The intelligence of observation: improving high school students’ spatial ability by means of intervention unit

References

• Halpern , FD . 2005 . Sex, brains and hands – gender differences in cognitive abilities . Skeptic , 2 ( 3 ) : 96 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Linn , MC and Petersen , AC . 1985 . Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis . Child Development , 56 : 1479 – 1498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorby , SA , Wysocki , AF and Baartmans , BG . 2002 . Introduction to 3D Spatial Visualization , New York : Cengage Learning .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , JK . Computer use and visualization in students’ construction of reflection and rotation concepts, School Sci. Math. 97(7) (1997), pp. 352–358
   Google Scholar
• Medina , AC , Gerson , HBP and Sorby , SA . Identifying gender differences in the 3D visualization skills of engineering students in Brazil and in the United States, Proceedings of the International Conference for Engineering Education 1998, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Sorby , SA and Baartmans , BG . The development and assessment of a course for enhancing the 3D spatial visualization skills of first year engineering students, J. Eng. Educ. 89(3) (2000), pp. 301–307
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , H . 1983 . Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Turos , J and Ervin , A . 2000 . Training and gender differences on a web-based mental rotation task . The Penn State Behrend Psychology J. , 4 ( 2 ) : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , B , Wasburn-Moses , J and Hart , E . 2002 . Improving Students’ Spatial Visualization Skills and Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge by using On-line Curriculum-Embedded Applets , NTCM Illuminations . Available at http://illuminations.nctm.org/downloads/IsoPaperV4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sorby , SA . 2009 . Educational research in developing 3D spatial skills for engineering students . Int. J. Sci. Educ. , 31 ( 3 ) : 459 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G . 2001 . Interaction evokes reflection: Learning efficiency in spatial visualization , Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2001 : Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia . pp. 1755–1760
   Google Scholar
• Shepard , RN and Metzler , J . 1971 . Mental rotations of three-dimensional objects . Science , 171 : 701 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom , R , Contreras , MJ , Botella , J and Santacreu , J . 2002 . Vehicles of spatial ability . Personality Individual Diff. , 32 ( 5 ) : 903 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullis , IVS , Martin , MO and Foy , P . International Report on Achievement in the Mathematics Cognitive Domains, IEA's TIMSS, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Haciomeroglu , ES and Chicken , E . Visual thinking and gender differences in high school calculus, Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol. 43(3) (2012), pp. 303–313
   Google Scholar
• Caplan , P , Crawford , M , Hyde , J and Richardson , JT . 1997 . Gender Differences in Human Cognition , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , M . Why girls score low on SATs baffling, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 27 August 2003
   Google Scholar
• Gur , RC , Alsop , D , Glahn , D , Petty , R , Swanson , CL , Maldjian , JA , Turetsky , BI , Detre , JA , Gee , J and Gur , RE . 2000 . An fMRI study of sex differences in regional activation to a verbal and a spatial task . Brain Language , 74 ( 2 ) : 157 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinker , S and Spelke , E . The Science of Gender and Science, Harvard University, Mind/Brain/Behavior Initiative Debate, 22 April 2005
   Google Scholar
• Summers , LH . Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science and Engineering Workforce, Harvard University website, Cambridge, MA, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Chaim , D , Lappan , G and Houang , RT . 1989 . Adolescents’ ability to communicate spatial information: Analyzing and effecting students’ performance . Educ. Studies Math. , 20 ( 2 ) : 121 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanz , ML and Garcia , JM . Improvement of mental rotation in girls and boys, Sex Roles: A J. Res., 49(5–6) (2003), pp. 277–286
   Google Scholar
• Wade , NJ . 1978 . Op art and visual perception . Perception , 7 ( 1 ) : 21 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Chaim , D , Lappan , G and Houang , RT . 1988 . The effect of instruction on spatial visualization skills of middle school boys and girls . American Educ. Res. J. , 25 ( 1 ) : 51 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar