References
- Fazel S, Wolf A, Långström N, et al. Premature mortality in epilepsy and the role of psychiatric comorbidity: a total population study. Lancet. 2013;382(9905):1646–1654.
- Holst AG, Winkel BG, Risgaard B, et al. Epilepsy and risk of death and sudden unexpected death in the young: a nationwide study. Epilepsia. 2013;54(9):1613–1620.
- Nashef L. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: terminology and definitions. Epilepsia. 1997;38(11 Suppl):S6–S8.
- Nashef L, So EL, Ryvlin P, et al. Unifying the definitions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53(2):227–233.
- Thurman DJ, Hesdorffer DC, French JA. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia. 2014;55(10):1479–1485.
- Hesdorffer DC, Tomson T, Benn E, et al. Combined analysis of risk factors for SUDEP. Epilepsia. 2011;52(6):1150–1159.
- Lamberts RJ, Thijs RD, Laffan A, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: people with nocturnal seizures may be at highest risk. Epilepsia. 2012;53(2):253–257.
- Friedman D, Donner EJ, Stephens D, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: knowledge and experience among U.S. and Canadian neurologists. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;35:13–18.
- Donner E. Talking about SUDEP: physician perspective. Epilepsy Curr. 2013;13(Suppl.2)(16):5–21.
- Tomson T, Nashef L, Ryvlin P. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current knowledge and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(11):1021–1031.
- Devinsky O, Hesdorffer DC, Thurman DJ, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(10):1075–1088.
- Schraeder PL, Delin K, McClelland RL, et al. A nationwide survey of the extent of autopsy in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009;30(2):123–126.
- Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2017;88(17):1674–1680.
- Bak P, Paczuski M. Complexity, contingency, and criticality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92(15):6689–6696.
- Worrell GA, Cranstoun SD, Echauz J, et al. Evidence for self-organized criticality in human epileptic hippocampus. Neuroreport. 2002;13(16):2017–2021.
- van der Lende M, Surges R, Sander JW, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias during or after epileptic seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(1):69–74.
- Moseley BD, Nickels K, Britton J, et al. How common is ictal hypoxemia and bradycardia in children with partial complex and generalized convulsive seizures? Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1219–1224.
- Schuele SU, Bermeo AC, Alexopoulos AV, et al. Video-electrographic and clinical features in patients with ictal asystole. Neurology. 2007;69(5):434–441.
- Ryvlin P, Nashef L, Lhatoo SD, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(10):966–977.
- Moseley BD, Wirrell EC, Nickels K, et al. Electrocardiographic and oximetric changes during partial complex and generalized seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2011;95(3):237–245.
- Ronkainen E, Ansakorpi H, Huikuri HV, et al. Suppressed circadian heart rate dynamics in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(10):1382–1386.
- Hilz MJ, Devinsky O, Doyle W, et al. Decrease of sympathetic cardiovascular modulation after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 5):985–995.
- Dütsch M, Devinsky O, Doyle W, et al. Cerebral autoregulation improves in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe surgery. J Neurol. 2004;251(10):1190–1197.
- DeGiorgio CM, DeGiorgio AC. SUDEP and heart rate variability. Epilepsy Res. 2010;90(3):309–310. author reply 11-2.
- Tomson T, Ericson M, Ihrman C, et al. Heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1998;30(1):77–83.
- Nashef L, Walker F, Allen P, et al. Apnoea and bradycardia during epileptic seizures: relation to sudden death in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(3):297–300.
- Seyal M, Pascual F, Lee CY, et al. Seizure-related cardiac repolarization abnormalities are associated with ictal hypoxemia. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):2105–2111.
- Venit EL, Shepard BD, Seyfried TN. Oxygenation prevents sudden death in seizure-prone mice. Epilepsia. 2004;45(8):993–996.
- Richerson GB. Response to CO2 of neurons in the rostral ventral medulla in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 1995;73(3):933–944.
- Richerson GB. Serotonergic neurons as carbon dioxide sensors that maintain pH homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(6):449–461.
- Feldman JL, Mitchell GS, Nattie EE. Breathing: rhythmicity, plasticity, chemosensitivity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26:239–266.
- Busl KM, Bleck TP. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(8):1710–1715.
- Rose S, Wu S, Jiang A, et al. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: an etiological factor for SUDEP? Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52(Pt A):76–77.
- Simon RP, Graham B, Bayne LL, et al. Effect of pulmonary vascular pressure on lung lymph flow following seizures. Chest. 1988;93(2):386–389.
- Bayne LL, Simon RP. Systemic and pulmonary vascular pressures during generalized seizures in sheep. Ann Neurol. 1981;10(6):566–569.
- Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1949;1(4):455–473.
- Starzl TE, Taylor CW, Magoun HW. Ascending conduction in reticular activating system, with special reference to the diencephalon. J Neurophysiol. 1951;14(6):461–477.
- Massey CA, Sowers LP, Dlouhy BJ, et al. Mechanisms of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: the pathway to prevention. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(5):271–282.
- Lhatoo SD, Faulkner HJ, Dembny K, et al. An electroclinical case-control study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(6):787–796.
- Surges R, Strzelczyk A, Scott CA, et al. Postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression is associated with generalized seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21(3):271–274.
- Aminoff MJ, Scheinman MM, Griffin JC, et al. Electrocerebral accompaniments of syncope associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(6):791–796.
- Seyal M, Bateman LM, Albertson TE, et al. Respiratory changes with seizures in localization-related epilepsy: analysis of periictal hypercapnia and airflow patterns. Epilepsia. 2010;51(8):1359–1364.
- Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, et al. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature. 1995;374(6522):542–546.
- Tupal S, Faingold CL. Evidence supporting a role of serotonin in modulation of sudden death induced by seizures in DBA/2 mice. Epilepsia. 2006;47(1):21–26.
- Damasceno DD, Savergnini SQ, Gomes ER, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in rats prone to audiogenic epileptic seizures. Seizure. 2013;22(4):259–266.
- Bateman LM, Li CS, Lin TC, et al. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are associated with reduced severity of ictal hypoxemia in medically refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2211–2214.
- Boison D. Adenosine kinase, epilepsy and stroke: mechanisms and therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006;27(12):652–658.
- During MJ, Spencer DD. Adenosine: a potential mediator of seizure arrest and postictal refractoriness. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(5):618–624.
- Barraco RA, Janusz CA, Schoener EP, et al. Cardiorespiratory function is altered by picomole injections of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine into the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats. Brain Res. 1990;507(2):234–246.
- Shen HY, Li T, Boison D. A novel mouse model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): role of impaired adenosine clearance. Epilepsia. 2010;51(3):465–468.
- Devinsky O. Sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(19):1801–1811.
- Bagnall RD, Crompton DE, Petrovski S, et al. Exome-based analysis of cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory control, and epilepsy genes in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(4):522–534.
- Glasscock E. Genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in brain and heart. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;38:172–179.
- Maier SK, Westenbroek RE, Yamanushi TT, et al. An unexpected requirement for brain-type sodium channels for control of heart rate in the mouse sinoatrial node. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(6):3507–3512.
- Shmuely S, Sisodiya SM, Gunning WB, et al. Mortality in Dravet syndrome: a review. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;64(Pt A):69–74.
- Cooper MS, Mcintosh A, Crompton DE, et al. Mortality in Dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Res. 2016;128:43–47.
- Kalume F, Westenbroek RE, Cheah CS, et al. Sudden unexpected death in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(4):1798–1808.
- Wang DW, Yazawa K, George AL, et al. Characterization of human cardiac Na+ channel mutations in the congenital long QT syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(23):13200–13205.
- Anderson JH, Bos JM, Cascino GD, et al. Prevalence and spectrum of electroencephalogram-identified epileptiform activity among patients with long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(1):53–57.
- Howell KB, McMahon JM, Carvill GL, et al. SCN2A encephalopathy: a major cause of epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures. Neurology. 2015;85(11):958–966.
- Hendley P. The genetic basis of Brugada syndrome: a mutation update. Hum Mutat. 2009;30:1256–1266.
- Martin CA, Siedlecka U, Kemmerich K, et al. Reduced Na(+) and higher K(+) channel expression and function contribute to right ventricular origin of arrhythmias in Scn5a+/− mice. Open Biol. 2012;2(6):120072.
- Aurlien D, Leren TP, Taubøll E, et al. New SCN5A mutation in a SUDEP victim with idiopathic epilepsy. Seizure. 2009;18(2):158–160.
- Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, et al. Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy. Neurology. 2009;72(3):224–231.
- Veeramah KR, O'Brien JE, Meisler MH, et al. De novo pathogenic SCN8A mutation identified by whole-genome sequencing of a family quartet affected by infantile epileptic encephalopathy and SUDEP. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(3):502–510.
- Goldman AM, Behr ER, Semsarian C, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy genetics: molecular diagnostics and prevention. Epilepsia. 2016;57(Suppl 1):17–25.
- Nascimento FA, Borlot F, Cossette P, et al. Two definite cases of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a family with a DEPDC5 mutation. Neurol Genet. 2015;1(4):e28.
- Glasscock E, Yoo JW, Chen TT, et al. Kv1.1 potassium channel deficiency reveals brain-driven cardiac dysfunction as a candidate mechanism for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. J Neurosci. 2010;30(15):5167–5175.
- Zuberi SM, Eunson LH, Spauschus A, et al. A novel mutation in the human voltage-gated potassium channel gene (Kv1.1) associates with episodic ataxia type 1 and sometimes with partial epilepsy. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 5):817–825.
- Yang YJ, Yao X, Guo J, et al. Interstitial deletion 5q14.3q21.3 associated with lethal epilepsy. Am J Med Genet A. 2015;167A(4):866–871.
- Ryvlin P, Cucherat M, Rheims S. Risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in patients given adjunctive antiepileptic treatment for refractory seizures: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(11):961–968.
- Shorvon S, Tomson T. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Lancet. 2011;378(9808):2028–2038.
- Morris GL, Gloss D, Buchhalter J, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013;81(16):1453–1459.
- Lamberts RJ, Laranjo S, Kalitzin SN, et al. Postictal generalized EEG suppression is not associated with periictal cardiac autonomic instability in people with convulsive seizures. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):523–529.
- Nashef L, Fish DR, Garner S, et al. Sudden death in epilepsy: a study of incidence in a young cohort with epilepsy and learning difficulty. Epilepsia. 1995;36(12):1187–1194.
- Langan Y, Nashef L, Sander JW. Case-control study of SUDEP. Neurology. 2005;64(7):1131–1133.
- Maguire MJ, Jackson CF, Marson AG, et al. Treatments for the prevention of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD011792.
- Greb E. Mobile devices may provide accurate seizure detection and help prevent SUDEP. Neurol Rev. 2017;25(2):28–29.
- Strzelczyk A, Bauer S, Knake S, et al. Ictal asystole in temporal lobe epilepsy before and after pacemaker implantation. Epileptic Disord. 2008;10(1):39–44.
- Friedman D. Using special pillows to potentially prevent SUDEP; 2014. Avaliable from: http://www.epilepsy.com/article/2014/7/using-special-pillows-potentially-prevent-sudep
- Catcheside PG, Mohtar AA, Reynolds KJ. Airflow resistance and CO2 rebreathing properties of anti-asphyxia pillows designed for epilepsy. Seizure. 2014;23(6):462–467.