30
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Heavy metals sediments pollution in estuarine and coastal waters: corrective measures for existing problems

&
Pages 79-96 | Published online: 24 Feb 2007

References

  • Nipkow , F. 1920 . “Vorlaufige Mitteilungen über Untersuchungen des Schlammabsatzes im Zürichsee” . Z. Hydrol. , 1 : 101 – 123 .
  • Zullig , H. 1956 . “Sedimente als Ausdruck des Zustandes eines Gewässers” . Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. , 18 : 7 – 143 .
  • Förstner , U. 1977 . “Metal concentrations in freshwater Sediments. Natural background and cultural effects” . Proc. Int. Symp. Interactions between Sediments/fresh Water . 1977 , Pudoc. Edited by: Golterman , H. L. pp. 94 – 103 . The Hague, Junk Publ. and Wageningen .
  • Oschwald , W. R. 1972 . “Sediment‐water interaction” . J. Environ. Qual. , 1 : 360 – 366 .
  • Emsley , J. 1980 . “The phosphorus cycle” . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , Edited by: Hützinger , O. Vol. 1 , 147 – 167 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . (A)
  • Foster , P. , Hunt , D. T. and Morris , A. W. 1978 . “Metals in an acid mine stream and estuary” . Sci. Total Environ. , 9 : 75 – 86 .
  • Lazerte , B. 1986 . “Metals and acidification: an overview” . Water, Air and Soil Poll. , 31 : 569 – 576 .
  • Hawkes , H. E. , Bloom , H. and Riddell , J. E. 1957 . “Stream Sediment analysis discovers two mineral deposits” . 6th Commonw. Min. Metall. Congress , : 259 – 268 .
  • Müller , G. 1981 . “Heavy metals and other pollutants in the environment. A chronology based on the analysis of dated Sediments” . Proc. Int. Conf. Heavy Metals in the Environment . 1981 , Edinburgh. Edited by: Ernst , W. H. pp. 12 – 17 . CEP Consultants .
  • Sly , P. G. 1969 . “Bottom Sediment sampling” . Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res. . 1969 . pp. 230 – 239 . Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. .
  • Keith , L. H. 1988 . Principles of Environmental Sampling , Washington, DC : Amer. Chem. Soc. .
  • MOW‐HAECON . 1988 . Klassifikatiestudie Baggerspecie , Ghent : Ministerie Openbare Werken and Har‐bour and Engineering Consultants .
  • Ingamells , C. L. and Pitard , F. F. 1986 . Applied Geochemical Analysis , New York : Wiley .
  • Baedeker , P. A. 1987 . “Methods for geochemical analysis” . US Geol. Survey Bull. , : 1770
  • Potts , P. J. 1987 . Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis , New York : Chapman and Hall .
  • Agemian , H. and Chau , A. S. 1975 . “An atomic absorption method for the determination of 20 elements in lake Sediments” . Anal. Chim. Acta , 80 : 61 – 65 .
  • Agemian , H. and Chau , A. S. 1976 . “Evaluation of extraction techniques for the determination of metals in aquatic Sediments” . Analyst , 101 : 761 – 767 .
  • Agemian , H. and Chau , A. S. 1977 . “A study of different analytical extraction methods for nondetrital heavy metals in aquatic Sediments” . Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. , 6 : 69 – 82 .
  • Ritter , C. J. and Bergman , S. C. 1978 . “Comparison of sample preparation techniques for atomic absorption analysis of sewage sludge and soil” . Atom. Absorpt. Newsl. , 17 : 70 – 72 .
  • Marchandise , P. , Olie , J. L. , Robbe , D. and Legret , M. 1982 . “Dosage d'éléments traces dans les Sédiments de cours d'eau et les boues de stations d'épuration. Comparaison inter‐laboratoires de diverses méthodes de minérali‐sation” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 3 : 157 – 166 .
  • Presley , B. J. , Brooks , R. R. and Kappel , H. M. 1967 . “A simple squeezer for removal of interstitial water from ocean sediments” . J. Mar. Res. , 25 : 355 – 357 .
  • Brooks , R. R. , Presley , B. J. and Kaplan , I. R. 1968 . “Trace elements in the interstitial waters of marine sediments” . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 32 : 397 – 414 .
  • Hirst , D. M. and Nicholls , G. D. 1958 . “Techniques in sedimentary geochemistry. 1. Separation of the detrital and non‐detrital fractions of limestones” . J. Sed. Petrol. , 28 : 461 – 468 .
  • Arrhenius , G. O. and Korkish , J. 1959 . “Uranium and thorium in marine minerals” . Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. ,
  • Chester , R. and Hughes , M. J. 1967 . “A chemical technique for the separation of ferro‐manganese minerals, carbonate minerals and absorbed trace elements from pelagic sediments” . Chem. Geol. , 2 : 249 – 262 .
  • Gibbs , R. J. 1973 . “Mechanisms of trace metal transport in rivers” . Science , 180 : 71 – 73 .
  • Engler , R. M. , Brannon , J. M. , Rose , J. and Bigham , G. 1974 . “A practical selective extraction procedure for sediment characterisation” . Proc. 168th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. Atlantic City . 1974 .
  • Tessier , A. , Campbell , P. G. and Bisson , M. 1979 . “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace materials” . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 844 – 851 .
  • Salomons , W. and Förstner , U. 1980 . “Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments. II. Evaluation of environmental impact” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 1 : 506 – 517 .
  • Kersten , M. and Förstner , U. 1986 . “Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in anoxic estuarine and coastal sediments” . Water Sci. Technol. , 18 : 121 – 130 .
  • Welté , B. , Blès , N. and Montiel , A. 1983 . “Etude des différentes méthodes de spéciation des métaux lourds dans les sédiments. Part I. Etude bibliographique” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 4 : 79 – 88 .
  • 1983 . “Part II. Applications” . ibid. , 4 : 223 – 238 .
  • Marchandise , P. , Olie , J. L. , Mahan , K. I. , Foderaro , T. A. , Garza , T. L. , Martinez , R. M. , Maroney , G. A. , Trivisonno , M. R. and Willging , E. M. 1987 . “Microwave digestion techniques in the sequential extraction of Ca, Fe, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn in sediments” . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 938 – 945 .
  • Roger , B. 1986 . “Comparaison de deux schémas d'extractions sélectives. Phénomènes de réadsorption en cours de minéralisation” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 7 : 539 – 546 .
  • Kheboian , C. and Bauer , C. F. 1987 . “Accuracy of selective extraction procedures for metal speciation in model aquatic sediments” . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 1417 – 1423 .
  • Tessier , A. and Campbell , P. G. 1988 . “Comments on the testing of the accuracy of an extraction procedure for determining the partitioning of trace metals in sediments” . Anal. Chem. , 60 : 1475 – 1476 .
  • Bauer , C. F. and Kheboian , C. 1988 . “Response to comments” . Anal. Chem. , 60 : 1477
  • Engler , R. M. , Brannon , J. M. and Engler , R. M. 1980 . “Prediction of polluted potential through geochemical and biological procedures. Development of regulatory guidelines and criteria for the discharge of dredged fill material” . In Contaminants and Sediments , Edited by: Baker , R. A. Vol. 1 , 143 – 169 . Ann Harbor : Ann Harbor Sci. Publ. .
  • Roger , B. , Calmano , W. and Förstner , U. 1983 . “Chemical extraction of heavy metals in polluted river sediments in Central Europe” . Sci. Total Environ. , 28 : 77 – 90 .
  • Kersten , M. , Förstner , U. , Kersten , M. and Förstner , U. 1987 . “Effect of sample pretreatment on the reliability of solid speciation data of heavy metals. Implication for the study of diagenetic processes” . Mar. Chem. , 22 : 299 – 312 .
  • Abu‐Shamra , A. , Morris , J. S. and Koirthyohann , S. R. 1975 . “Wet ashing of some biological samples in a microwave oven” . Anal. Chem. , 47 : 1475 – 1477 .
  • Nadkarni , R. A. 1984 . “Applications of microwave oven sample dissolution in analysis” . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 2233 – 2237 .
  • Lamothe , P. J. , Fries , T. L. and Consul , J. J. 1986 . “Evaluation of a microwave oven system for the dissolution of geological samples” . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 1881 – 1886 .
  • Borman , S. A. 1986 . “Microwave dissolution” . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 1424A – 1428A . and 60, 715A‐716A (1988)
  • Kingston , H. and Jassie , L. B. , eds. 1988 . Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation: Theory and Practice , Washington, DC : Amer. Chem. Soc. .
  • Kuehn , D. G. , Brandvig , R. L. , Lundeen , D. C. and Jefferson , R. H. 1986 . “Microwave drying for rapid preparation of slurry samples for chemical analysis” . Int. Labor. , Sept. : 86 – 95 .
  • Schmidt , K. P. and Falk , H. 1987 . “Direct determination of silver, copper, and nickel in solid materials by graphite‐furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a specially designed graphite tube” . Spectro‐chim. Acta part B , 42B : 431 – 443 .
  • Nakamura , T. , Okubo , K. and Sato , J. 1988 . “Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper in calcium carbonate scale and carbonate rocks by direct atomization of solid samples” . Anal. Chim. Acta , 209 : 287 – 292 .
  • Halicz , L. and Brenner , I. B. 1987 . “Nebulization of slurries and suspensions of geological materials for inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry” . Spectrochim. Acta part B , 42B : 207 – 217 .
  • Foulkes , M. E. , Ebdon , L. and Hill , S. 1988 . “Ore and mineral analysis by slurry atomization‐plasma emission spectrometry” . Anal. Proc. , 25 : 92 – 94 .
  • Zschuppe , K. H. and De Groot , A. J. 1979 . Standardization of the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Sediments (Hären (NL), Waterloopkundig Laboratorium, intérim report LV 1061,
  • Salomons , W. and Förstner , U. 1984 . Metals in the Hydrocycle , 69 – 76 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Förstner , U. and Salomons , W. 1980 . “Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments. I. Assessment of sources and intensities” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 1 : 494 – 505 .
  • Int. Council for the Expl. of the Sea (ICES) . 1981 . Report 1st Meeting Working Group Marine Sediments in Relation to Pollution , Copenhagen : ICES .
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . 1982 . “Micropollutants in river sediments ” . In WHO‐EURO Reports and Studies No. 61
  • Ackermann , F. , Bergmann , H. and Schleichert , U. 1983 . “Monitoring of heavy metals in coastal and estuarine sediments—a question of grain‐size: <20 μm versus <60 μm” . Env. Technol. Lett. , 4 : 317 – 328 .
  • Robbe , D. , Divet , L. and Marchandise , P. 1983 . “Influence du tamissage sur les teneurs en éléments métalliques observées dans les sédiments” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 4 : 27 – 34 .
  • Thomas , R. L. 1972 . “The distribution of mercury in the sediments of Lake Ontario” . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 9 : 636 – 651 .
  • Thomas , R. L. , Jaquet , J.‐M. , Kemp , A. L. and Lewis , C. F. 1976 . “Surficial sediments of Lake Erie” . J. Fish. Res. Board Can. , 33 : 385 – 403 .
  • Gambrell , R. P. , Khalid , R. A. , Verloo , M. G. and Patrick , W. H. Jr. 1977 . Transformations of Heavy Metals and Plant Nutrients in Dredged Sediments as Affected by Oxidation/Reduction Potential and pH. II. Materials and Methods/Results and Discussion , Vicksburg : US Army Corps Eng.‐Dredged Mat. Res. Prog. .
  • Li. , Y. H. 1981 . “Ultimate removal mechanisms of elements from the ocean” . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 45 : 1659 – 1664 . and 46, 1993–1995 (1982)
  • id. 1981 . "Geochemical cycles of elements and human perturbation” . ibid. , 45 : 2073 – 2084 .
  • Ackermann , F. 1980 . “A procedure for correcting the grain size effect in heavy metal analysis of estuarine and coastal sediments” . Environ. Technol. Lett. , 1 : 518 – 527 .
  • Newsbury , D. E. , Joy , D. C. , Echlin , P. , Fiori , C. E. and Goldstein , J. I. 1986 . Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy and X‐ray Microanalysis , New York : Plenum .
  • Brown , G. E. , Calas , G. , Waychunas , G. A. and Tetiau , J. 1988 . “Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology” . In Reviews in Mineralogy , Edited by: Hawthorne , F. C. Vol. 18 , 431 – 512 . Washington, DC : Mineral. Soc. Amer. .
  • Boumans , P. W. 1984 . Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma‐atomic Emission Spectro‐scopy , 2nd ed. , Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Winge , R. K. , Fassel , V. A. , Peterson , V. J. and Floyd , M. A. 1985 . Inductively Coupled Plasma‐atomic Emission Spectroscopy: An Atlas of Spectral Information , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Houk , R. S. 1986 . "Mass spectrometry of inductively coupled plasmas” . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 97A – 105A .
  • McLaren , J. W. , Beauchemin , D. and Berman , S. S. 1987 . “Application of isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to the analysis of marine sediments” . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 610 – 613 .
  • Kolthof , I. M. and Elving , P. J. , eds. 1986 . “Nuclear activation and radioisotopic methods of analysis” . In Treatise on Analytical Chemistry , New York : Wiley . part 1, vol. 14, section K, chapters 1–8.
  • Tertian , R. and Claisse , F. 1982 . Principles of Quantitative X‐ray Fluorescence Analysis , New York : Wiley .
  • Elmore , D. and Phillips , F. M. 1987 . “Accelerator mass spectrometry measurement of long‐lived radioiso‐topes” . Science , 236 : 543 – 550 .
  • Varma , A. , ed. 1984 . CRC Handbook of Atomic Absorption Analysis , Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Slavin , W. 1984 . Graphite Furnace AAS: A Source Book , Ridgefield : Perkin‐Elmer Corp. .
  • Hatch , W. R. and Ott , W. L. 1968 . “Determination of sub‐microgram quantities of mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry” . Anal. Chem. , 40 : 2085 – 2087 .
  • Baeyens , W. , Gillain , G. , Decadt , G. and Elskens , I. 1987 . “Trace metals in the eastern part of the North Sea. I: Analyses and short‐term distributions” . Oceanol. Acta , 10 : 169 – 179 .
  • Baeyens , W. , Gillain , G. , Ronday , F. and Dehairs , F. 1987 . “Trace metals in the eastern part of the North Sea. II: Flows of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn through the coastal area” . Oceanol. Acta , 10 : 301 – 309 .
  • Thomas , L. C. and Chamberlin , G. J. 1980 . Colorimetric Chemical Analytical Methods , New York : Wiley .
  • Griffith , W. P. 1987 . “Spectroscopy of inorganic‐based materials” . In Advances in Spectroscopy , Edited by: Clark , R. J. and Hester , R. E. vol. 14 , London : Wiley .
  • Wang , J. 1985 . Stripping Analysis—Principles, Instrumentation and Applications , Deerfield Beach, VCH Publ. .
  • Moore , C. B. 1981 . “Geological and inorganic materials” . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 38R – 44R .
  • Moore , C. B. and Canepa , J. A. 1983 . id. . ibid. , 55 : 196R – 202R . and 57, 88R‐94R (1985);
  • Lichte , F. E. , Seeley , J. L. , Jackson , L. L. , McKown , D. M. and Taggart , J. E. Jr. 1987 . id. . ibid. , 59 : 197R – 212R .
  • Jackson , L. L. , McKown , D. M. , Taggart , J. E. Jr. , Lamothe , P. J. and Lichte , F. E. 1989 . id. . ibid. , 61 : 109R – 128R .
  • Hawthorne , F. C. , ed. 1988 . “ Reviews in Mineralogy ” . In Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology , Vol. 18 , Washington, DC : Mineral. Soc. Amer. .
  • Breder , R. 1982 . “Optimization studies for reliable trace metal analysis in sediments by AAS methods” . Fres. Z. Anal. Chem. , 313 : 395 – 402 .
  • Gladney , E. S. , O'Malley , B. T. , Roelandts , I. and Gills , T. E. 1987 . “Standard Reference Materials: compilation of elemental concentration data for NBS clinical, biological, geological and environmental standard reference materials” . National Bureau of Standards Spec. Public. , : 260 – 111 .
  • Charlier , R. H. 1973 . “Géostatistique et océanométrie‐applications et interprétations physiques” . Bull. Inst. Géol. Bassin Aquitaine , 14 : 181 – 192 .
  • Starks , T. H. , Sparks , A. R. and Brown , K. W. 1987 . “Geostatistical analysis of Palmerton soil survey data” . Environ. Maint. Assess. , 9 : 239 – 261 .
  • Klovan , J. E. 1975 . “The use of factor analysis in determining depositional environments from grain‐size distributions” . J. Sed. Petrol. , 36 : 115 – 125 .
  • Mather , P. M. 1976 . Computational Methods of Multiva‐riate Analysis in Physical Geography , New York : Wiley .
  • Imbrie , J. and Van Andel , T. H. 1964 . “Vector analysis of heavy mineral data” . Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , 75 : 1131 – 1156 .
  • Cline , J. T. and Chambers , R. L. 1977 . “Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in lake sediments near Sleeping Bear Point, Michigan” . J. Sed. Petrol. , 47 : 716 – 727 .
  • Fox , W. T. 1975 . “Some practical aspects of time series analysis” . In Concepts in Geostatistics , Edited by: McCammon , R. B. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Kendall , M. 1976 . Time Series , New York : Hafer Press .
  • Luoma , S. N. and Davis , J. A. 1983 . “Requirements for modeling trace metal partitioning in oxidized estuarine sediments” . Mar. Chem. , 12 : 159 – 181 .
  • Luoma , S. N. 1983 . “Bioavailability of trace metals to aquatic organisms: a review” . Sci. Total Environ. , 28 : 1 – 22 .
  • id. 1989 . "Can we determine the biological availability of sediment‐bound trace elements?” . Hydrobiologia , 176 : 379 – 396 .
  • Förstner , U. , Ahlf , W. , Calmano , W. , Kersten , M. and Salomons , W. 1986 . “Mobility of heavy metals in dredged harbor sediments” . In Sediments and Water Interactions , Edited by: Sly , P. G. 371 – 380 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Thayer , J. S. and Brinkman , F. E. 1982 . “The biological methylation of metals and metalloids” . Adv. Organomet. Chem. , 20 : 313 – 356 .
  • Tessier , A. and Campbell , P. G. 1987 . “Partitioning of trace metals in sediments: Relationships with bioavailability” . In Ecological Effects of In‐situ Sediment Contaminants Hydrobiologia Edited by: Thomas , R. L. Vol. 149 , 43 – 52 .
  • Hakanson , L. 1980 . “An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach” . Water Res. , 14 : 975 – 1001 .
  • Laboyrie , H. P. 11, 1989 . “Disposai options and their environmental impact: disposal on land” . In Course Dredging and the Environment , 15 – 17 . Amsterdam : Stichting Postakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijkswaterstaat .
  • Loxham , M. 11, 1989 . “Disposai options and their environmental impact by mobility of contaminants” . In Course Dredging and the Environment , 15 – 17 . Amsterdam : Stichting Postakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijkswaterstaat .
  • Dhaese , A. 1977 . “Invloed van anorganische verontreinigingen op de relatie bodem‐water‐plant” . Ghent (B) : State University . Ph.D. Thesis,
  • Malherbe , B. 11, 1989 . “Disposai options and their environmental impact: aquatic disposal” . In Course Dredging and the Environment , 15 – 17 . Amsterdam : Stichting Postakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijkswaterstaat .
  • Annokkée , G. J. , van Gemert , W. J. and van Veen , H. J. 1986 . Reiniging van baggerslib , 86 – 106 . TNO .
  • Annokkée , G. J. 11, 1989 . “Methods used to treat contaminated dredged material” . In Course Dredging and the Environment , 15 – 17 . Amsterdam : Stichting Postakademisch Onderwijs, Central Dredging Association, Rijkswaterstaat .
  • van Gemert , W. J. , Quakernaat , J. and Van Veen , H. J. 1988 . “Methods for the treatment of contaminated dredged sediments” . In Environmental Management of Solid Waste‐dredged Material and Mine Tailings , Edited by: Salomons , W. and Forstner , U. 44 – 64 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Charlier , R. H. 1970 . “Pollution problems: give the Earth a chance” . Int. J. Environm. Studies , 1 : 26 – 44 .
  • Charlier , R. H. “Artificial islands: an environmentally wise solution?” . Int. J. Environm. Studies , (In press).
  • Duinker , J. C. , Hillebrand , M. T. , Nolting , R. F. and Wellershaus , S. 1982 . “The river Elbe: processes affecting the behaviour of metals and organochlorines during estaurine mixing” . Neth. J. Sea Res. , 15 : 141 – 169 .
  • id. 1982 . "The river Weser: processes affecting the behaviour of metals and organochlorines during estuarine mixing” . ibid. , 15 : 170 – 195 .
  • Förstner , U. and Müller , G. 1974 . Schwermetalle in Flüssen und Seen als Ausdruck der Umweltverschmutzung , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • De Groot , A. J. 1974 . De samenstelling van hetslib in het Rotterdamse havengebied , Mededelingen KNHM 39 .
  • Senten , J. R. 1981 . Relatie tussen de wateruitwisseling in de dokken van de haven van Antwerpen en de geografische verspreiding van chloriden en metalen in water en slib , Brussels : Free University . Ph.D. Thesis,
  • Senten , J. R. and Charlier , R. H. 1984 . “Composition of waters and sediments in the Antwerp Harbor” . Environm. Geol. , 5 : 159 – 165 .
  • Decadt , G. 1986 . Contribution to the Study of the Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in the Southern Bight of the North Sea , Brussels : Free University . Ph.D. Thesis,
  • Nihoul , J. C. and Wollast , R. , eds. 1976 . Report “Project Sea” , Brussels : Nat. Res. and Developm. Progr. .
  • Migniot , C. 1984 . Immersion des produits de dragage en mer‐dragage et mise en dépôt des vases. Le cas des sites du Havre, de Bordeaux et de Nantes‐St. Nazaire. II. Etude des données relatives aux dragage des Ports Français , Rapport Port Autonome Nantes‐St. Nazaire .
  • Jouanneau , J. M. 1982 . Matières en suspension et oligo‐éléments métalliques dans le système estuarien Girondin: comportement et flux , Bordeaux (F), Université . Ph.D thesis
  • Added , A. , Fernex , F. and Mangin , J.‐P. 1980 . "Répartition des oligo‐éléments métalliques dans les sédiments marins devant l'embouchure du grand Rhône , Lagliari : CIESM . Diverses modalités de transports” 5eme Journées Etud. Pollutions,
  • Added , A. , Fernex , F. and Rapin , F. 1980 . “Distribution of heavy metals in the superficial marine sediments in the vicinity of the Rhône mouths” . Prog. Water Tech. , 12 : 89 – 96 .
  • Ackroyd , D. R. , Bale , A. J. , Howland , R. J. , Knox , S. , Millward , G. E. and Morris , A. W. 1986 . “Distributions and behaviour of dissolved copper, zinc and manganese in the Tamar Estuary” . Estuar. Coastal and Shelf Sci. , 23 : 621 – 640 .
  • Ackroyd , D. R. , Millward , G. E. and Morris , A. W. 1987 . “Periodicity in the trace metal content of estuarine sediments” . Oceanol. Acta , 10 : 161 – 168 .
  • Taylor , D. 1986 . “Changes in the distribution patterns of trace metals in sediments of the Mersey estuary in the last decade (1974–1983)” . Sci. Total Environ. , 49 : 257 – 295 .
  • Makkar , M. S. , Kronick , A. T. and Cooney , J. J. 1989 . “Butyltins in sediments from Boston Harbor, USA” . Chemosphere , 18 : 2043 – 2050 .
  • Pickering , W. F. 1981 . “Selective chemical extraction of soil components and bound metal species” . CRC Crit. rev. Anal. Chem. , Nov. : 233 – 266 .
  • Marquenie , J. M. , De Kock , W. C. and Dinneen , P. M. 1983 . Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sediments . Heidelberg, Proc. Int. Conf. Heavy Metals in the Environment . 1983 . pp. 944 – 947 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.