Psychopharmacology in Childhood Psychosis

References

• Arnold, L. E., Kirilcuk, V., Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O. (1973) Levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine: Differential effect on aggression and hyperkinesis in children and dogs. Amer. J. Psychiat., 130, 165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, L. E., Wender, P. H., McCloskey, K., & Snyder, S. H. (1972) Levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine: Comparative efficacy in the hyperkinetic syndrome. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. (Chicago), 27, 816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, L. (1967) Theory and treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Acta Paedopsychiat. (Basel), 34, 298.
   Google Scholar
• Bender, L., Cobrinik, L., Faretra, G., & Sankar, D. V. S. (1966) The treatment of childhood schizophrenia with LSD and UML. In M. Rinkel (Ed.), Biological treatment of mental illness. New York: L. C. Page & Co. P. 463.
   Google Scholar
• Burk, H. W., & Menolascino, F. J. (1968) Haloperidol in emotionally disturbed mentally retarded individuals. Amer. J. Psychiat., 124, 1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. (1973) Biological interventions in psychoses of childhood. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 3, 347.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., & Fish, B. (1974) Triiodothyronine in schizophrenic children. In A. J. Prange Jr. (Ed.), Thyroid axis. Drugs and behavior. New York: Raven Press. P. 87.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., David, R., Shapiro, T., Collins, P., & Koh, C. (1972) Response to triiodothyronine and dextroamphetamine: A study of preschool schizophrenic children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 2, 343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., David, R., Shapiro, T., Collins, P., & Koh, C. (1973) Liothyronine treatment in psychotic and non-psychotic children under 6 years. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. (Chicago), 29, 602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., Korein, J., Shapiro, T., Collins, P., & Koh, C. (1972) Lithium-chlorpromazine: A controlled crossover study in hyperactive severely disturbed young children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 2, 234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1970) Thiothixene in young disturbed children. A pilot study. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. (Chicago), 23, 70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1971a) Imipramine in preschool autistic and schizophrenic children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 1, 267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1971b) Study of molindone in disturbed preschool children. Curr. Ther. Res., 13, 28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1972) Acute responses of schizophrenic children to a sedative and “stimulating” neuroleptic: A pharmacologic yardstick. Curr. Ther. Res., 14, 759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., & Shapiro, T. (1975) Therapy of psychiatric disorders of childhood. In R. I. Shader (Ed.), Manual of psychiatric therapeutics. Boston: Little, Brown. In press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., & Small, A. M. Pharmacotherapy of children’s behavioral disorders. In B. J. Wolman (Ed.), International encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and psychology. New York: Van Nostrand and Reinhold. In press.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, D. E. (1973) The combined effect of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and a classroom behavior modification program in reducing the hyperkinetic behaviors of institutionalized mental retardates. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, Ill.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K. (1972) Psychological effects of stimulant drugs in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Pediatrics, 49, 702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creak, M. (1964) Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. Develop. Med. Child Neurol., 4, 530.
   Google Scholar
• Danziger, L. (1958) Thyroid therapy of schizophrenia. Dis. Nerv. Syst., 19, 373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danziger, L., & Kindwall, J. A. (1953) Thyroid therapy in some mental disorders. Dis. Nerv. Syst., 14, 3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiMascio, A., Soltys, J. J., & Shader, R. I. (1970) Psychotropic drug side effects in children. In R. I. Shader & A. DiMascio (Eds.), Psychotropic drug side effects. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. P. 235.
   Google Scholar
• Dostal, T. (1972) Antiaggressive effect of lithium salts in mentally retarded adolescents. In A. L. Annell (Ed.), Depressive states in childhood and adolescence. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell. P. 491.
   Google Scholar
• Durell, J., Libow, L. S., Kellam, S. G., & Shader, R. I. (1963) Interrelationships between regulation of thyroid gland function and psychosis. In R. Levine (Ed.), Endocrines and the central nervous system. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. P. 387.
   Google Scholar
• Effron, A. S., & Freedman, A. M. (1953) The treatment of behavior disorders in children with benadryl. J. Pediat., 42, 261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, L., & Conners, C. K. (1971) Psychopharmacology in childhood. In N. B. Talbot, J. Kagan, & L. Eisenberg (Eds.), Behavioral science in pediatric medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. P. 397.
   Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, D. M., Polizos, P., Waizer, J., & Hoffman, S. P. (1973) A double-blind comparison of fluphenazine and haloperidol. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 3, 128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faretra, G., Dooher, L., & Dowling, J. (1970) Comparison of fluphenazine in disturbed children. Amer. J. Psychiat., 126, 1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, B. (1960) Drug therapy in child psychiatry: Pharmacological aspects. Compr. Psychiat., 1, 212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, B. (1963) The influence of maturation and abnormal development on the responses of disturbed children to drugs. In Proceedings of the Third World Congress of Psychiatry. P. 1341.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, B. (1967) Organic therapies. In A. M. Freedman & H. I. Kaplan (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. P. 1468.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, B. (1968) Methodology in child psychopharmacology. In D. H. Efron, J. O. Cole, J. Levine, & J. R. Wittenborn (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: Review of progress, 1957-1967. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. P. 989.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, B. (1971) The “one child, one drug” myth of stimulants in hyperkinesis. Importance of diagnostic categories in evaluating treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. (Chicago), 25, 193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, B., Campbell, M., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1969a) Comparison of trifluperidol, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine in preschool schizophrenic children: The value of less sedative antipsychotic agents. Curr. Ther. Res., 11, 589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, B., Campbell, M., Shapiro, T., & Floyd, A., Jr. (1969b) Schizophrenic children treated with methysergide (Sansert). Dis. Nerv. Syst., 3, 534.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Campbell, M. (1966) Long-term prognosis and the response of schizophrenic children to drug therapy: A controlled study of trifluoperazine. Amer. J. Psychiat., 123, 32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, A. M., Ebin, E. V., & Wilson, E. A. (1962) Autistic schizophrenic children. An experiment in the use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). Arch. Gen. Psychiat. (Chicago), 6, 203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. D. (1966) Drug effects on learning in children. A selective review of the past thirty years. J. Spec. Educ., 1, 17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. D. (1970) Psychopharmacology and the retarded child. In F. J. Menolascino (Ed.), Psychiatric approaches to mental retardation in childhood. New York: Basic Books. P. 294.
   Google Scholar
• Freyhan, F. A. (1959) Clinical and investigative aspects. In N. S. Kline (Ed.), Psychopharmacology frontiers. Boston: Little, Brown. P. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Gjessing, R. (1938) Disturbances of somatic functions in catatonia with a periodic course, and their compensation. J. Ment. Sci., 84, 608.
   Google Scholar
• Gram, L. F., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1972) Lithium treatment of psychotic children and adolescents. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Psychiat. Scand., 48, 253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenbaum, G. H. (1970) An evaluation of niacinamide in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 129.
   Google Scholar
• Hartlage, L. C. (1965) Effects of chlorpromazine on learning. Psychol. Bull., 64, 235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helper, M., Wilcott, R. C., & Garfield, S. L. (1963) Effects of chlorpromazine on learning and related processes in emotionally disturbed children. J. Consult. Psychol., 26, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Himwich, H. E. (1960) Biochemical and neurophysiological action of psychoactive drugs. In L. Uhr & J. G. Miller (Eds.), Drugs and behavior. New York: Wiley. P. 41.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffer, A. (1970) Childhood schizophrenia: A case treated with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Schizophrenia, 2, 43.
   Google Scholar
• Hoskins, R. G. (1946) The biology of schizophrenia. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, S. (1968) A rational framework for the development, evaluation, and use of psychoactive drugs. Amer. J. Psychiat., 124. Suppl., p. 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, D. F. (1970) Psychotropic drugs and the regulation of behavioral activation in psychiatric illness. In W. L. Smith (Ed.), Drugs and cerebral function. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. P. 69.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtis, L. B. (1966) Clinical study of the response to nortriptyline in autistic children. Int. J. Neuropsychiat., 2, 298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaVeck, G. D., & Buckley, P. (1961) The use of psychopharmaco-logic agents in retarded children with behavior disorders. J. Chron. Dis., 13, 174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeVann, L. J. (1962) Chlordiazepoxide, a tranquilizer with anticonvulsant properties. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 86, 123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeVann, L. J. (1969) Haloperidol in the treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Canad. Psychiat. Ass. J., 14, 217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipman, R. S. (1968) Methodology of drug studies in children. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Chicago, March 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Lipman, R. S. (1970) The use of psychopharmacological agents in residential facilities for the retarded. In F. J. Menolascino (Ed.), op. cit. P. 387.
   Google Scholar
• Lipton, M. A., Ban, T. A., Kane, F. J., Levine, J., Mosher, L. R., & Wittenborn, R. (1973) Megavitamin and orthomolecular therapy in psychiatry. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• McAndrew, J. B., Case, Q., & Treffert, D. (1972) Effects of prolonged phenothiazine intake on psychotic and other hospitalized children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 2, 75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandell, A. J. Neurobiological mechanisms of adaptation in relation to models of psychobiological development. In E. Schopler, & R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Leo Kanner Colloquium on Child Development, Deviations and Treatment. In press.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington, T. L. (1961) Comparative effects of Librium and Taractan on behavior disorders of mentally retarded children. Dis. Nerv. Syst., 22, 573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polizos, P., Engelhardt, D. M., Hoffman, S. P., & Waizer, J. (1973) Neurological consequences of psychotropic drug withdrawal in schizophrenic children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 3, 247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimland, B. (1973) Height-dosage levels of certain vitamins in the treatment of children with severe mental disorders. In D. Hawkins & L. Pauling (Eds.), Orthomolecular psychiatry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co. P. 513.
   Google Scholar
• Ritvo, E. R., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Kales, A., Rashkis, S., Schicor, A., Plotkin, S., Axelrod, R., & Howard, C. (1971) Effects of L-dopa in autism. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 1, 190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rolo, A., Krinsky, L., Abramson, H., & Goldfarb, L. (1965) Preliminary method study of LSD with children. Int. J. Neuropsychiat., 1, 552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safer, D. J., & Allen, R. P. (1973) Factors influencing the suppressant effects of two stimulant drugs on the growth of hyperactive children. Pediatrics, 51, 660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield, J. H., Cantwell, D. P., Saul, R.E., Lesser, L. I., & Podosin, R. L. (1973) Response to stimulant drug treatment in hyperactive children: Prediction from EEG and neurological findings. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 3, 36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherwin, A. C., Flach, F. F., & Stokes, P. E. (1958) Treatment of psychoses in early childhood with triiodothyronine. Amer. J. Psychiat., 115, 166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, A. A. (1955) Management of children with schizophrenia. Amer. J. Psychother., 9, 196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmons, J. Q., III, Leiken, S. J., Lovaas, O. I., Schaeffer, B., & Perloff, B. (1966) Modification of autistic behavior with LSD-25. Amer. J. Psychiat., 122, 1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skynner, A. C. R. (1961) Effect of chlordiazepoxide. Lancet, 1, 1110.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, S. H., Taylor, K. M., Coyle, J. T., & Meyerhoff, J. L. (1970) The role of brain dopamine in behavioral regulation and the actions of psychotropic drugs. Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague, R. L., & Werry, J. S. (1971) Methodology of psychopharmacological studies with the retarded. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation. New York: Academic Press. Vol. 5, p. 147.
   Google Scholar
• Waizer, J., Polizos, P., Hoffman, S. P., Engelhardt, D. M., & Margolis, R. A. (1972) A single-blind evaluation of thiothixene with outpatient schizophrenic children. J. Autism Child. Schizophrenia, 2, 378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werry, J. S., Weiss, G., Douglas, V., & Martin, J. (1966) Studies on the hyperactive child. III. The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. J. Amer. Acad. Child. Psychiat., 5, 292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar