Miocene anatexis, cooling and exhumation in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal

References

• Aleinikoff, J.N., Schenck, W.S., Plank, M.O., Srogi, L., Fanning, C.M., Kamo, S.L., and Bosbyshell, H. 2006; Deciphering igneous and metamorphic events in high-grade rocks of the Wilmington Complex, Delaware: Morphology, cathodoluminescence and backscattered electron zoning, and SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118(1–2);39–64. 10.1130/B25659.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annen, C., Scaillet, B., and Sparks, R.S.J. 2006; Thermal Constraints on the Emplacement Rate of a Large Intrusive Complex: The Manaslu Leucogranite, Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Petrology. 47. 71–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arita, K. 1983; Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the lower Himalayas, central Nepal. Tectonophysics. 95(1–2);43–60. 10.1016/0040-1951(83)90258-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., and Medvedev, S. 2004; Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109(B6): 10.1029/2003jb002809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bons, P.D., Druguet, E., Hamann, I., Carreras, J., and Passchier, C.W. 2004; Apparent boudinage in dykes. Journal of Structural Geology. 26(4);625–636. 10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordet, P. 1961; Recherches Géologiques dan l’Himalaya du Népal, Région du Makalu. Paris: C.N.R.S. 275 p.
   Google Scholar
• Brandon, M.T., Roden-Tice, M.K., and Garver, J.I. 1998; Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington State. GSA Bulletin. 110(8);985–1009. 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0985:LCEOTC>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubacher, A.D., Larson, K.P., Cottle, J.M., Matthews, W., and Camacho, A. 2020;Progressive development of E-W extension across the Tibetan plateau: A case study of the Thakkhola graben, west-central Nepal. International Geology Review. 1–20. 10.1080/00206814.2020.1808860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunel, M., and Kienast, J.-R. 1986; Étude pétro-structurale des chevauchements ductiles himalayens sur la transversale de l’Everest–Makalu (Népal oriental). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 23(8);1117–1137. 10.1139/e86-111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carosi, R., Lombardo, B., Musumeci, G., and Pertusati, P.C. 1999a; Geology of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Khumbu Himal (Eastern Nepal). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 17(5–6);785–803. 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00014-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Rubatto, D., and Visonà, D. 2013; Leucogranite intruding the South Tibetan Detachment in western Nepal: Implications for exhumation models in the Himalayas. Terra Nova. 25(6);478–489. 10.1111/ter.12062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carosi, R., Musumeci, G., and Pertusati, P.C. 1999b. Extensional tectonics in the higher Himalayan crystallines of Khumbu Himal, eastern Nepal, in Macfarlane, A., Sorkhabi, R. B., and Quade, J. eds., Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops, Geological Society of America Special Paper 328. 211-224.
   Google Scholar
• Catlos, E.J., Harrison, T.M., Manning, C.E., Grove, M., Rai, S.M., Hubbard, M., and Upreti, B.N. 2002; Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in situ Th-Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: Eastern Nepal and western Garhwal. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 20(5):459–479.10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00039-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, P., Parrish, R.R., and Harrison, T.M. 1988; Identification of inherited radiogenic Pb in monazite and its implications for U–Pb systematic. Nature. 333(6175);760. 10.1038/333760a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corthouts, T.L., Lageson, D.R., and Shaw, C.A. 2016; Polyphase deformation, dynamic metamorphism, and metasomatism of Mount Everest’s summit limestone, east central Himalaya, Nepal/Tibet. Lithosphere. 8(1);38–57. 10.1130/L473.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle, J.M., Jessup, M.J., Newell, D.L., Searle, M.P., Law, R.D., and Horstwood, M.S.A. 2007; Structural insights into the early stages of exhumation along an orogen-scale detachment: The South Tibetan Detachment System, Dzakaa Chu section, Eastern Himalaya. Journal of Structural Geology. 29(11);1781–1797. 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle, J.M., Larson, K.P., and Yakymchuk, C. 2018;Contrasting accessory mineral behavior in minimum-temperature melts: Empirical constraints from the Himalayan metamorphic core. Lithos. 312–313. 57–71. 10.1016/j.lithos.2018.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle, J.M., Lederer, G., and Larson, K.P. 2019;The monazite record of pluton assembly: Mapping manaslu using petrochronology. Chemical Geology. 530. 119309. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle, J.M., Searle, M.P., Horstwood, M.S.A., and Waters, D.J. 2009; Timing of midcrustal metamorphism, melting, and deformation in the Mount Everest region of southern Tibet revealed by U(-Th)-Pb geochronology. The Journal of Geology. 117(6);643–664. 10.1086/605994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle, J.M., Searle, M.P., Jessup, M.J., Crowley, J.L., and Law, R.D. 2015;Rongbuk re-visited: Geochronology of leucogranites in the footwall of the South Tibetan Detachment System, Everest Region, Southern Tibet. Lithos. 227. 94–106. 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D., and Pankhurst, R.J. 1979; The interpretation of igneous rocks. Cox, K.G. Ed. London, England: Chapman and Hall. 450.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson, M. 1973; Closure temperature in cooling geochronological and petrological systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 40(3);259–274. 10.1007/BF00373790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck, B., Waters, D.J., St‐Onge, M.R., and Searle, M.P. 2020; Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms, microstructures, and implications for anatexis. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 38(1);29–52. 10.1111/jmg.12511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faisal, S., Larson, K.P., King, J., and Cottle, J.M. 2016;Rifting, subduction and collisional records from pluton petrogenesis and geochronology in the Hindu Kush, NW Pakistan. Gondwana Research. 35. 286–304. 10.1016/j.gr.2015.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley, K.A. 2002; (U-Th)/He dating: Techniques, calibrations, and applications. Noble Gases In Geochemistry And Cosmochemistry. 47. 819–844.
   Google Scholar
• Farley, K.A., Wolf, R.A., and Silver, L.T. 1996; The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U Th)/He ages. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta. 60(21);4223–4229. 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00193-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, G., Tonarini, S., and Lombardo, B. 1983; Rb/Sr geochronology of granites and gneisses from the Mount Everest region, Nepal Himalaya: Geologische Rundschau. Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Geologie. 72. 119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Ferry, J.M., and Watson, E.B. 2007; New thermodynamic models and revised calibrations for the Ti-in-zircon and Zr-in-rutile thermometers: Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie. 154. 429–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, B.R., Barnes, C., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., and Frost, C.D. 2001; A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology. 42. 2033–2048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, J., Li, G., Wang, G., Zhang, L., Liang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., and Huang, Y. 2018; Synchronous granite intrusion and E–W extension in the Cuonadong dome, southern Tibet, China: Evidence from field observations and thermochronologic results. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 107(6);2023–2041. 10.1007/s00531-018-1585-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gansser, A. 1964; Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishersa division of John Wiley & Sons LtdLondon, New York, Sydney. 289 p.
   Google Scholar
• Gansser, A. 1981; The geodynamic history of the Himalaya. Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, L., Zeng, L.-S., Hou, K.J., Guo, C.L., Tang, S.H., and Xie, K. 2013; Episodic crustal anatexis and the formation of Paiku composite leucogranitic pluton in the Malashan Gneiss Dome, Southern Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin = Kexue Tongbao. 58(28–29):3546–3563. 10.1007/s11434-013-5792-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gébelin, A., Jessup, M.J., Teyssier, C., Cosca, M.A., Law, R.D., Brunel, M., and Mulch, A. 2017; Infiltration of meteoric water in the South Tibetan Detachment (Mount Everest, Himalaya): When and why? Tectonics. 36(4);2016TC004399. 10.1002/2016TC004399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin, L., Grujic, D., Law, R.D., and Searle, M.P. 2006; Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: An introduction. Searle, M.P., eds. Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones. Geological Society:London. Vol. 268. 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Godin, L., Parrish, R.R., Brown, R.L., and Hodges, K.V. 2001; Crustal thickening leading to exhumation of the Himalayan Metamorphic core of central Nepal: Insight from U-Pb Geochronology and 40 Ar/39 Ar Thermochronology. Tectonics. 20(5);729–747. 10.1029/2000TC001204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groppo, C., Rolfo, F., and Indares, A. 2012; Partial Melting in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines of Eastern Nepal: The Effect of Decompression and Implications for the ‘Channel Flow’ Model. Journal of Petrology. 53(5);1057–1088. 10.1093/petrology/egs009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove, M., and Harrison, T.M., 1996, 40Ar* diffusion in Fe-rich biotite: The American Mineralogist, v. 81, p. 940–951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenthner, W.R., Reiners, P.W., Ketcham, R.A., Nasdala, L., and Giester, G. 2013; Helium diffusion in natural zircon: Radiation damage, anisotropy, and the interpretation of zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology. American Journal of Science. 313(3);145–198. 10.2475/03.2013.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanchar, J.M., and Watson, E.B. 2003; Zircon Saturation Thermometry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 53(1);89–112. 10.2113/0530089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, N.B., and Inger, S. 1992; Trace element modelling of pelite-derived granites: Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie. 110. 46–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, T.M., Célérier, J., Aikman, A.B., Hermann, J., and Heizler, M.T., 2009, Diffusion of 40Ar in muscovite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, p. 1039–1051
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, T.M., McKeegan, K.D., and Le Fort, P. 1995; Detection of inherited monazite in the Manaslu leucogranite by 208Pb/232Th ion microprobe dating: Crystallization age and tectonics implications. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters. 133(3–4);271–282. 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00091-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron, A.M. 1922; Geological Results of the Mount Everest Expedition, 1921. The Geographical Journal. 59(6);418–431. 10.2307/1780634
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, T., Harris, N., Roberts, N.M.W., Warren, C.J., Hammond, S., Spencer, C.J., and Parrish, R.R. 2020; Evolution of the melt source during protracted crustal anatexis: An example from the Bhutan Himalaya. Geology. 48(1);87–91. 10.1130/G47078.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstwood, M.S.A. et al. 2016; Community-Derived Standards for LA - ICP - MS U-(Th-)Pb Geochronology – Uncertainty Propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research. 40(3): 311–332. 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2016.00379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstwood, M.S.A., Foster, G.L., Parrish, R.R., Noble, S.R., and Nowell, G.M. 2003; Common-Pb corrected in situ U–Pb accessory mineral geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS:. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 18(8);837–846. 10.1039/B304365G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard, M. 1989; Thermobarometric constraints on the thermal history of the Main Central Thrust Zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 7(1);19–30. 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00572.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard, M., Mukul, M., Gajurel, A.P., Ghosh, A., Srivastava, V., Giri, B., Seifert, N., and Mendoza, M.M. 2021; Orogenic segmentation and its role in Himalayan mountain building. Frontiers of Earth Science. 9:10.3389/feart.2021.641666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, J.C. 1964; Thermal effects of intrusions. Reviews of Geophysics. 2(3);443. 10.1029/RG002i003p00443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, J.C. 1968: Cooling and solidification of igneous rocks. Hess, H.H., and Poldervaart, A., eds. Basalts, the Poldervaart treatise on rocks of basaltic composition. New York-London-Sidney: Wiley. Vol. 2. 503–536.
   Google Scholar
• Jessup, M.J., Cottle, J.M., Searle, M.P., Law, R.D., Newell, D.L., Tracy, R.J., and Waters, D.J. 2008; P-T-t-D paths of Everest Series schist, Nepal. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 26(7);717–739. 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00784.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jochum, K.P., Nohl, U., and Herwig, K. 2005; GeoReM: A new geochemical database for reference materials and isotopic standards. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research. 29(3):333–338. 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2005.tb00904.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D.M., Hooper, P.R., and M, C.r. 1999; GeoAnalytical Lab, Washington State University. Advances in X-Ray Analysis. 41. 843–867.
   Google Scholar
• Kellett, D.A., Cottle, J.M., and Larson, K.P. 2019; The South Tibetan Detachment System: History, advances, definition and future directions. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. London, Special Publications. 483(1): 377–400. 10.1144/SP483.2
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, M.J. 2014; Himalayan Metamorphism and Its Tectonic Implications. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 42(1);381–419. 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, M.J., Paul, S.K., and Corrie, S.L. 2010; The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: A Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 122(3–4);323–335. 10.1130/B26587.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krummenacher, D., Basset, A.M., Kingery, F.A., and Layne, H.F. 1978: Metamorphism and K-Ar age determinations in eastern Nepal. Saklani, P.S., eds. Tectonic Geology of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Current Trends in Geology. Vol. 1. 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Kylander-Clark, A.R.C. 2017; Petrochronology by Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 83(1);183–198. 10.2138/rmg.2017.83.6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., and Cottle, J.M. 2013;Laser-ablation split-stream ICP petrochronology. Chemical Geology. 345. 99–112. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K.P., 2020, ChrontouR:, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/P46MB.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, K.P., Graziani, R., Cottle, J.M., Apen, F., Corthouts, T., and Lageson, D. 2020;The structural evolution of the Qomolangma Formation, Mount Everest, Nepal. Journal of Structural Geology. 138. 104–123. 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K.P., Piercey, S., and Cottle, J. 2019; Preservation of a Paleoproterozoic rifted margin in the Himalaya: Insight from the Ulleri-Phaplu-Melung orthogneiss. Geoscience Frontiers. 10(3);873–883. 10.1016/j.gsf.2017.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavé, J., and Avouac, J.-P. 2000; Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth. 105(B3);5735–5770. 10.1029/1999JB900292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederer, G.W., Cottle, J.M., Jessup, M.J., Langille, J.M., and Ahmad, T. 2013; Timescales of partial melting in the Himalayan middle crust: Insight from the Leo Pargil dome, northwest India. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie. 166(5): 1415–1441. 10.1007/s00410-013-0935-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Hacker, B.R., and Wang, Y. 2004; Evolution of North Himalayan gneiss does: Structural and metamorphic studies in Mabja Dome, southern Tibet. Journal of Structural Geology. 26(12);2297–2316. 10.1016/j.jsg.2004.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo, B., Pertusati, P., and Borghi, S. 1993; Geology and tectonomagmatic evolution of the eastern Himalaya along the Chomolungma-Makalu transect. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. London, Special Publications. 74(1): 341–355. 10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.23
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A.J. 2017; A review of definitions of the Himalayan Main Central Thrust. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 106(6);2131–2145. 10.1007/s00531-016-1419-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A.J., Burgy, K.D., Kaufman, A.J., and Gehrels, G.E. 2011; Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of field and isotopic constraints on depositional ages of Proterozoic Lesser Himalayan rocks in central Nepal. Precambrian Research. 185(1–2);1–17. 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney, S.T., Cottle, J.M., and Lederer, G.W. 2015;Evaluating rare earth element (REE) mineralization mechanisms in Proterozoic gneiss, Music Valley, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin. B31165.1. 10.1130/B31165.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan, S.M. 2001; Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 2(4); Paper 2000GC000109. 10.1029/2000GC000109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musumeci, G. 2002; Sillimanite-bearing shear zones in syntectonic leucogranite: Fluid-assisted brittle–ductile deformation under amphibolite facies conditions. Journal of Structural Geology. 24(9);1491–1505. 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00153-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, N.E. 1925; Observations on the Rocks and Glaciers of Mount Everest. The Geographical Journal. 66(4);289–313. 10.2307/1782942
   Google Scholar
• Orme, D.A., Reiners, P.W., Hourigan, J.K., and Carrapa, B. 2015; Effects of inherited cores and magmatic overgrowths on zircon (U-Th)/He ages and age-eU trends from Greater Himalayan sequence rocks, Mount Everest region, Tibet. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 16(8);2499–2507. 10.1002/2015GC005818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish, R.R., and Hodges, K.V. 1996; Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 108(7);904–911. 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:ICOTAA>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton, C., Woodhead, J.D., Hellstrom, J.C., Hergt, J.M., Greig, A., and Maas, R. 2010; Improved laser ablation U-Pb zircon geochronology through robust downhole fractionation correction. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 11. Q0AA06.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B., and Tindle, A. 1984; Trace Element Discrimination Diagrams for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rocks. Journal of Petrology. 25(4);956–983. 10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, O.N., and DeCelles, P.G. 2005; Structural geology and regional tectonic significance of the Ramgarh thrust, Himalayan fold-thrust belt of Nepal. Tectonics. 24. TC4008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pêcher, A. 1989; The metamorphism in the Central Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 7(1);31–41. 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00573.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertusati, P.C. , pers. comm, Geological Map of the Cho Oyu, Chomlungma (Mount Everest), Makalu and Surrounding Areas (South Tibet - North-East Nepal)
   Google Scholar
• Phukon, P., Sen, K., Singh, P.C., Sen, A., Srivastava, H.B., and Singhal, S. 2019;Characterizing anatexis in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (Kumaun, NW India) in terms of pressure, temperature, time and deformation. Lithos. 344–345. 22–50. 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.04.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pognante, U., and Benna, P. 1993; Metamorphic zonation, migmatization and leucogranites along the Everest transect of Eastern Nepal and Tibet: Record of an exhumation history. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Special Publications. 74(1): 323–340. 10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.22
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, D.D., Muller, O.H., and Dockstader, D.R. 1975; The form and growth of fingered sheet intrusions. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 86(3);351. 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<351:TFAGOF>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn, M.K., Brandon, M.T., Batt, G.E., and Garver, J.I. 2004; A zero-damage model for fission-track annealing in zircon. The American Mineralogist. 89(4);473–484. 10.2138/am-2004-0401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiners, P.W. 2005; Zircon (U-Th)/He Thermochronometry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 58(1);151–179. 10.2138/rmg.2005.58.6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, H., Sawada, M., Takigami, Y., Orihashi, Y., Danhara, T., Iwano, H., Kuwahara, Y., Dong, Q., Cai, H.W., and Li, J. 2005; Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma (Everest) and cooling history of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment. Island Arc. 14(4);297–310. 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00499.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, E.W. 1994; Melt segregation in the continental crust. Geology. 22(11);1019–1022. 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1019:MSITCC>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, E.W., Cesare, B., and Brown, M. 2011; When the Continental Crust Melts. Elements. 7(4);229–234. 10.2113/gselements.7.4.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaillet, B., and Searle, M.P. 2006: Mechanisms and timescales of felsic magma segregation, ascent and emplacement in the Himalaya. Law, R.D., Searle, M.P., and Godin, L., eds. Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society of London, Special Publication. Vol. 268. 293–308.
   Google Scholar
• Schärer, U. 1984; The effect of inital 230Th disequilibrium on young U-Pb ages: The Makalu case, Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters. 67(2);191–204. 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90114-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schärer, U., Xu, R.-H., and Allegre, C. 1986; U-(Th)-Pb systematics and ages of Himalayan leucogranites, South Tibet. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters. 77(1);35–48. 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90130-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, M.H., Hodges, K.V., Ehlers, T.A., van Soest, M., and Wartho, J.-A. 2017; Thermochronologic constraints on the slip history of the South Tibetan detachment system in the Everest region. Southern Tibet: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 459. 105–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P. 1999a; Emplacement of Himalayan leucogranites by magma injection along giant sill complexes: Examples from the Cho Oyu, Gyachung Kang and Everest leucogranites (Nepal Himalaya). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 17(5–6);773–783. 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00020-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P. 1999b; Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest-Lhotse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of the Geological Society. 156(2);227–240. 10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., Law, R.D., Godin, L., Larson, K.P., Streule, M.J., Cottle, J.M., and Jessup, M.J. 2008; Defining the Himalayan Main Central Thrust in Nepal. Journal of the Geological Society. 165(2);523–534. 10.1144/0016-76492007-081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., Parrish, R.R., Hodges, K.V., Hurford, A., Ayres, M.W., and Whitehouse, M.J. 1997; Shisha Pangma leucogranite, south Tibetan Himalaya: Field relations, geochemistry, age, origin, and emplacement. The Journal of Geology. 105(3);295–317. 10.1086/515924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., Parrish, R.R., Thow, A.V., Noble, S.R., Phillips, R.J., and Waters, D.J. 2010; Anatomy, age and evolution of a collisional mountain belt: The Baltoro granite batholith and Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Pakistani Karakoram. Journal of the Geological Society. 167(1);183–202. 10.1144/0016-76492009-043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., and Rex, A.J. 1989; Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 7(1);127–134. 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00579.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., Rex, A.J., Tirrul, R., Rex, D.C., Barnicoat, A., and Windley, B.F. 1989; Metamorphic, magmatic, and tectonic evolution of the central Karakoram in the Biafo-Baltoro-Hushe regions of northern Pakistan. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 232. 47–74.
   Google Scholar
• Searle, M.P., Simpson, R.L., Law, R.D., Parrish, R.R., and Waters, D.J. 2003; The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal-South Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society. 160(3);345–366. 10.1144/0016-764902-126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G., and Quittmeyer, R.C. 1981; Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc. Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C, American Geophysical Union. 215–242.
   Google Scholar
• Shuster, D.L., Flowers, R.M., and Farley, K.A. 2006; The influence of natural radiation damage on helium diffusion kinetics in apatite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 249(3–4);148–161. 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, R.L., Parrish, R.R., Searle, M.P., and Waters, D.J. 2000; Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphism and crustal melting in the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya. Geology. 28(5);403–406. 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<403:TEOMCD>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spacapan, J.B., Galland, O., Leanza, H.A., and Planke, S. 2017; Igneous sill and finger emplacement mechanism in shale-dominated formations: A field study at Cuesta del Chihuido. Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Journal of the Geological Society. 174. 422–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D. 1975; Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 26(2);207–221. 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streule, M.J., Carter, A., Searle, M.P., and Cottle, J.M. 2012; Constraints on brittle field exhumation of the Everest-Makalu section of the Greater Himalayan Sequence: Implications for models of crustal flow. Tectonics. 31(3);TC3010. 10.1029/2011TC003062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streule, M.J., Searle, M.P., Waters, D.J., and Horstwood, M.S.A. 2010; Metamorphism, melting, and channel flow in the Greater Himalayan Sequence and Makalu leucogranite Constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modeling, and U-Pb geochronology. Tectonics. 29(5);TC5011. 10.1029/2009TC002533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stübner, K., Warren, C., Ratschbacher, L., Sperner, B., Kleeberg, R., Pfänder, J., and Grujic, D. 2017; Anomalously old biotite 40 Ar/39 Ar ages in the NW Himalaya. Lithosphere. 9(3);366–383. 10.1130/L586.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. 1989: Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. London: Geological Society Special Publication. Vol. 42. 313–345.
   Google Scholar
• Tagami, T., Galbraith, R.F., Yamada, R., and Laslett, G.M. 1998; Revised Annealing Kinetics of Fission Tracks in Zircon and Geological Implications. van den Haute, P., and de Corte, F., eds. Advances in Fission-Track Geochronology: A selection of papers presented at the International Workshop on Fission-Track Dating, Ghent, Belgium, 1996, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 99–112.
   Google Scholar
• Villa, I.M. 1990; Geochronology and excess Ar geochemistry of the Lhotse Nup leucogranite. Nepal Himalaya: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 44. 89–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskupic, K., Hodges, K.V., and Bowring, S.A. 2005; Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core, Everest region, eastern Nepal: Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie. 149. 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visona, D., Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Tiepolo, M., and Peruzzo, L. 2012;Miocene andalusite leucogranite in central-east Himalaya (Everest–Masang Kang area): Low-pressure melting during heating. Lithos. 144–145. 194–208. 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager, L.R. 1933; The Mount Everest Expedition, 1933—Geological Impressions. Nature. 132(3347);976. 10.1038/132976a0
   Google Scholar
• Waters, D.J. 2019; Metamorphic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Nepal: The art of the possible. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 483(1); SP483-2018–187. 10.1144/SP483-2018-187
   Google Scholar
• Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M. 1983; Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 64(2);295–304. 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R.F., and Searle, M.P. 1999; Volatile-assisted intrusion and autometasomatism of leucogranites in the Khumbu Himalaya. Nepal: The Journal of Geology. 107. 27–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington, A.G., Hofmeister, A.M., and Nabelek, P.I. 2009; Temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the Earth’s crust and implications for magmatism. Nature. 458(7236);319–321. 10.1038/nature07818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A. 1977;Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology. 20:325–343. 10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiger, K., Gordon, S.M., Long, S.P., Kylander-Clark, A.R., Agustsson, K., and Penfold, M. 2015; Timing and conditions of metamorphism and melt crystallization in Greater Himalayan rocks, eastern and central Bhutan: Insight from U–Pb zircon and monazite geochronology and trace-element analyses: Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie. 169. 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H.-F., Harris, N.B., Parrish, R.R., Kelly, S.P., Zhang, L., Rogers, N., Argles, T.W., and King, J. 2004; Causes and consequences of protracted melting of the mid-crust exposed in the North Himalayan antiform. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters. 228(1–2):195–212.10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Xiang, H., Dong, X., Li, W., Ding, H., Gou, Z., and Tian, Z. 2017; Oligocene HP metamorphism and anatexis of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in Yadong region. East-central Himalaya: Gondwana Research. 41. 173–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar