Association between procalcitonin levels and carotid atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke patients

References

• Gorelick PB, Wong KS, Bae H-J, et al. Large artery intracranial occlusive disease. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2396–2399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson GK. Inflammation atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevetti G, Piscione F, Silvestro A, et al. Increased inflammatory status and higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with concomitant coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89(6):1058–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren M, Reinecke H, Junker R, et al. Systemic inflammatory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary and peripheral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(10):2355–2363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness. Circulation. 2007;115(4):459–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyman RA, Mays ME, McBride PE, et al. Ultrasound-detected carotid plaque as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Vasc Med. 2006;11(2):123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambi V, Chambless L, Folsom AR, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(15):1600–1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda N, Kogame N, Iijima R, et al. Impact of carotid artery ultrasound and ankle-brachial index on prediction of severity of SYNTAX score. Circ J. 2013;77(3):712–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touboul P-J, Elbaz A, Koller C, et al. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness and brain infarction. Circulation. 2000;102(3):313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plichart M, Celermajer DS, Zureik M, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness in plaque-free site, carotid plaques and coronary heart disease risk prediction in older adults. The three-city study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):917–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak JF, Pencina MJ, O'Leary DH, et al. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness progression as a predictor of stroke in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3017–3021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertem A, Yayla Ç, Açar B, et al. Procalcitonin as a new indicator of inflammation. Angiology. 2017;68:83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz P, Daniels L, Kulkarni P, et al. Procalcitonin: a new biomarker for the cardiologist. Int J Cardiol. 2016;223:390–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-M, Liu X-Y. Serum levels of procalcitonin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein are associated with long-term mortality in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2015;352(1):68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katan M, Moon YP, Paik MC, et al. Procalcitonin and midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide as markers of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2016;47(7):1714–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Gao L, Zhang Z-G, et al. Procalcitonin is a stronger predictor of long-term functional outcome and mortality than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(3):1509–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buratti T, Ricevuti G, Pechlaner C, et al. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in acute myocardial infarction. Inflammation. 2001;25(2):97–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataoğlu H, Yilmaz F, Uzunhasan I, et al. Procalcitonin: a novel cardiac marker with prognostic value in acute coronary syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2010;38(1):52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertem AG, Efe TH, Yayla Ç, et al. The association between serum procalcitonin levels and severity of coronary artery disease assessed by SYNTAX score in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Angiology. 2017;68(1):40–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Karlinski M, Błazejewska-Hyzorek B, et al. Carotid intima media thickness and blood biomarkers of atherosclerosis in patients after stroke or myocardial infarction. Croat Med J. 2016;57(6):548–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkan H, Celik O, Hatipoglu E, et al. Procalcitonin can be used as a marker of premature atherosclerosis in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2012;15(3):358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HJ, Bendixen B, Kappelle L, et al. Classification of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Stroke. 1993;24:35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Samsa GP. Reliability of the national institutes of health stroke scale. Stroke. 1997;28(2):307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touboul P, Hennerici M, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th European Stroke Conferences [2004 05 12–15], Mannheim, Germany; and the 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 15th European Stroke Conferences [2006 05 16–19], Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Grant E, Benson C, Moneta G, et al. Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and doppler US diagnosis – society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference. Radiology. 2003;229(2):340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller B, Becker KL, Schächinger H, et al. Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(4):977–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz P, Raad I, Amin DN. Using procalcitonin-guided algorithms to improve antimicrobial therapy in ICU patients with respiratory infections and sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2013;19(5):453–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller B, White JC, Nylén ES, et al. Ubiquitous expression of the calcitonin-I gene in multiple tissues in response to sepsis 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(1):396–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2009;302(10):1059–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly D, Khan SQ, Dhillon O, et al. Procalcitonin as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Biomarkers. 2010;15(4):325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtul A, Elcik D. Procalcitonin is an independent predictor for coronary atherosclerotic burden in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2017;236:61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linscheid P, Seboek D, Schaer DJ, et al. Expression and secretion of procalcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide by adherent monocytes and by macrophage-activated adipocytes. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(8):1715–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedermann FJ, Kaneider N, Egger P, et al. Migration of human monocytes in response to procalcitonin. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(5):1112–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhoffer M, Stonans I, Russwurm S, et al. Procalcitonin expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its modulation by lipopolysaccharides and sepsis-related cytokines in vitro. J Lab Clin Med. 1999;134(1):49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlitt A, Heine GH, Blankenberg S, et al. CD14+ CD16+ monocytes in coronary artery disease and their relationship to serum TNF-alpha levels. Thromb Haemost. 2004;92(2):419–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly MP, Rohatgi A, McMahon K, et al. Plasma cytokines, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis in humans. J Investig Med. 2007;55(1):26–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhoffer M, Russwurm S, Stonans I, et al. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells express mRNA for procalcitonin; modulation by lipopolysaccharides and sepsis related cytokines. Crit Care. 1998;2(1):P035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Liu JJ, Fang Sum C, et al. Central arterial stiffness is associated with systemic inflammation among Asians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res. 2016;13(4):303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Corte VD, Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, et al. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(30):4658–4668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matwiyoff G, Prahl J, Miller R, et al. Immune regulation of procalcitonin: a biomarker and mediator of infection. Inflamm Res. 2012;61(5):401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar