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International Geology Review Volume 38, 1996 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Blueschists and Eclogites of the World and Their Exhumation

S. Maruyama Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguroku, Tokyo, 153, Japan
,
J. G. Liou Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305
&
M. Terabayashi Department of Earth Sciences, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 760, Japan
Pages 485-594 | Published online: 06 Jul 2010

References

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  • Davies , H. L. and Warren , R. G. 1988 . Origin of eclogite-bearing, domed, layered metamorphic complexes (“core complexes”) in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea . Tectonics , 7 : 1 – 21 .
  • Davies , H. L. and Warren , R. G. 1992 . Eclogites of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 112 : 463 – 474 .
  • de Roever , W. P. 1947 . Igneous and metamorphic rocks in eastern central Celebes. Geological explorations in the island of Celebes , 65 – 173 . Amsterdam : North-Holland Publ. Co. .
  • de Smet , M. E. M. , Fortuin , A. R. , Tjokrosapoetro , S. and Hinte , J. E. 1989 . Late Cenozoic vertical movement of non-volcanic islands in the Banda Arc area . Netherlands Jour. Sea Res. , 24 : 263 – 275 .
  • Dirks , P. H. G. , Hand , M. , Collins , W. J. and Offler , R. 1992 . Structural-metamorphic evolution of the Tia Complex, New England fold belt: Thermal overprint of an accretion-subduction complex in a compressional back-arc setting . Jour. Struct. Geol. , 14 : 669 – 688 .
  • Earle , M. M. 1980 . A note on the relationship between inclined isothermal surfaces and subduction-zone metamorphism . Tectonophysics , 68 : 313 – 324 .
  • Fukui , S. , Watanabe , T. , Itaya , T. and Leitch , E. C. 1995 . Middle Ordovician high P/T metamorphic rocks in eastern Australia: Evidence from K-Ar ages . Tectonics , 14 : 1014 – 1020 .
  • Haile , N. S. 1973 . “ The recognition of former subduction zones in Southeast Asia ” . In Implications of continental drift to the earth sciences , Edited by: Tarling , D. H. and Runcorn , S. K. Vol. 1 , 885 – 892 . London : Academic Press .
  • Harper , C. T. and Landis , C. A. 1967 . K-Ar ages from regionally metamorphosed rocks, South Island, New Zealand, and some tectonic implications . Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 2 : 419 – 429 .
  • Harris , R. A. 1989 . Processes of allochthon emplacement with special reference to the Brooks Range Ophiolite, Alaska and Timor, Indonesia , University of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
  • Helmers , H. , Maaskant , P. and Hartel , T. H. D. 1990 . Garnet peridotite and associated high-grade rocks from Sulawesi, Indonesia . Lithos , 25 : 171 – 188 .
  • Helmers , H. , Sopaheluwakan , J. , Nila , E. S. and Tjokrosapoetro , S. 1989 . Blueschist evolution in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia . Netherlands Jour. Sea Res. , 24 : 373 – 381 .
  • Hill , E. J. and Baldwin , S. L. 1993 . Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 11 : 261 – 277 .
  • Hutchison , C. S. 1975 . Ophiolite in Southeast Asia . Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , 86 : 797 – 806 .
  • Kawachi , Y. 1974 . Geology and petrochemistry of weakly metamorphosed rocks in the upper Wakatipu district, southern New Zealand . N. Z. Jour. Geol. Geophys. , 17 : 169 – 208 .
  • Ketner , K. B. 1976 . Pre-Eocene rocks of Java, Indonesia . U.S. Geol. Surv. Jour. Res. , 4 : 605 – 614 .
  • Korsh , R. J. 1982 . “ Early Permian tectonic events in the New England Orogen ” . In New England geology, Voisey Symposium vol. , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 35 – 42 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Landis , C. A. and Blake , M. C. Jr. 1987 . “ Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Croissilles Harbour region, South Island, New Zealand ” . In Terrane accretion and orogenic belt , Edited by: Leitch , E. C. and Scheibner , E. Vol. 19 , 179 – 198 . AGU/GSA, Geodyn. ser. .
  • Landis , C. A. and Coombs , D. S. 1967 . Metamorphic belts and orogenesis in southern New Zealand . Tectonophysics , 4 : 501 – 518 .
  • Lillie , A. R. and Brothers , R. N. 1970 . The geology of New Caledonia . N.Z. Jour. Geol. Geophys. , 13 : 145 – 183 .
  • Little , T. A. , Holcombe , R. J. , Gibson , G. M. , Offler , R. , Gans , P. B. and McWilliams , M. O. 1992 . Exhumation of late Paleozoic blueschists in Queensland, Australia, by extensional faulting . Geology , 20 : 231 – 234 .
  • Miyazaki , K. , Zulkarnain , J. , Sopaheluwakan , J. and Wakita , K. 1996 . Pressure-temperature conditions and retrograde paths of eclogites, garnet-glaucophane rocks and schists from South Sulawesi, Indonesia . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 14 : 549 – 563 .
  • Murray , C. G. and Whitaker , W. G. 1982 . “ A review of the stratigraphy, structure, and regional tectonic setting of the Brisbane metamorphics ” . In New England geology , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 79 – 94 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Offler , R. 1982 . “ The origin of exotic blocks in serpentinites, Peel fault system, Glenrock station, NSW ” . In New England geology , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 43 – 52 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Osada , M. and Abe , K. 1981 . Mechanism and tectonic implications of the Great Banda Sea earthquake of November 4, 1963 . Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , 25 : 129 – 139 .
  • Parkinson , C. D. 1991 . The petrology, structure, and geological history of the metamorphic rocks of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia , Univ. of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, 337 p.
  • Pieters , P. E. 1978 . Port Moresby-Kalo-Aroa, Papua New Guinea—1:250,000 geological series . Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust., Explan. Notes , 55 p.
  • Pogson , D. J. and Hilyard , D. 1981 . Results of isotopic dating related to geological survey of New South Wales investigations 1974-1978 . Records Geol. Surv. New South Wales, invest. 1974-1978 , 20 : 251 – 273 .
  • Rosidi , H. M. D. , Suwitodirdjo , K. and Tjokrosapoetro , S. 1981 . Geologic map of the Kupang-Atambua Quadrangles, Tompr. , Jakarta : Indonesian Geological Research and Development Centre . scale 1:250,000
  • Ryburn , R. J. 1976 . Median tectonic line in Papua New Guinea: A continent-island arc collision suture [abs.] . Bur. Min. Resour. Aust. , : 35
  • Shaw , S. E. and Flood , R. H. 1974 . Eclogite from serpentine near Attunga, New South Wales . Jour. Geol. Soc. Australia , 21 : 377 – 385 .
  • Sheppard , D. S. , Adams , C. J. and Bird , G. W. 1975 . Age of metamorphism and uplift in the Alpine schist belt, New Zealand . Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , 86 : 1147 – 1153 .
  • Sikumbang , N. 1986 . Geology and tectonics of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Meratus Mountains, SE Kalimantan, Indonesia , Univ. of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
  • Sopaheluwakan , J. 1990 . Ophiolite obduction in the Mutis complex, Timor, Eastern Indonesia: An example of inverted, isobaric, medium-high-pressure metamorphism , Amsterdam : Vrije Univ. Press . 226 p.
  • Wakita , K. 1994a . Cretaceous radiolarians from the Luk-Ulo Melange Complex in the Karangsambung area, central Java, Indonesia . Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci. , 9 : 29 – 43 .
  • Wakita , K. , Sopaheluwakan , J. , Zulkarnain , I. and Miyazaki , K. 1994b . Early Cretaceous tectonic events implied in the time-lag between the age of radiolarian chert and its metamorphic basement in the Bantimala area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia . The Island Arc , 3 : 90 – 102 .
  • Watanabe , T. and Iwasaki , M. 1987 . Outline of regional metamorphic rocks in the New England fold belt, eastern Australia . Geol. Rept. Shimane Univ. , 6 : 107 – 117 .
  • Watanabe , T. , Iwasaki , M. , Ishiga , M. , Ilizumi , S. , Honma , H. , Kawachi , Y. , Morris , P. , Naka , T. and Itaya , T. 1988 . “ Late Carboniferous orogeny in the southern New England Fold Belt, NSW, Australia ” . In Tectonics and metallogenesis , Edited by: Kleeman , J. D. 93 – 98 . Armindale, NSW : Symp. Proc., Univ. New England .
  • Yardley , B. W. D. 1982 . The early metamorphic history of the Haast schists and related rocks of New Zealand . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 81 : 317 – 327 .
  • Yokoyama , K. , Brothers , R. N. and Black , P. M. 1986 . “ Regional eclogite facies in the high-pressure metamorphic belt of New Caledonia ” . In Blueschists and eclogites , Edited by: Brown , E. H. and Evans , B. W. Vol. 164 , 407 – 423 . Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir .
  • Yuwono , Y. S. , Priyomarsono , S. , Maury , R. C. , Rampnoux , J. P. , Soeria-Atmadja , R. , Bellon , H. and Chotin , P. 1988 . Petrology of the Cretaceous magmatic rocks from the Meratus Range, southeast Kalimantan . Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci. , 2 : 15 – 22 .

Australia and Adjacent Regions

  • Agustiyanto , D. A. , Suparman , M. , Partoyo , E. and Sukarna , D. 1994a . Geological maps of the Moa, Damar, and Bandanaira sheet, Maluku, scale 1:250,000 , Jakarta : Indonesian Geol. Res. Develop. Centre .
  • Agustiyanto , D. A. , Suparman , M. , Partoyo , E. and Sukarna , D. 1994b . Geological maps of the Babar sheet, Maluku, scale 1:250,000 , Jakarta : Indonesian Geol. Res. Develop. Centre .
  • Baker , G. 1955 . Basement complex rocks in the Cycloop Ranges-Sentani Lake region of Dutch New Guinea . Geology , 6 : 308 – 328 .
  • Baldwin , S. L. , Lister , G. S. , Hill , E. J. , Foster , D. A. and McDougall , I. 1993 . Thermochronologic constraints on the tectonic evolution of active metamorphic core complexes, D'Entrecasteaux Island, Papua New Guinea . Tectonics , 12 : 611 – 628 .
  • Black , P. M. and Brothers , R. N. 1977 . Blueschist ophiolites in the Melange Zone, northern New Caledonia . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 65 : 69 – 78 .
  • Blake , M. C. Jr. , Brothers , R. N. and Lanphere , M. A. 1977 . Radiometric ages of blueschists in New Caledonia , 272 – 282 . Paris : Int. Symp. Geodyn. SW Pacific .
  • Brothers , R. N. 1974 . High-pressure schists in northern New Caledonia . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 46 : 109 – 127 .
  • Cawood , P. A. 1980 . The geological development of the New England Fold Belt , Univ. of Sydney . Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation
  • Davies , H. L. 1980 . Folded thrust fault and associated metamorphism in the Suckling-Dayman massif, Papua New Guinea . Amer. Jour. Sci. , 280-A : 171 – 191 .
  • Davies , H. L. and Jaques , A. L. 1984 . Emplacement of ophiolite in Papua New Guinea . Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London , 13 : 341 – 350 .
  • Davies , H. L. and Warren , R. G. 1988 . Origin of eclogite-bearing, domed, layered metamorphic complexes (“core complexes”) in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea . Tectonics , 7 : 1 – 21 .
  • Davies , H. L. and Warren , R. G. 1992 . Eclogites of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 112 : 463 – 474 .
  • de Roever , W. P. 1947 . Igneous and metamorphic rocks in eastern central Celebes. Geological explorations in the island of Celebes , 65 – 173 . Amsterdam : North-Holland Publ. Co. .
  • de Smet , M. E. M. , Fortuin , A. R. , Tjokrosapoetro , S. and Hinte , J. E. 1989 . Late Cenozoic vertical movement of non-volcanic islands in the Banda Arc area . Netherlands Jour. Sea Res. , 24 : 263 – 275 .
  • Dirks , P. H. G. , Hand , M. , Collins , W. J. and Offler , R. 1992 . Structural-metamorphic evolution of the Tia Complex, New England fold belt: Thermal overprint of an accretion-subduction complex in a compressional back-arc setting . Jour. Struct. Geol. , 14 : 669 – 688 .
  • Earle , M. M. 1980 . A note on the relationship between inclined isothermal surfaces and subduction-zone metamorphism . Tectonophysics , 68 : 313 – 324 .
  • Fukui , S. , Watanabe , T. , Itaya , T. and Leitch , E. C. 1995 . Middle Ordovician high P/T metamorphic rocks in eastern Australia: Evidence from K-Ar ages . Tectonics , 14 : 1014 – 1020 .
  • Haile , N. S. 1973 . “ The recognition of former subduction zones in Southeast Asia ” . In Implications of continental drift to the earth sciences , Edited by: Tarling , D. H. and Runcorn , S. K. Vol. 1 , 885 – 892 . London : Academic Press .
  • Harper , C. T. and Landis , C. A. 1967 . K-Ar ages from regionally metamorphosed rocks, South Island, New Zealand, and some tectonic implications . Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 2 : 419 – 429 .
  • Harris , R. A. 1989 . Processes of allochthon emplacement with special reference to the Brooks Range Ophiolite, Alaska and Timor, Indonesia , University of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
  • Helmers , H. , Maaskant , P. and Hartel , T. H. D. 1990 . Garnet peridotite and associated high-grade rocks from Sulawesi, Indonesia . Lithos , 25 : 171 – 188 .
  • Helmers , H. , Sopaheluwakan , J. , Nila , E. S. and Tjokrosapoetro , S. 1989 . Blueschist evolution in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia . Netherlands Jour. Sea Res. , 24 : 373 – 381 .
  • Hill , E. J. and Baldwin , S. L. 1993 . Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 11 : 261 – 277 .
  • Hutchison , C. S. 1975 . Ophiolite in Southeast Asia . Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , 86 : 797 – 806 .
  • Kawachi , Y. 1974 . Geology and petrochemistry of weakly metamorphosed rocks in the upper Wakatipu district, southern New Zealand . N. Z. Jour. Geol. Geophys. , 17 : 169 – 208 .
  • Ketner , K. B. 1976 . Pre-Eocene rocks of Java, Indonesia . U.S. Geol. Surv. Jour. Res. , 4 : 605 – 614 .
  • Korsh , R. J. 1982 . “ Early Permian tectonic events in the New England Orogen ” . In New England geology, Voisey Symposium vol. , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 35 – 42 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Landis , C. A. and Blake , M. C. Jr. 1987 . “ Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Croissilles Harbour region, South Island, New Zealand ” . In Terrane accretion and orogenic belt , Edited by: Leitch , E. C. and Scheibner , E. Vol. 19 , 179 – 198 . AGU/GSA, Geodyn. ser. .
  • Landis , C. A. and Coombs , D. S. 1967 . Metamorphic belts and orogenesis in southern New Zealand . Tectonophysics , 4 : 501 – 518 .
  • Lillie , A. R. and Brothers , R. N. 1970 . The geology of New Caledonia . N.Z. Jour. Geol. Geophys. , 13 : 145 – 183 .
  • Little , T. A. , Holcombe , R. J. , Gibson , G. M. , Offler , R. , Gans , P. B. and McWilliams , M. O. 1992 . Exhumation of late Paleozoic blueschists in Queensland, Australia, by extensional faulting . Geology , 20 : 231 – 234 .
  • Miyazaki , K. , Zulkarnain , J. , Sopaheluwakan , J. and Wakita , K. 1996 . Pressure-temperature conditions and retrograde paths of eclogites, garnet-glaucophane rocks and schists from South Sulawesi, Indonesia . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 14 : 549 – 563 .
  • Murray , C. G. and Whitaker , W. G. 1982 . “ A review of the stratigraphy, structure, and regional tectonic setting of the Brisbane metamorphics ” . In New England geology , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 79 – 94 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Offler , R. 1982 . “ The origin of exotic blocks in serpentinites, Peel fault system, Glenrock station, NSW ” . In New England geology , Edited by: Flood , P. G. and Runnegar , B. 43 – 52 . Armindale, NSW : Univ. New England .
  • Osada , M. and Abe , K. 1981 . Mechanism and tectonic implications of the Great Banda Sea earthquake of November 4, 1963 . Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , 25 : 129 – 139 .
  • Parkinson , C. D. 1991 . The petrology, structure, and geological history of the metamorphic rocks of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia , Univ. of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, 337 p.
  • Pieters , P. E. 1978 . Port Moresby-Kalo-Aroa, Papua New Guinea—1:250,000 geological series . Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust., Explan. Notes , 55 p.
  • Pogson , D. J. and Hilyard , D. 1981 . Results of isotopic dating related to geological survey of New South Wales investigations 1974-1978 . Records Geol. Surv. New South Wales, invest. 1974-1978 , 20 : 251 – 273 .
  • Rosidi , H. M. D. , Suwitodirdjo , K. and Tjokrosapoetro , S. 1981 . Geologic map of the Kupang-Atambua Quadrangles, Tompr. , Jakarta : Indonesian Geological Research and Development Centre . scale 1:250,000
  • Ryburn , R. J. 1976 . Median tectonic line in Papua New Guinea: A continent-island arc collision suture [abs.] . Bur. Min. Resour. Aust. , : 35
  • Shaw , S. E. and Flood , R. H. 1974 . Eclogite from serpentine near Attunga, New South Wales . Jour. Geol. Soc. Australia , 21 : 377 – 385 .
  • Sheppard , D. S. , Adams , C. J. and Bird , G. W. 1975 . Age of metamorphism and uplift in the Alpine schist belt, New Zealand . Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , 86 : 1147 – 1153 .
  • Sikumbang , N. 1986 . Geology and tectonics of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Meratus Mountains, SE Kalimantan, Indonesia , Univ. of London . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
  • Sopaheluwakan , J. 1990 . Ophiolite obduction in the Mutis complex, Timor, Eastern Indonesia: An example of inverted, isobaric, medium-high-pressure metamorphism , Amsterdam : Vrije Univ. Press . 226 p.
  • Wakita , K. 1994a . Cretaceous radiolarians from the Luk-Ulo Melange Complex in the Karangsambung area, central Java, Indonesia . Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci. , 9 : 29 – 43 .
  • Wakita , K. , Sopaheluwakan , J. , Zulkarnain , I. and Miyazaki , K. 1994b . Early Cretaceous tectonic events implied in the time-lag between the age of radiolarian chert and its metamorphic basement in the Bantimala area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia . The Island Arc , 3 : 90 – 102 .
  • Watanabe , T. and Iwasaki , M. 1987 . Outline of regional metamorphic rocks in the New England fold belt, eastern Australia . Geol. Rept. Shimane Univ. , 6 : 107 – 117 .
  • Watanabe , T. , Iwasaki , M. , Ishiga , M. , Ilizumi , S. , Honma , H. , Kawachi , Y. , Morris , P. , Naka , T. and Itaya , T. 1988 . “ Late Carboniferous orogeny in the southern New England Fold Belt, NSW, Australia ” . In Tectonics and metallogenesis , Edited by: Kleeman , J. D. 93 – 98 . Armindale, NSW : Symp. Proc., Univ. New England .
  • Yardley , B. W. D. 1982 . The early metamorphic history of the Haast schists and related rocks of New Zealand . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 81 : 317 – 327 .
  • Yokoyama , K. , Brothers , R. N. and Black , P. M. 1986 . “ Regional eclogite facies in the high-pressure metamorphic belt of New Caledonia ” . In Blueschists and eclogites , Edited by: Brown , E. H. and Evans , B. W. Vol. 164 , 407 – 423 . Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir .
  • Yuwono , Y. S. , Priyomarsono , S. , Maury , R. C. , Rampnoux , J. P. , Soeria-Atmadja , R. , Bellon , H. and Chotin , P. 1988 . Petrology of the Cretaceous magmatic rocks from the Meratus Range, southeast Kalimantan . Jour. SE Asian Earth Sci. , 2 : 15 – 22 .

Africa

  • Affaton , P. , Sougy , J. and Trompette , R. 1980 . The tectono-stratigraphic relationships between the upper Precambrian and lower Paleozoic Volta basin and the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogenic belt (west Africa) . Amer. Jour. Sci. , 280 : 224 – 248 .
  • Ball , E. 1980 . An example of very consistent brittle deformation over a wide intracontinental area: The late Pan-African fracture system of the Tuareg and Nigerian Shield . Tectonophysics , 61 : 363 – 379 .
  • Bernard-Griffiths , J. , Peucat , J. J. and Ménot , R. P. 1991 . Isotopic (Rb-Sr, U-Pb and Sm-Nd) and trace element geochemistry of eclogites from the Pan-African belt: A case study of REE fractionation during high-grade metamorphism . Lithos , 27 : 43 – 57 .
  • Bertrand , J. M. and Caby , R. 1978 . Geodynamic evolution of the Pan-African orogenic belt: A new interpretation of the Hoggar shield (Algerian Sahara) . Geol. Rundsch. , 67 : 357 – 388 .
  • Black , R. , Caby , R. , Moussine-Pouchkine , A. , Bayer , R. , Bertrand , J. M. , Boullier , A. M. , Fabre , J. and Lesquer , A. 1979 . Evidence for late Precambrian plate tectonics in West Africa . Nature , 278 : 223 – 226 .
  • Caby , R. 1994 . Precambrian coesite from northern Mali: First record and implications for plate tectonics in the trans-Saharan segment of the Pan-African belt . Eur. Jour. Mineral. , 6 : 235 – 244 .
  • Caby , R. , Andreopoulos-Renaud , U. and Pin , C. 1989 . Late Proterozoic arc-continent and continent-continent collision in the Pan-African trans-Saharan belt of Mali . Can. Jour. Earth Sci. , 26 : 1136 – 1146 .
  • Caby , R. , Bertrand , J. M. L. and Black , R. 1981 . “ Pan-African ocean closure and continental collision in the Hoggar-Iforas segment, central Sahara ” . In Precambrian plate tectonics , Edited by: Kröner , A. 407 – 434 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Castaining , C. , Triboulet , C. , Feybesse , J. L. and Chévremont , P. 1993 . Tectonometamorphic evolution of Ghana, Togo, and Benin in the light of the Pan-African/Brasiliano orogeny . Tectonophysics , 218 : 323 – 342 .
  • Frimmel , H. E. and Hartnady , C. J. H. 1992 . Blue amphiboles and their significance for the metamorphic history of the Pan-African Gariep belt, Namibia . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 10 : 651 – 669 .
  • Gass , I. G. 1981 . “ Pan-African (Upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian Shield ” . In Precambrian plate tectonics , Edited by: Kröner , A. 388 – 405 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Kröner , A. 1974 . The Gariep Group I. Late Precambrian formations in the western Richtersveld, northern Cape province . Precamb. Res. Unit., Univ. Cape Town, Bull. , 13 115 p.
  • Menot , R. P. , Peucat , J. J. , Scarenzi , D. and Piboule , M. 1985 . A (continental?) volcanic arc of Devono-Carboniferous age in the French Alpine external massifs: The Rioupéroux and Livet formations (Romanche valley, Belledonne massif) [abs.] . Ofioliti , 10 : 528
  • Ménot , R. P. and Seddoh , K. F. 1985 . The eclogites of the Lato Hills, south Togo, west Africa: Relics from the early tectonometamorphic evolution of the Pan-African orogeny . Chem. Geol. , 50 : 313 – 330 .
  • Möller , A. , Appel , P. , Mezger , K. and Schenk , V. 1995 . Evidence for a 2 Ga subduction zone: Eclogites in the Usagaran belt of Tanzania . Geology , 23 : 1067 – 1070 .
  • Sautter , V. 1985 . An eclogite paragenesis from the Aleksod basement, central Hoggar, south Algeria . Chem. Geol. , 50 : 331 – 347 .
  • Shenk , V. , Appel , P. , Möller , A. and Rickers , K. 1995 . Early Proterozoic MORB-type eclogites and possible remnants of a paired metamorphic belt in central Tanzania [abs.] . Bochum, Bochum Workshop on “High-Pressure Metamorphism in Nature and Experiment,” , 44 : 195

Europe

  • Altherr , R. , Schliestedt , M. , Okrusch , M. , Seidel , E. , Kreuzer , H. , Harre , W. , Lenz , H. , Wendt , I. and Wagener , G. A. 1979 . Geochronology of high pressure rocks on Sifnos, Cyclades, Greece . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 70 : 245 – 255 .
  • Andriessen , P. A. M. , Hebeda , E. H. , Simon , O. X. and Verschure , R. H. 1991 . Tourmaline K-Ar ages compared to other radiometric dating systems in Alpine anatectic leucosomes and metamorphic rocks (Cyclades and southern Spain) . Chem. Geol. , 91 : 33 – 48 .
  • Arenas , R. , Rubio Pascual , F. J. , Diaz Garcia , F. and Martinez Cataran , J. R. 1995 . High-pressure micro-inclusions and development of an inverted metamorphic gradient in the Santiago schists (Ordenes Complex), NW Iberian Massif, Spain: Evidence of subduction and syncollisional decompression . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 13 : 141 – 164 .
  • Arnaud , N. O. and Kelley , S. P. 1995 . Evidence for excess argon during high-pressure metamorphism in the Dora Maira Massif (western Alps, Italy) using an ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe 40Ar/39Ar technique . Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , 121 : 1 – 11 .
  • Avigad , D. 1992 . Exhumation of coesite-bearing rocks in the Dora-Maira Massif (western Alps), Italy . Geology , 20 : 947 – 950 .
  • Bally , A. W. 1981 . “ Thoughts on the tectonics of folded belts ” . In Thrust and nappe tectonics , Edited by: Price , N. J. 13 – 32 . London : Blackwells .
  • Bard , J. P. , Burg , J. P. , Matte , P. L. and Ribeiro , A. 1980 . “ La Chaine Hercynienne d'Europe occidentale en termes de tectonique des plaques ” . In Geology of Europe , Edited by: Cogne , J. and Slansky , M. 233 – 246 . BRGM .
  • Barnicoat , A. C. and Frey , N. 1986 . High-pressure metamorphism in the Zermatt-Saas Fee ophiolite zone, Switzerland . Jour. Geol. Soc. London , 143 : 607 – 618 .
  • Baroz , F. , Bebien , J. and Ikenne , M. 1987 . An example of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphic rocks from an island-arc: The Paikon Series (Innermost Hellenides, Greece) . Jour. Metamor. Geol. , 5 : 509 – 527 .
  • Barrientos , X. and Selverstone , J. 1993 . Infiltration vs. thermal overprinting of epidote blueschists, Ile de Groix, France . Geology , 21 : 69 – 72 .
  • Beard , B. L. , Medaris , L. G. Jr. , Valley , J. W. , Brueckner , H. K. and Misar , Z. 1989 . Mantle-derived Variscan eclogites from the Bohemian Massif, Czechoslovakia [abs.] . Terra Abst. , 1 : 1
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