Atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter and its impact on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease in the prairies of Canada

References

• Luginaah, I., Fung, K.Y., Gorey, K.M. and Khan, S., 2006, The impact of 9/11 on the association of ambient air pollution with daily respiratory hospital admissions in a Canada-US border city, Windsor, Ontario. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 63, 501–514.10.1080/00207230600802148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philip, S., Martin, R.V., Donkelaar, A.V., Lo, J.W., Wang, Y., Chen, O., Zhang, L., Kasibhatla, P.S., Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., Streets, D.G., Bittman, S. and Macdonald, D.J., 2014, Global chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter for exposure assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 13060–13068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheirbek, I., Haney, J., Douglas, S., Ito, K., Caputo Jr., S. and Matte, T., 2014, The public health benefits of reducing fine particulate matter through conversion to cleaner heating fuels in New York City. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 13573–13582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleeman, M.J., Riddle, S.G., Robert, M.A., Jakober, C.J., Fine, P.M., Hays, M.D., Schauer, J.J. and Hanniganv, M.P., 2009, Source apportionment of fine (PM1.8) and ultrafine (PM0.1) airborne particulate matter during a severe winter pollution episode. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 272–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Q., Hong, X. and Wold, L.E., 2010, Cardiovascular effects of ambient particulate air pollution exposure. Circulation, 121, 2755–2765.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.893461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC, 2013, Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths, Vol. N221 (Lyon: WHO).
   Google Scholar
• CEPA/FPAC Working Group, 1998, National ambient air quality objectives for particulate matter – Executive summary (Ottawa, ON: Health Canada). Available online at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/naaqo-onqaa/particulate_matter_matieres_particulaires/summary-sommaire/index-eng.php.
   Google Scholar
• Kloog, I., Chudnovsky, A.A., Just, A.C., Nordio, F., Koutrakis, P., Coull, B.A., Lyapustin, A., Wang, Y. and Schwartz, J., 2014, A new hybrid spatio-temporal model for estimating daily multi-year PM2.5 concentrations across northeastern USA using high resolution aerosol optical depth data. Atmospheric Environment, 95, 581–590.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M.C., Krewski, D., Pope III, C.A., Chen, Y., Gapstur, S.M. and Thun, M.J., 2011, Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 184, 1374–1381.10.1164/rccm.201106-1011OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostro, B., Roth, L., Malig, B. and Marty, M., 2009, The effects of fine particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 475–480.10.1289/ehp.11848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.H., Knutsen, S.F., Shavlik, D., Beeson, W.L., Petersen, F., Ghamsary, M. and Abbey, D., 2005, The association between fatal coronary heart disease and ambient particulate air pollution: are females at greater risk? Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1723–1729.10.1289/ehp.8190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope III, C.A., Burnett, R.T., Thun, M.J., Calle, E.E., Krewski, D., Ito, K. and Thurston, G.D., 2002, Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1132–1141.10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Air Quality Expert Group, 2012, Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom. A report prepared for the Department for Environment, Scottish Executive, Welsh Government, and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland. Available online at: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat11/1212141150_AQEG_Fine_Particulate_Matter_in_the_UK.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• COMEAP, 2010, The mortality effects of long-term exposure to particulate air pollution in the United Kingdom. A report by The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Available online at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/304641/COMEAP_mortality_effects_of_long_term_exposure.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, H.R., Bremner, S.A., Atkinson, R.W., Harrison, R.M. and Walters, S., 2001, Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom: associations with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58, 504–510.10.1136/oem.58.8.504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakmak, S., Dales, R., Kauri, L.M., Mahmud, M., Van Ryswyk, K., Vanos, J., Liu, L., Kumarathasan, P., Thomson, E., Vincent, R. and Weichenthal, S., 2014, Metal composition of fine particulate air pollution and acute changes in cardiorespiratory physiology. Environmental Pollution, 189, 208–214.10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prud’hommea, G., Dobbin, N.A., Sun, L., Burnett, R.T., Martin, R.V., Davidson, A., Cakmak, S., Villeneuve, P.J., Lamsal, L.N., van Donkelaar, A., Peters, P.A. and Johnson, M., 2013, Comparison of remote sensing and fixed-site monitoring approaches for examining air pollution and health in a national study population. Atmospheric Environment, 80, 161–171.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse, D.L., Peters, P.A., van Donkelaar, A., Goldberg, M.S., Villeneuve, P.J., Brion, O., Khan, S., Atari, D.O., Jerrett, M., Pope III, C.A., Brauer, M., Brook, J.R., Martin, R.V., Stieb, D. and Burnett, R.T., 2012, Risk of nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in relation to long-term exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter: a Canadian national-level cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 708–714.10.1289/ehp.1104049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, K.Y., Khan, S., Krewski, D. and Chen, Y., 2006, Association between air pollution and multiple respiratory hospitalizations among the elderly in Vancouver, Canada. Inhalation Toxicology, 18, 1005–1011.10.1080/08958370600904538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, K.Y., Luginaah, I., Gorey, K.M. and Webster, G., 2005, Air pollution and daily hospitalization rates for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in London, Ontario. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 62, 677–685.10.1080/00207230500367879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Krewski, D., Burnett, R.T., Shi, Y. and McGrail, K., 2005, The effect of coarse ambient particulate matter on first, second, and overall hospital admissions for respiratory disease among the elderly. Inhalation Toxicology, 17, 649–655.10.1080/08958370500189420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlavianos, N., 2006, Albertans’ concerns about health impacts and oil and gas development: a summary (Calgary, AB: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, University of Calgary). Available online at: http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47545/1/HR3-Web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2013, Particulate matter (PM) research. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/airscience/air-particulatematter.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S.A., Rana, M., Li, L. and Dubin, J.A., 2012, A statistical investigation to monitor and understand atmospheric CFC decline with the spatial-longitudinal bent-cable model. International Journal of Statistics and Probability, 1, 56–68.
   Google Scholar
• NAPS, 2013, National air pollution surveillance program, Environment Canada. Available online at: http://maps-cartes.ec.gc.ca/rnspa-naps/data.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Carslaw, D.C., Ropkins, K. and Bell, M.C., 2006, Change-point detection of gaseous and particulate traffic-related pollutants at a roadside location. Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 6912–6918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, B.F.J. and Mackenzie, D., 2000, A cumulative sum type of method for environmental monitoring. Environmetrics, 11, 151–166.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-095X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNally, R. and Hart, B.T., 1997, Use of CUSUM methods for water-quality monitoring in storages. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 2114–2119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newchurch, M.J., Yang, E.S., Cunnold, D.M., Reinsel, G.C., Zawodny, J.M. and Russell, J.M., 2003, Evidence for slowdown in stratospheric ozone loss: first stage of ozone recovery. Journal of Geophysical Research [Atmospheres], 108(D16), 12-1–12-13.
   Google Scholar
• CIHI, 2014, Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge abstract database (DAD) metadata. Available online at: http://www.cihi.ca/CIHI-ext-portal/internet/en/document/types+of+care/hospital+care/acute+care/dad_metadata.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu, G., Lockhart, R. and Routledge, R., 2006, Bent-cable regression theory and applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101, 542–553.10.1198/016214505000001177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, G.S. and Lockhart, R.A., 2010, Bent-cable regression with autoregressive noise. Canadian Journal of Statistics, 38, 386–407.10.1002/cjs.v38:3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S.A., Chiu, G. and Dubin, J.A., 2009, Atmospheric concentration of chlorofluorocarbons: addressing the Global Concern with the longitudinal bent-cable model. CHANCE, 22, 8–17.10.1007/s00144-009-0026-x
   Google Scholar
• Cook, R.J. and Lawless, J.F., 2007, The statistical analysis of recurrent events (New York: Springer).
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team, 2013, R: a language and environment for statistical computing (Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Available online at: http://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter, D.J., Best, N.G., Carlin, B.P. and van der Linde, A., 2002, Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 64, 583–639.10.1111/rssb.2002.64.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindzierski, W.B., Chelme-Ayala, P. and Gamal El-Din, M., 2009, Ambient air quality data summary and trend analysis, Part I main report (Edmonton, AB: Wood Buffalo Environmental Association). Available online at: https://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/59540/82534/Ambient_Air_Quality_Studies.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Weinhold, B., 2011, Alberta’s oil sands: hard evidence, missing data, new promises. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, a126–a131.10.1289/ehp.119-a126
   Google Scholar
• Ezzati, M., Vander Hoorn, S., Lopez, A.D., Danaei, G., Rodgers, A., Mathers, C.D. and Murray, C.J.L., 2006, Global burden of disease and risk factors (New York: Oxford University Press). Available online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11813/.
   Google Scholar
• Amann, M., Bertok, I., Cofala, J., Gyarfas, F., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Schopp, W. and Winiwarter, W., 2005, Baseline scenarios for the clean air for Europe (CAFE) programme (Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis). Available online at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/activities/pdf/cafe_scenario_report_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bouchet, V.S., Cousineau, S., Crevier, L.P., Duhamel, A., Racine, J., Sassi, M. and Moran, M., 2009, Analysis of current and projected air quality levels in Canada with AURAMS. Proceedings of the 89th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting and 11th Conference of Atmospheric Chemistry, Phoenix, AZ, Paper 6.4.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S.A., Chiu, G.S. and Dubin, J.A., 2013, Therapeutic hypothermia: quantification of the transition of core body temperature using the flexible mixture bent-cable model for longitudinal data. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, 55(4), 369–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton, K.E., 1996, Agricultural wind erosion and air quality impacts: a comprehensive research program. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 11(2–3), 64–70.10.1017/S0889189300006780
   Google Scholar
• Government of Saskatchewan, 2013, Saskatchewan’s 2013 State of the Environment Report. Available online at: http://environment.gov.sk.ca/2013soereport.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Saskatchewan, 2011, Saskatchewan Air Monitoring Laboratory: 2010 mobile air quality monitoring report. Available online at: http://www.environment.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=6f4befd3-7bb7-4d3b-9aab-eb7746cc7ad1.
   Google Scholar
• Timoney, K. and Lee, P., 2013, Environmental incidents in Northeastern Alberta’s Bitumen Sands Region, 1996–2012. Available online at: https://shawglobalnews.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/envir_incidents_july-16-2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada, 2014, Data sources and methods for the air quality indicators. Available online at: https://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=BA9D8D27-1&offset=4&toc=show.
   Google Scholar