . Zakonomernosti morfologicheskoy evolyutsii arkheotsiat i voprosy yarsiogo raschlene‐niya nizhnego kembriya. [Regularities in the morphological evolution of irregular archaeocyathean and the problems of the Lower Cambrian stage division.] . Akad. Nauk SSSR, Geol. Inst. , 241 : 1 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. 1978 . Origin and evolution of the Class Rostroconchia . R. Soc. Lond., Philos. Trans., Ser. B , 284 : 319 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. 1981 . “ Biostratigraphy of Cambrian mollusks ” . In Short papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System , Open‐File Rep. 81–743 Edited by: Taylor , M. E. 198 – 202 . U.S. Geol. Surv. .
   Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. 1982a . Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dickinsonia and the evolution of the burrowing habit . Alcheringa , (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. 1982b . A molecular clock date for the origin of the animal phyla . Lethaia , 15 : 199 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. and Jell , P. A. 1976 . Australian Middle Cambrian molluscs and their bearing on early molluscan evolution . Alcheringa , 1 : 109 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnegar , B. and Pojeta , J. 1974 . Molluscan phylogeny: the paleontological viewpoint . Science , 186 : 311 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopf , J. W. 1978 . The evolution of the earliest cells . Sci. Amer. , 239 : 110 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopf , J. W. and Walter , M. R. . Archaean micro‐fossils and “microfossil‐like” objects—a critical appraisal . 2nd Int. Archaean Symp., Extended Abstr. . pp. 23 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1974 . Flysch trace fossils; evolution of behavioural diversity in the deep sea . Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol, Monatsh. , 4 : 233 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Sepkoski , J. J. 1978 . A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. I. Analysis of marine orders . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 4 : 223 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepkoski , J. J. 1979 . A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 5 : 222 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. C. and Baker , K. S. 1980 . Stratospheric ozone, middle ultraviolet radiation, and carbon‐14 measurements of marine productivity . Science , 208 : 592 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolov , B. S. 1976 . Metazoa Dokembriya i Vendo‐Kembriyskiy rubezh. [Precambrian metazoa and the Vendian‐Cambrian boundary.] . Paleont. Zh. 1976 , : 3 – 18 . (English trans., Paleontol. J. 1976 (1), 1–13)
   Google Scholar
• Squire , A. D. 1973 . Discovery of Late Precambrian trace fossils in Jersey, Channel Islands . Geol. Mag. , 110 : 223 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , S. M. 1973 . An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multi‐cellular life in the Late Precambrian . Natl Acad. Sci., U.S.A., Proc. , 70 : 1486 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , S. M. 1976a . Fossil data and the Precambrian‐Cambrian evolutionary transition . Am. J. Sci. , 276 : 56 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , S, M. 1976b . Ideas on the timing of metazoan diversification . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 2 : 209 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , G. H. 1980 . “ Past oxygen levels: some evidence from uranium deposits ” . In Biogeochemislry of ancient and modern environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , B. J. 65 – 71 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Towe , K. M. 1970 . Oxygen‐collagen priority and the early metazoan fossil record . Natl Acad. Sci., U.S.A., Proc. , 65 : 781 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towe , K. M. 1978 . Early Precambrian oxygen: a case against photosynthesis . Nature , 274 : 657 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towe , K. M. 1981 . “ Biochemical keys to the emergence of complex life ” . In Life in the Universe , Edited by: Billingham , J. 297 – 306 . Cambrige, Mass. : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Valentine , J. W. 1980 . Determinants of diversity in higher taxonomic categories . Paleobiology (Paleontol. Soc.) , 6 : 444 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Valen , L. 1971 . The history and stability of atmospheric oxygen . Science , 171 : 439 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeh , H. H. , Burnett , W. C. and Soutar , A. 1973 . Contemporary phosphorites on the continental margin of Peru . Science , 181 : 844 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade , M. 1969 . Medusae from uppermost Precambrian or Cambrian sandstones, central Australia . Palaeontology , 12 : 351 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Wade , M. 1970 . The stratigraphic distribution of the Ediacara fauna in Australia . R. Soc. S. Aust., Trans. , 94 : 87 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Wade , M. 1972 . Dickinsonia: polychaete worms from the Late Precambrian Ediacara fauna, South Australia . Queensl. Mus., Mem. , 16 : 171 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , M. R. 1972 . Technically deformed sand volcanoes in a Precambrian greywacke, Northern Territory of Australia . Geol. Soc. Aust., J. , 18 : 395 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , M. R. , Oehler , J. H. and Oehler , D. Z. 1976 . Megascopic algae 1300 million years old from the Belt Supergroup, Montana: a reinterpretation of Walcott's . Helminthoidichnites. J. Paleontol. , 50 : 872 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuelun , Wang , Yusheng , Xing , Weixing , Lin , Luyi , Zhang , Zoncbin , Lu , Zhenjia , Gao , Guogan , Ma and Songnian , Lu . 1980 . Subdivision and correlation of the Upper Precambrian in China. Research on Precambrian Geology—Sinian Suberathem in China , 29 – 30 . Tianjin : Tianjin Science and Technology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webby , B. D. 1970 . Late Precambrian trace fossils from New South Wales . Lethaia , 3 : 79 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webby , B. D. 1973 . Trace fossils from the Lintiss Vale Formation of New South Wales: a late Precambrian fauna . Search , 4 : 494 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. E. 1978 . “ Respiration ” . In Phvsiology of annelids , Edited by: Mill , P. J. 369 – 92 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , R. M. G. 1980 . Invertebrate respiration . Stud. Biol. , 127
   Google Scholar
• Whittington , H. B. 1979 . “ Early arthropods, their appendages and relationships ” . In The origin of major invertebrate groups. The Sys‐tematics Association Special Volume No. 12 , Edited by: House , M. R. 253 – 68 . London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Whittington , H. B. 1980 . The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia . Geol. Assoc. (Land.), Proc. , 91 : 127 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Wigley , T. M. L. and Brimblecombe , P. 1981 . Carbon dioxide, ammonia and the origin of life . Nature , 291 : 213 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , A. D. 1979 . “ Brachiopod radiation ” . In The origin of major invertebrate groups. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 12 , Edited by: House , M. R. 235 – 52 . London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yonge , C. M. 1977 . Form and evolution in the Anomiacea (Mollusca:Bivalvia) — Pododesmus, Anomia, Patro, Enigmonia (Anomiidae): Placuna‐nomia, Placuna (Placunidae Fam. Nov.) . R. Soc. Lond., Philos. Trans., Ser. B , 276 : 453 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , F. G. 1972 . Early Cambrian and older trace fossils from the Southern Cordillera of Canada . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 9 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentang , Zhang , Yanhao , Lu , Zhaoling , Zhu , Yiyuan , Qian , Huanling , Lin , Zhiyi , Zhou , Sengui , Zhang and Jinliang , Yuan . 1980 . Cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern China . Palaeont. Sin. , 159 : 407 – 497 . (series B)
   Google Scholar
• Zhuravleva , I. T. 1970 . Marine faunas and Lower Cambrian stratigraphy . Am. J. Sci. , 269 : 417 – 45 .
   Google Scholar