From the Libyan border to the Nile – Neoproterozoic magmatism and basement evolution of southern Egypt

References

• Abdelsalam, M.G., Gao, S.S., and Liégeois, J.P., 2011, Upper mantle structure of the Saharan Metacraton: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 60, p. 328–336. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelsalam, M.G., Liégeois, J.P., and Stern, R.J., 2002, The Saharan Metacraton: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 119–136. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00013-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, K.A., Stern, R.J., Manton, W.I., Kimura, J-I., and Khamees, H.A., 2009. Geochemistry, nd isotopes and u-pb shrimp dating of neoproterozoic volcanic rocks from the central eastern desert of egypt: new insights into the ~ 750 ma crust-forming event. Precambrian Research 171, 1-22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, K.A., Andresen, A., Stern, R.J., Manton, W.I., Omar, S.A., and Maurice, A.E., 2012a. U-pb zircon and sr-nd-hf isotopic evidence for a juvenile origin of the c 634 ma el-shalul granite, central eastern desert, egypt. Geological Magazine 149, 783-797.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, K.A., Moghazi, A.M., Maurice, A.E., Omar, S.A., Wang, Q., Wilde, S.A., Moussa, E.M., Manton, W.I., and Stern, R.J., 2012b. Composition, age, and origin of the ~620 ma humr akarim and humrat mukbid a-type granites: no evidence for pre-neoproterozoic basement in the eastern desert, egypt. International Journal Of Earth Sciences 101, 1705-1722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, K.A., Jeon, H., Andresen, A., Li, S-Q., Harbi, H.M., and Hegner, E., 2014. U–pb zircon geochronology and nd–hf–o isotopic systematics of the neoproterozoic hadb adh dayheen ring complex, central arabian shield, saudi arabia. Lithos 206-207, 348-360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, K.A., Krӧner, A., Hegner, E., Wong, J., Li, S-Q., Gahlan, H.A., and Ela, Abu El, A.A., 2015. U-pb zircon geochronology and hf-nd isotopic systematics of wadi beitan granitoid gneisses, south eastern desert, egypt. Gondwana Research 27, 811-824. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzaz, S.A., Soliman, M.M., Sabet, A.H., El-Tokhy, M., and Elbaroudy, A.F., 1994, Pan African basement of Bir Safsaf Area East Sahara African craton: Qatar University Science Journal, v. l 14, p. 172–183.
   Google Scholar
• Barbarin, B., 1990, Granitoids: Main petrogenetic classifications in relation to origin and tectonic setting: Geological Journa, v. 25, p. 227–238. doi:10.1002/gj.3350250306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbarin, B., 1996, Genesis of the two main types of peraluminous granitoids: Geology, v. 24, p. 295–298. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0295:GOTTMT>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bea, F., Montero, P., Anbar, M.A., Molina, J.F., and Scarrow, J.H., 2011a, The Bir Safsaf Precambrian inlier of South West Egypt revisited, A model for ~1.5Ga TDM late Pan-African granite generation by crustal reworking: Lithos, v. 125, p. 897–914. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bea, F., Montero, P., Anbar, M.A., and Talavera, C., 2011b, SHRIMP dating and Nd isotope geology of the Archean terranes of the Uweinat-Kamil inlier, Egypt–Sudan–Libya: Precambrian Research, v. 189, p. 328–346. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.07.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Be'eri-Shlevin, Y., Katzir, Y., Blichert-Toft, J., Kleinhanns, I.C., Whitehouse, M., 2010. Nd-sr-hf-o isotope provinciality in northernmost arabian-nubian shield: implication for crustal evolution. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 181–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L., O’Reilly, S.Y., and Fisher, N.I., 2002, Igneous zircon: Trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 143, p. 602–622. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0364-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernau, R., Darbyshire, D., Franz, G., Harms, U., Huth, A., Mansour, N., Pasteels, P., and Schandelmeier, H., 1987, Petrology, geochemistry and structural development of the Bir Safsaf-Aswan uplift, Southern Egypt: Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), v. 6, p. 79–90. doi:10.1016/0899-5362(87)90109-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyth, M., and Heimann, A., 1999, The youngest igneous event in the crystalline basement of the Arabian–Nubian shield: Timna igneous complex: Israel Journal of Earth-Science, v. 48, p. 113–120.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R., and Liegeois, J.P., 1993, Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: The Pan-African testimony: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 150, p. 89–98. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.1.0088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonin, B., Frost, C. D., and Ramo, O. T., and Dall'Agnol, R., 2007, A-type granites and related rocks; evolution of a concept, problems and prospects: Lithos, v. 97, p. 1-29.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell, B., and White, A., 1992, I-and S-type granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, v. 83, p. 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O., and Kinny, P., 2003, Atlas of zircon textures, in Hanchar, J.M., and Hoskin, P.W.O., eds., Zircon: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Washington, DC, v.53, p. 469–500.
   Google Scholar
• Defant, M.J., and Drummond, M.S., 1990, Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere: Nature, v. 347, p. 662–665. doi:10.1038/347662a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaolo, D.J., 1981, Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and crust mantle evolution in the Proterozoic: Nature, v. 291, p. 193–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, G.N., 1990, The A-type granitoids: A review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations on their petrogenesis: Lithos, v. 26, p. 115–134. doi:10.1016/0024-4937(90)90043-Z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, G.N., 1992, Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: Petrogeneticand tectonic implications: Geology, v. 20, p. 641–644. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0641:CSOTAT>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evuk, D., Franz, G., Frei, D., and Lucassen, F., 2014, The Neoproterozoic evolution of the central-eastern Bayuda Desert (Sudan): Precambrian Research, v. 240, p. 108–125. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal, M., Litvinovsky, B., Jahn, B.M., Zanvilevich, A., and Katzir, Y., 2010, Origin and evolution of post-collisional magmatism: coeval neoproterozoic calc-alkaline and alkaline suites of the sinai peninsula: chemical geology, v. 269, p. 153-179.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, S.L., O’Nions, R.K., and Hamilton, P.J., 1984, A Sm-Nd isotopic study of atmospheric dusts and particulates from major river systems: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 70, p. 221–236. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(84)90007-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargrove, U.S., Stern, R.J., Kimura, J.I., Manton, W.I., and Johnson, P.R., 2006. How juvenile is the arabian-nubian shield? evidence from nd isotopes and pre-neoproterozoic inherited zircon in the bi'r umq suture zone, saudi arabia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 252, 308-326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, U., Schandelmeier, H., and Darbyshire, D.P.F., 1990, Pan-African reworked early/middle Proterozoic crust in NE Africa west of the Nile: Sr and Nd isotope evidence: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 147, p. 859–872. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.147.5.0859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, N.B.W., Pearce, J.A., and Tindle, A.G., 1986, Geochemical characteristics of collision-zone magmatism, in Coward, M.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Collision tectonics, Volume 19, Geological Society Special Publications, p. 67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, N.B.W., and Gass, I.G., 1981, Significance of contrasting magmatism in North East Africa and Saudi Arabia: Nature, v. 289, p. 394–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., 1988, Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of central Chile: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, p. 455–489. doi:10.1007/BF00372365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P.R., Andresen, A., Collins, A.S., Fowler, A.R., Fritz, H., Ghebreab, W., Kusky, T., and Stern, R.J., 2011, Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran history of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: A review of depositional, plutonic, structural, and tectonic events in the closing stages of the northern East African Orogen: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 61, p. 167–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar, S., and Schenk, V., 2015a, Neoarchean UHT metamorphism and paleoproterozoic UHT reworking at Uweinat in the East Sahara Ghost Craton, SW Egypt: Evidence from petrology and texturally controlled in situ monazite dating: Journal of Petrology, v. 56, p. 1703–1742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar, S., and Schenk, V., 2015b, Neoproterozoic metamorphic events along the eastern margin of the East Sahara Ghost Craton at Sabaloka and Bayuda, Sudan: Petrology and texturally controlled in-situ monazite dating: Precambrian Research, v. 269, p. 217–241. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.08.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerkx, J., 1980, Age and metamorphic evolution of the basement complex around Jabal al Awaynat, in Salem, M.J., and Busrewil, M.T., eds., The Geology of Libya, Volume III: London, Academic Press, p. 901–906.
   Google Scholar
• Küster, D., Liégeois, J.-P., Matukov, D., Sergeev, S., and Lucassen, F., 2008, Zircon geochronology and Sr, Nd, Pb isotope geochemistry of granitoids from Bayuda Desert and Sabaloka (Sudan): Evidence for a Bayudian event (920–900Ma) preceding the Pan-African orogenic cycle (860–590Ma) at the eastern boundary of the Saharan Metacrato: Precambrian Research, v. 164, p. 16–39. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liégeois, J.-P., Abdelsalam, M.G., Ennih, N., and Ouabadi, A., 2013, Metacraton: Nature: Genesis and behavior: Gondwana Research, v. 23, p. 220–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, H., 1986, Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction-zone magmas: Geology, v. 14, p. 753–756. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<753:EOSAGG>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, H., 1987, Petrogenesis of Archaean Trondhjemites, Tonalites, and Granodiorites from Eastern Finland: major and trace element geochemistry: Journal of Petrology, v. 28, p. 921–953. doi:10.1093/petrology/28.5.921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, H., 1999, Adakitic magmas: Modern analogues of Archaean granitoids: Lithos, v. 46, p. 411–429. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00076-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J.A., 1996, Sources and settings of granitic rocks: Episodes, 19, p. 120–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983. doi:10.1093/petrology/25.4.956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudlo, D., and Franz, G., 1994, Dike rock generation and magma interactions in the Bir Safsaf igneous complex, south-west Egypt: Implications for the Pan-African evolution in north-east Africa: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, p. 523–536. doi:10.1007/BF01083225.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, F.A., Bonin, B., Pease, V., and Anderson, J.L., 2017, A discussion on the tectonic implications of Ediacaran late-to post-orogenic A-type granite in the northeastern Arabian shield: Saudi Arabia: Tectonics, v. 36, p. 582–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, F.A., Foden, J.D., and Collins, A.S., 2015, Geochemical and isotopic constraints on island arc, Synorogenic, Post-orogenic and Anorogenic Granitoids in The Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia: Lithos, v. 220-223, p. 97-115.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, F.A., Foden, J.D., Collins, A.S., and Payne, J.L., 2014, Arabian Shield magmatic cycles and their relationship with Gondwana assembly: Insights from zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopes: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 408, p. 207–225. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schandelmeier, H., Darbyshire, D.P.F., Harms, U., and Richter, A., 1987a, The east Saharan craton: Evidence for pre-Pan-African crust in NE Africa west of the Nile, in El-Gaby, S., and Greiling, R.O., eds., The Pan-African belt of northeast Africa and adjacent areas: Braunshweig/ Wiesbaden, Friedr. Viewg & Sohn, 69–94.
   Google Scholar
• Schandelmeier, H., Richter, A., and Harms, U., 1987b, Proterozoic deformation of the East Saharan Craton in Southeast Libya: South Egypt and North Sudan: Tectonophysics, v. 140, p. 233–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiano, P., Monzier, M., Eissen, J. P., Martin, H., and Koga, K. T., 2010. Simple mixing as the major control of the evolution of volcanic suites in the ecuadorian andes, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: v. 160, p. 297-312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, C.K., Morteani, G., and Satir, M., 2012, Archaean zircon U-Pb age paradox in juvenile Neoproterozoic granitoids, central North Sudan, Saharan Metacraton: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 97–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, C.K., Morteani, G., Satir, M., and Taubald, H., 2010a, Neoproterozoic continental growth prior to Gondwana assembly: Constraints from zircon–Titanite geochronology, geochemistry and petrography of ring complex granitoids, Sudan: Lithos, v. 118, p. 61–81. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.03.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siivola, J., and Schmid, R., 2007, List of mineral abbreviations: IUGS subcommission on the systematics of metamorphic rocks: Web Version, 0102.07, p. 14 p.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, R.J., 2002, Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: A neodymium isotopic perspective: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 109–117. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00012-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, R.J., Kröner, A., Bender, R., Reischmann, T., and Dawoud, A.S., 1994, Precambrian basement around Wadi Haifa, Sudan: A new perspective on the evolution of the East Saharan Craton: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, p. 564–577. doi:10.1007/BF01083228.
   Google Scholar
• Stoeser, D., and Frost, C., 2006, Nd, Pb, Sr, and O Isotopic Characterization Of Saudi Arabian Shield Terranes: Chemical Geology, v. 226, p. 163-188.
   Google Scholar
• Streckeisen, A., 1976, To each plutonic rock its proper name: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 12, p. 1–33. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(76)90052-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan, M., Bickford, M.E., Kaliouby, B.E., and Arvidson, R.E., 1992, Common Pb systematics of Precambrian granitic rocks of the Nubian Shield (Egypt) and tectonic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 456–470. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0456:CPSOPG>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan, M., Chamberlain, K.R., Bowring, S.A., Arvidson, R.E., Abuzied, H., and El Kaliouby, B., 1990, Geochronologic and isotopic evidence for involvement of pre-Pan-African crust in the Nubian shield: Egypt: Geology, v. 18, p. 761–764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan, M., Tucker, R.D., Alfy, Z.E., Attia, R., and Ragab, A.G., 1994, U-Pb (zircon) ages for the gneissic terrane west of the Nile: southern Egypt: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, p. 514–522.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Volume 42, Geological Society, Special Publication, p. 313–345.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester, P.J., 1998, Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites: Lithos, v. 45, p. 29–44. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00024-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W.H., Siebel, W., Satir, M., and Dokuz, A., 2005, Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: The Eocene Saraycik granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 150, p. 441–455. doi:10.1007/s00410-005-0022-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M., 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types: Earth & Planetary Science Letters, v. 64, p. 295–304. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W., 1987, A-type granites: Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, p. 407–419. doi:10.1007/BF00402202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Pease, V., Whitehouse, J.M., El-Sankary, M.M., and Shalaby, H.M., 2018, Pre-Neoproterozoic basement evolution of southwestern Egypt: International Geology Review, p. 1–18. doi:10.1080/00206814.2018.1552842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar