A Psychometric Analysis of the Patterns of Adapted Learning Scales (PALS) with a Group Psychotherapy Patient Sample: A Measure of Motivation

REFERENCES

• Adie, J. W., & Jowett, S. (2010). Meta‐perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship, achievement goals, and intrinsic motivation among sport participants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(11), 2750–2773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00679.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, M. D., Ho, W. K. Y., Van Niekerk, R. L., Morris, T., Elayaraja, M., Lee, K. C., & Randles, E. (2017). The self-esteem, goal orientation, and health-related physical fitness of active and inactive adolescent students. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), 1331602. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2017.1331602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alivernini, F., Manganelli, S., & Lucidi, F. (2018). Personal and classroom achievement goals: Their structures and relationships. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(4), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916679758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardach, L., Yanagida, T., Klassen, R. M., & Lüftenegger, M. (2022). Normative and appearance performance-approach goal structures: Two-level factor structure and external linkages. Journal of Experimental Education, 90(1), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2020.1729081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen, L., Lübeck, M., & Jones, A. (2013). Motivation to change in the eating disorders: A systematic review. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(8), 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemence, A. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Ackerman, S. J., Strassle, C. G., & Handler, L. (2005). Facets of the therapeutic alliance and perceived progress in psychotherapy: Relationship between patient and therapist perspectives. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 12(6), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collyer, H., Eisler, I., & Woolgar, M. (2020). Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the relationship between adherence, competence and outcome in psychotherapy for children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1265-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103251541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, B. L., & Miller, S. D. (2007). The group session rating scale. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. The American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040–1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J. (2005). A conceptual history of the achievement goal construct. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 52–72). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2002). Client articulated avoidance goals in the therapy context. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(2), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1997). Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjermestad, K. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wergeland, G. J. H., Haugland, B. S. M., Havik, O. E., Öst, L. G., & Silverman, W. K. (2018). Motivation and treatment credibility predict alliance in cognitive behavioral treatment for youth with anxiety disorders in community clinics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, A., Niileksela, C. R., Parham, A., & Janis, R. A. (2021). Investigating factorial invariance of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34 (CCAPS-34) with military and nonmilitary students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 54(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2020.1745649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez‐peña, M., Penelo, E., Granero, R., Fernández‐aranda, F., Álvarez‐moya, E., Santamaría, J. J., Moragas, L., Aymamí, M. N., Gunnard, K., Menchón, J. M., & Jimenez‐murcia, S. (2012). Correlates of motivation to change in pathological gamblers completing cognitive‐behavioral group therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 732–744. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonida, E. N., Voulala, K., & Kiosseoglou, G. (2009). Students’ achievement goal orientations and their behavioral and emotional engagement: Co-examining the role of perceived school goal structures and parent goals during adolescence. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Holtforth, M. (2008). Avoidance motivation in psychological problems and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 18(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300701765849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Holtforth, M., Grawe, K., Egger, O., & Berking, M. (2005). Reducing the dreaded: Change of avoidance motivation in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331334968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackel, T. S., Jones, M. H., Carbonneau, K. J., & Mueller, C. E. (2016). Re-examining achievement goal instrumentation: Convergent validity of AGQ and PALS. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., & Barends, A. (1996). Patients view of the alliance in psychotherapy: Exploratory factor analysis of three alliance measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1326–1336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. (2012). Discriminant and criterion-related validity of achievement goals in predicting academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulleman, C. S., Schrager, S. M., Bodmann, S. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2010). A meta-analytic review of achievement goal measures: Different labels for the same constructs or different constructs with similar labels? Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 422–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., Patton, M. J., & Foote, D. (1998). Moderating effects of client attachment on the counselor experience–working alliance relationship. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 274–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In Y. Petscher, C. Schatschneider, & D. Compton (Eds.), Applied quantitative analysis in education and the social sciences (pp. 171–207). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied psychometrics: Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 9(08), 2207–2230. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.98126
   Google Scholar
• Lackner, J. M., Quigley, B. M., Radziwon, C. D., & Vargovich, A. M. (2021). IBS patients’ treatment expectancy and motivation impacts quality of the therapeutic alliance with provider: Results of the IBS outcome study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 55(5), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000001343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, T. F. (2017). Evidence regarding the internal structure: Confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 50(4), 239–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., Middleton, M. J., Ciani, K. D., Easter, M. A., O’keefe, P. A., & Zusho, A. (2012). The strength of the relation between performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientations: Theoretical, methodological, and instructional implications. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Debus, R. L., & Malmberg, L. E. (2008). Performance and mastery orientation of high school and university/college students: A Rasch perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68(3), 464–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164407308478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L. Z., Anderman, E., Anderman, L., Freeman, K. E., & Urdan, T. (2000). Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning scales. University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Mouratidis, A., Michou, A., Demircioğlu, A. N., & Sayil, M. (2018). Different goals, different pathways to success: Performance-approach goals as direct and mastery-approach goals as indirect predictors of grades in mathematics. Learning and Individual Differences, 61, 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2014). Treatment adherence: The importance of therapist flexibility in relation to therapy outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirk, K., Miller, S., Duncan, B., & Owen, J. (2013). Group session rating scale: Preliminary psychometrics in substance abuse group interventions. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 13(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2012.744425
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S., Bryk, T., & Congdon, R. (2010). HLM 7 hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Software]. Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Senko, C., & Dawson, B. (2017). Performance-approach goal effects depend on how they are defined: Meta-analytic evidence from multiple educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(4), 574–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senko, C., & Tropiano, K. L. (2016). Comparing three models of achievement goals: Goal orientations, goal standards, and goal complexes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(8), 1178–1192. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000114
   Google Scholar
• Slone, N. C., & Owen, J. (2015). Therapist alliance activity, therapist comfort, and systemic alliance on individual psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(4), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangier, U., Von Consbruch, K., Schramm, E., & Heidenreich, T. (2010). Common factors of cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in the treatment of social phobia. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(3), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903180239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, K. K., Lester, W. S., Lane, F. C., Hoover, P. D., & Betties, J. S. (2021). Testing the mastery-avoidance construct in achievement goal theory: A meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis (MA-CFA) of two achievement goals scales. Educational Psychology, 41(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1824268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolentino, L. R., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Lu, V. N., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Plewa, C. (2014). Career adaptation: The relation of adaptability to goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewalle, D., Nerstad, C. G., & Dysvik, A. (2019). Goal orientation: A review of the miles traveled and the miles to go. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6(1), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062547
   Google Scholar
• Van Mierlo, H., & Van Hooft, E. A. (2020). Team achievement goals and sports team performance. Small Group Research, 51(5), 581–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496420913119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild, B., Herzog, W., Wesche, D., Niehoff, D., Müller, B., & Hain, B. (2011). Development of a group therapy to enhance treatment motivation and decision making in severely obese patients with a comorbid mental disorder. Obesity Surgery, 21(5), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-009-0025-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollburg, E., & Braukhaus, C. (2010). Goal setting in psychotherapy: The relevance of approach and avoidance goals for treatment outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503301003796839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2020). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. Basic books.
   Google Scholar