Dinoflagellates, fossil and modern: certain unresolved problems

References

• Anderson , D. M and Kaefer , B. A . 1987 . An endogenous annual clock in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis . Nature , 325 : 616 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. M and Wall , D . 1978 . Potential importance of benthic cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis and G. excavata in initiating toxic dinoflagellate blooms . Journal of Phycology , 14 : 224 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachon , J and Cachon , M . 1987 . “ Parasitic dinoflagellates ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 571 – 610 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Caprìulo , G. M and Carpentier , E. J . 1980 . Grazing by 35 to 202 µm microzooplankton in Long Island Sound . Marine Biology, Berlin , 56 : 319 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. V , Livingstone , D and Dodge , J. D . 1981 . An electron microscope study of the excystment and early development of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella . British Phycological Journal , 16 : 183 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , D. M and Sarjeant , W. A. S . 1962 . Fossil dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres in Australian freshwater deposits . Nature , 194 : 1094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corliss , J. O . 1984 . The Kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla . BioSystems , 17 : 87 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale , B. 1976 . Cyst formation, sedimentation, and preservation: factors affecting dinoflagellate assemblages in sediments from Trondheimsfjord, Norway . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 22 : 39 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale , B . 1978 . Acritarchous cysts of Peridinium faeroense Paulsen: implications for dinoflagellate systematics . Palynology , 2 : 187 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Dale , B . 1983 . “ Dinoflagellate resting cysts: “benthic plankton.” . In Survival strategies of the algae , Edited by: Fryxell , G. A. 69 – 136 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dodge , J. D . 1964 . Nuclear division in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis . Journal of General Microbiology , 36 : 269 – 276 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodge , J. D . 1994 . Biogeography of marine armoured dinoflagellates and dinocysts in the NE Atlantic and North Sea . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 84 : 169 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge , J. D and Crawford , R. M. 1970 . A survey of thecal fine structure in the Dinophyceae . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 63 : 53 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodge , J. D and Harland , R . 1991 . The distribution of planktonic dinoflagellates and their cysts in the eastern and northeastern Atlantic Ocean . New Phytologist , 118 : 593 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge , J. D and Lewis , J . 1986 . A further SEM study of armoured sand-dwelling dinoflagellates . Protistologica , 22 : 221 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Downie , C. and Sarjeant , W. A. S . 1966 . “ The morphology, terminology and classi-fication of fossil dinoflagellate cysts ” . In Studies on Mesozoic and Cainozoic dinoflagellate cysts , Edited by: Davey , R. J. , Downie , C , Sarjeant , W. A. S. and Williams , G. L. 10 – 17 . London : Bulletin Supplement British Museum (Natural History) Geology .
   Google Scholar
• Downie , C , Williams , G. L and Sarjeant , W. A. S . 1961 . Classification of fossil microplankton . Nature , 192 : 471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie , S. D , Allmon , W. D , Rich , R. J. , Wrenn , J. H. and de France , S. D . 1996 . Integrated taphonomy of an avian death assemblage in marine sediments from the late Pliocene of Florida . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 124 : 107 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evitt , W. R . 1961 . Observations on the morphology of fossil dinoflagellates . Micropaleontology , 7 : 385 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Evitt , W. R , Gocht , H and Netzel , H . 1985 . Gonyaulax cysts from Lake Zürich sediments . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 45 : 35 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evitt , W. R and Wall , D . 1968 . Dinoflagellate studies IV. Theca and cyst of Recent freshwater Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemmermann . Stanford University Publications, Geological Sciences , 12 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Fensome , R. A Skog , J. 1994 . A new and invigorating liberal spirit permeates botanical nomenclature: Is anarchy waiting in the wings? Palynos 17 9 10 [ Republ. I.O.P. Newsletter 53: 7–8 .].
   Google Scholar
• Fensome , R. A Skog , J. 1994 . A “Bio Code” by 2000 Palynos 18 [ Republ. I.O.P. Newsletter 56: 5–6 .].
   Google Scholar
• Fensome , R. A . Taylor , F. J. R ., Norris , G ., Sarjeant , W. A. S Wharton , D. I Williams , G. L 1993 . A Classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates . Micropaleontology, Special Publication No 7 . 351 pp
   Google Scholar
• Fjellså , A and Nordberg , K . 1996 . Toxic dinoflagellate “blooms” in the Kattegat, North Sea, during the Holocene . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 124 : 87 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks , P. J. S and Anderson , D. M . 1992a . Alongshore transport of a toxic phytoplankton bloom in a buoyancy current: Alexandrium tamarense in the Gulf of Maine . Marine Biology , 112 : 153 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks , P. J. S and Anderson , D. M . 1992b . Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the southwestern Gulf of Maine: Testing hypotheses of physical control using historical data . Marine Biology , 112 : 165 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaines , G and Taylor , F. J. R . 1984 . Extracellular digestion in marine dinoflagellates . Journal of Plankton Research , 6 : 1057 – 1061 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrath , J. F and Nicholls , K. H . 1974 . A red snow in Ontario caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium pascheri . Canadian Journal of Botany , 52 : 683 – 685 .
   Google Scholar
• Gifford , D. J , Bohrer , R. N and Boyd , C. M . 1981 . Spines on diatoms: do copepods care? . Limnology and Oceanography , 26 : 1057 – 1061 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greuter , W Barrie , F. R. Burdet , H. M. Chaloner , W. G. Demoulin , V. Hawksworth , DL. Jørgensen , PM. Nicolson , DH. Silva , P. C. Trehane , P. McNeill , Jeds 1994 . International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Adopted by the 15th International Botanical Congress, Yokohama, 1993 . “Regnum Vegetabile” series 131 . Koeltz Scientific , Königstein, Germany .
   Google Scholar
• Hallegraeff , G. M. 1993 . A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase . Phycologia , 32 : 79 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding , I. C and Lewis , J. 1994 . Siliceous dinoflagellate thecal fossils from the Eocene of Barbados . Palaeontology , 37 : 825 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland , R. 1988 . Dinoflagellates, their cysts and Quaternary stratigraphy . New Phytologist , 108 : 11 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland , R. and Sarjeant , W. A. S. 1970 . Fossil freshwater microplankton (dinoflagellates and acritarchs) from Flandrian (Holocene) sediments of Victoria and Western Australia . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria , 83 : 211 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , G. and Nipkow , F . 1922 . Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung von Ceratium hirundinella O.F.M . Zeitschrift für Botanik , 14 : 337 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , G and Nipkow , F. 1923 . Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Entwicklung und Formbildung von Ceratium hirundinella . Flora, oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung , 116 : 114 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Judge , B. S. , Scholin , C. A. and Anderson , D. M. 1993 . RFLP analysis of a fragment of the large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene of globally distributed populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium . Biological Bulletin , 185 : 329 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keafer , B. A. , Buesseler , K. O. and Anderson , D. M. 1992 . Burial of living dinoflagellate cysts in estuarine and nearshore sediments . Marine Micropaleontology , 20 : 147 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly J. M. 1993 . Ballast water and sediments as mechanisms for unwanted species introductions into Washington State . In: Proceedings of the Special Symposium: Harmful phytoplankton and shellfish interactions Shumway S. E. 405 410 Journal of Shellfish Research 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Kokinos , J. P. and Anderson , D. M. 1992 . Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of Lingulodinium polyedra (=L.machaerophorum) [Abstract] . Palynology , 16 : 224
   Google Scholar
• Levandowsky , M. and Kaneta , P. 1987 . “ Behaviour in dinoflagellates ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , J. R. 360 – 398 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Margulis L. Schwartz K. V. 1982 . Five Kingdoms . An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth . Freeman , San Francisco .
   Google Scholar
• Morrill , L. C. and Loeblich , A. R. III . 1983 . Ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate amphiesma . International Review of Cytology , 82 : 151 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudie , P. J. and Harland , R. 1996 . “ Aquatic Quaternary ” . In Palynology: Principles and applications. Vol. 2, Applications , Edited by: Jansonius , J. and McGregor , D. C. 843 – 877 . Denver, CO : American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Netzel , H. and Dürr , G. 1984 . “ Dinoflagellate cell cortex ” . In Dinoflagellates , Edited by: Spector , D. L. 43 – 105 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noë-Nygaard , N. , Surlyk , F. and Piasecki , S. 1987 . Bivalve mass mortality caused by toxic dinoflagellate blooms in a Berriasian-Valanginian lagoon, Bornholm, Denmark . Palaios , 2 : 263 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfiester , L. A. and Anderson , D. M. 1987 . “ Dinoflagellate reproduc-tion ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 611 – 648 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Pickett-Heaps , J. D. , Tippit , D. H. and Andreozzi , J. A . 1979 . Cell division in the pennate diatom Pinnularia. IV. Valve morpho-genesis . Bilogie Cellulaire , 35 : 199 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollingher , U. 1978 . “ Peridinium cinctum fa. westii (Lemm.) Lef. Life cycle ” . In Lake Kinneret , Edited by: Serruya , C. 271 – 274 . The Hague : Junk .
   Google Scholar
• Pollingher , U. 1987 . “ Ecology of dinoflagellates. A. Freshwater ecosystems ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 502 – 529 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ride W. D. L. Sabrosky C. W. Bernardi G. Melville , R. V. , 1985 . International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 3rd edition adopted by the General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences . International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature & British Museum (Natural History) , London .
   Google Scholar
• Rines J. E. Rines J.E., Rines B. Hargraves P. E. 1988 . The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) flora of Narragansett Bay,. Rhode Island, U.S.A . – Bibliotheca Phycologica 79 . Cramer , Berlin .
   Google Scholar
• Sarjeant , W. A. S. , Lacalli , T. and Gaines , G. 1987 . The cysts and skeletal elements of dinoflagellates: speculations on the ecological causes for their morphology and development . Micropaleontology 33 , 1 : 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , R. D. and Dodge , J. D. 1984 . An SEM study and taxonomic revision of some armoured sand-dwelling marine dinoflagellates . Protistologica , 20 : 271 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Scarratt A. M. Scarratt D. J. Scarratt M. G. 1993 . Survival of live Alexandrium tamarense cells in mussel and scallop spat under simulated transfer conditions . – In: Proceedings of the Special Symposium: Harmful phytoplankton and shellfish interactions (ed . S. E. Shumway ), 383 388 Journal of Shellfish 12.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , J. 1954 . Über winterliche pflanzliche Bewohner des Wassers, Eises und des daraufliegenden Schneebreies . Österreichisches Botanische Zeitung , 101 : 236 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , A. M. and Volcani , B. E. 1983 . Wall morphogenesis in Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran and Angst. I. Valve morphology and developments of its architecture . Journal of Phycology , 19 : 387 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholin C. A. Anderson D. M. 1996 . Identification of Alexandrium species and strains using RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified LSU r DNA . – In: Harmful and toxic algal blooms T. Yasumoto Oshima Fukuyo Y. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry Tohoku University Sendai Japan .
   Google Scholar
• Scholin , C. A. , Hallegraeff , G. M. and Anderson , D. M. 1995 . Molecular evolution of the Alexandrium tamarense ‘species complex’ (Dinophyceae): Dispersal in the North American and West Pacific regions . Phycologia , 34 : 472 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholin , C. A. , Herzog , M. , Sogin , M. and Anderson , D. M. 1994 . Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene . Journal of Phycology , 30 : 999 – 1011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seliger , H. H. , Carpenter , J. H. , Loftus , M. and McElroy , W. D. 1969 . Mechanisms for the accumulation of high concentrations of dinoflagellates in a bioluminescent bay . Limnology & Oceanography , 15 : 234 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stancliffe , R. P. W. and Sarjeant , W. A. S. 1994 . The acritarch genus Veryhachium Deunff 1954 emend. Sarjeant and Stancliffe 1994; a taxonomic restudy and a reassessment of it constituent species . Micropaleontology , 40 : 223 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subba Rao , D. V. , Sprules , W. G. , Locke , H and Carlton , J. T . 1994 . Exotic phytoplankton from ship’s ballast waters: risk of potential spread to mariculture sites on Canada’s east coast . Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 937 ( I–IV ) : 1 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. 1968 . Parasitism of the toxin-producing Gonyaulax catenella by the endoparasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophyra ceratii . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board, Canada , 23 : 2241 – 2245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. 1987a . “ Ecology of dinoflagellates. A. General and marine ecosystems ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 399 – 502 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. 1987b . “ Taxonomy and classification ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 723 – 731 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. 1990 . “ Phylum Dinoflagellata ” . In Handbook of Protoctista , Edited by: Margulis , L. , Corliss , J. O. , Melkonian , M. , Chapman , D. J. and McKhann , H. I . 419 – 437 . Boston, MA : Jones & Bartlett .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. and Cattell , S. A. 1969 . Dicroerisma psilonereiella gen. et sp. n., a new dinoflagellate frrom British Columbia coastal waters . Protistologica , 5 : 169 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. and Gaines , G. 1989 . “ Dinoflagellate cyst morphology: an analysis based on laboratory observations of encystment ” . In Red Tides. Biology, environmental science and toxicology , Edited by: Okaichi , T. , Anderson , D. M. and Nemoto , T. 295 – 296 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. , Sarjeant , W. A. S. , Fensome , R. A. and Williams , G. L. 1986 . Proposals to standardize the nomenclature in flagellate groups currently treated by both the Botanical and Zoological Codes of Nomenclature . Taxon , 35 : 890 – 896 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. J. R. , Sarjeant , W. A. S. , Fensome , R. A. and Williams , G. L. 1987 . Standardisation of nomenclature in flagellate groups treated by both the Botanical and Zoological Codes of Nomenclature . Taxon , 36 : 79 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Trench , R. K. 1987 . “ Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbioses ” . In The biology of dinoflagellates , Edited by: Taylor , F. J. R. 530 – 570 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , M. A. and Seliger , H. H. 1978 . Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area; water circulation patterns and organism distribution in the Chesapeake Bay . Limnology & Oceanography , 23 : 227 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall , D. 1971 . Biological problems concerning fossilizable dinoflagellates . Geoscience and Man , 3 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wall , D. , Dale , B. , Lohmann , G. P. and Smith , W. K . 1977 . The environmental and climatic distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in modern marine sediments from regions in the North and South Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas . Marine Micropaleontology , 2 : 121 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall , D. and Evitt , W. R. 1975 . A comparison of the modern genus Ceratium Schrank 1793, with certain Cretaceous marine dinoflagellates . Micropaleontology , 21 : 14 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Wall , D. , Guillard , R. R. L. and Dale , B. 1967 . Marine dinoflagellate cultures from resting spores . Phycologia , 6 : 83 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Wetherbee , R. 1975 . The fine structure of Ceratium tripos, a marine armored dinoflagellate. I. The cell covering . Journal of Ultrastructural Research , 50 : 58 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar