Compassion Focused Therapy for Groups: Transdiagnostic Treatment for Turbulent Times

REFERENCES

• American Psychological Association. (2017, November 1). APA stress in America Survey: US at ‘Lowest point we can Remember;’ future of nation most commonly reported source of Stress. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/11/lowest-point;https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2022/10/multiple-stressors-no-function
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2022, October 19). More than a quarter of U.S. adults say they’re so stressed they can’t function. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2022/10/multiple-stressors-no-function
   Google Scholar
• Balslev, A. N., & Evers, D. (Eds.). (2010). Compassion in the world’s religions: Envisioning human solidarity (Vol. 8). LIT Verlag Münster.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, A., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2021). Compassion‐focused therapy for body weight shame: A mixed methods pilot trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattani, K., Griner, D., Erekson, D. M., Burlingame, G. M., Beecher, M. E., & Alldredge, C. T. (2021). Compassion focused Group therapy for university counseling centers: A clinician’s guide. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cenat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Bekarkhanechi, F. M., Poisson, H., Broussard, C., Ukwu, G., Auguste, E., Nguyen, D. D., Sehabi, G., Furyk, S. E., Gedeon, A. P., Onesi, O., El Aouame, A. M., Khodabocus, S. N., Shah, M. S., & Labelle, P. R. (2022). The global evolution of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 315, 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Collegiate Mental Health. (2023). 2022 annual report. https://ccmh.psu.edu/assets/docs/2022%20Annual%20Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020). Compassion focused therapy: A systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 20(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2022). Group-based compassion-focused therapy on experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and sense of coherence in female survivors of intimate partner violence with PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(7–8), NP4187–NP4211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiBello, M., Carnevali, L., Petrocchi, N., Thayer, J. F., Gilbert, P., & Ottaviani, C. (2020). The compassionate vagus: A meta-analysis on the connection between compassion and heart rate variability. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, E. M., Sippel, S., & Knutti, R. (2021). Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes. Nature Climate Change, 11(8), 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01092-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., Cattani, K., & Burlingame, G. M. (2021). Compassion focused therapy in a university counseling and psychological services center: A feasibility trial of a new standardized group manual. Psychotherapy Research, 31(4), 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1783708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallup. (2023). Gallup Global Emotions 2023. https://www.gallup.com/analytics/349280/gallup-global-emotions-report.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2000). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: The role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 7(3), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174:AID-CPP236>3.0.CO;2-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2015). The evolution and social dynamics of compassion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(6), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2017). Definitions and controversies. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and applications (pp. 3–15). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2020). Compassion: From its evolution to a psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 586161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2021). Creating a compassionate world: Addressing the conflicts between sharing and caring versus controlling and holding evolved strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 582090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760801999461
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., & Van Gordon, W. (2023). Compassion as a skill: A comparison of contemplative and evolution-based approaches. Mindfulness, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02173-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griner, D., Beecher, M. E., Brown, L. B., Millet, A. J., Worthen, V., Boardman, R. D., Hansen, K., Cox, J. C., & Gleave, R. L. (2018). Practice-based evidence can help! Using the Group Questionnaire to enhance clinical practice. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 55(2), 196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hublin, J. J. (2009). The prehistory of compassion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6429–6430. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902614106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. E., Burlingame, G. M., Olsen, J. A., Davies, D. R., & Gleave, R. L. (2005). Group climate, cohesion, alliance, and empathy in group psychotherapy: Multilevel structural equation models. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, J. N. (2017). Compassion interventions: The programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 90(3), 432–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, J. N., Doty, J. R., Petrocchi, N., & Gilbert, P. (2017). The current and future role of heart rate variability for assessing and training compassion. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos, M., Duarte, C., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Petrocchi, N., Basran, J., & Gilbert, P. (2017). Psychological and physiological effects of compassionate mind training: A pilot randomised controlled study. Mindfulness, 8(6), 1699–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0745-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, P. G., van Kessel, K., & Feather, J. S. (2023). Self‐forgiveness, self‐compassion and psychological health: A qualitative exploration of change during compassion focused therapy groups. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 96(2), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, L., Steindl, S. R., & Bambling, M. (2022). Compassion focused group therapy for adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A preliminary investigation. Mindfulness, 13(5), 1144–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01837-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard, L. A., Wan, M. W., Smith, D. M., & Wittkowski, A. (2023). The effectiveness of compassion focused therapy with clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 326, 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirguet, F. (2017). An early history of compassion: Emotion and imagination in Hellenistic Judaism. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nayak, S. S., Fraser, T., Panagopoulos, C., Aldrich, D. P., & Kim, D. (2021). Is divisive politics making Americans sick? Associations of perceived partisan polarization with physical and mental health outcomes among adults in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 284, 113976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J. (2004). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford university press.
   Google Scholar
• Petrocchi, N., Cosentino, T., Pellegrini, V., Femia, G., D’Innocenzo, A., & Mancini, F. (2021). Compassion-focused group therapy for treatment-resistant OCD: Initial evaluation using a multiple baseline design. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 594277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2022, August 9). As partisan hostility grows, signs of frustration with the two-partysystem. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/08/09/as-partisan-hostility-grows-signs-of-frustration-with-the-two-party-system/
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, W. J., & Hine, D. W. (2021). Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 15(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricard, M. (2015). Altruism: The power of compassion to change yourself and the world. Little, Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Riebel, M., & Weiner, L. (2023). Feasibility and acceptability of group compassion-focused therapy to treat the consequences of childhood maltreatment in people with psychiatric disorders in France. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 211(5), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen, P. R., Foxx, J., Cattani, K., Alldredge, C., Austin, T., & Burlingame, G. M. (2021). Impact of a 12-week group-based compassion focused therapy intervention on heart rate variability. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 46, 61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., & Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, J., & Griffiths, C. (2021). An evaluation of compassion‐focused therapy within adult mental health inpatient settings. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 94(3), 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Global Change Research Program. (2021). Fourth national climate assessment, volume II: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Veale, D., & Gilbert, P. (2014). Body dysmorphic disorder: The functional and evolutionary context in phenomenology and a compassionate mind. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(2), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2022). Poverty and shared prosperity 2022: Correcting course. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b96b361a-a806-5567-8e8a-b14392e11fa0/content
   Google Scholar
• The World Justice Project. (2023, March 21). Discrimination is getting worse globally. https://worldjusticeproject.org/news/discrimination-getting-worse-globally
   Google Scholar