Understanding the role of sleep and its disturbances in Autism spectrum disorder

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington (DC), London (UK): American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Howes OD, Rogdaki M, Findon JL, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. . 2018;32(1):3–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter AJ, Brugha TS, Erskine HE, et al. The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Med. 2015;45(3):601–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buescher AV, Cidav Z, Knapp M, et al. Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(8):721–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle TA, Weinstein MC, Newhouse JP, et al. Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):e520–e529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh JP, Du J. Brief Report: Forecasting the economic burden of Autism in 2015 and 2025 in the United States. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(12):4135–4139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B, et al. The fetal origins of mental illness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(6):549–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehner JN, Bruggeman EC, Wen Z, et al. Epigenetic regulations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Genet. 2019;10:268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, et al. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a review. J Neurodev Disord. 2014;6(1):44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl RE. The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 1996;8(1):3–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl RE. Sleep and the developing brain. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1079–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau DY, Weiss MD. Sleep disturbances in newborns. Children (Basel). 2017;20(4):90.
   Google Scholar
• Matricciani L, Paquet C, Galland B, et al. Children's sleep and health: A meta-review. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;46:136–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer E, Heussler H, Gunnarsson R. Defining short and long sleep duration for future paediatric research: A systematic literature review. J Sleep Res. 2019;28(6):e12839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segawa M. Epochs of development of the sleep-wake cycle reflect the modulation of the higher cortical function particular for each epoch. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2006;4(1):4–15.
   Google Scholar
• Anders TF. Infant sleep, nighttime relationships, and attachment. Psychiatry. 1994;57(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt K. A review of developmental consequences of poor sleep in childhood. Sleep Med. 2019;60:3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K, Zimmerman AW. Sleep in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015;22(2):113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzischinsky O, Meiri G, Manelis L, et al. Sleep disturbances are associated with specific sensory sensitivities in children with autism. Mol Autism. 2018;9:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missig G, McDougle CJ, Carlezon WA. Jr. Sleep as a translationally-relevant endpoint in studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;45(1):90–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deliens G, Peigneux P. Sleep-behaviour relationship in children with autism spectrum disorder: methodological pitfalls and insights from cognition and sensory processing. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(12):1368–1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touchette E, Petit D, Seguin JR, et al. Associations between sleep duration patterns and behavioral/cognitive functioning at school entry. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1213–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirescu C, Peters JD, Noiman L, et al. Sleep deprivation inhibits adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus by elevating glucocorticoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;12:19170–19175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Sanchis C, Brock O, Winsky-Sommerer R, et al. Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by sleep: Impact on mental health. Front Neural Circuits. 2017;11(74):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vivo L, Nelson AB, Bellesi M, et al. Loss of sleep affects the ultrastructure of pyramidal neurons in the adolescent mouse frontal cortex. Sleep. 2016;39(4):861–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billeh YN, Rodriguez AV, Bellesi M, et al. Effects of chronic sleep restriction during early adolescence on the adult pattern of connectivity of mouse secondary motor cortex. eneuro. 2016;3(2):ENEURO.0053-16.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takumi T, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, et al. Behavioral neuroscience of autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty B, Gulati S. Autism spectrum disorder: sleep morbidities and sensory impairment; emerging paradigm in research and management. Indian J Pediatr. 2019;86(1):1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richdale AL, Prior MR. The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;4(3):175–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakowiak P, Goodlin-Jones B, Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: A population-based study. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(2):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs L, Stores G. Sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with autistic spectrum disorders: insights using parent report and actigraphy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46(6):372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, et al. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2006;37(2):179–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino Y, Watanabe H, Yashima Y, et al. An investigation on sleep disturbance of autistic children. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1984;38:45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Richdale AL. Sleep problems in autism: prevalence, cause, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(1):60–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souders MC, Mason TB, Valladares O, et al. Sleep behaviors and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sleep. 2009;32(12):1566–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds AM, Malow BA. Sleep and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011;58(3):685–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malow BA, Katz T, Reynolds AM, et al. Sleep difficulties and medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: A Registry Study. Pediatrics. 2016;137(Supplement):S98–S104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskop S, Richdale A, Matthews J. Behavioural treatment to reduce sleep problems in children with autism or fragile X syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(2):94–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ. A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005;49(4):260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman G. Circadian rhythms and sleep in children with autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34(5):755–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuomo BM, Vaz S, Lee EAL, et al. Effectiveness of sleep-based interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-synthesis. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37(5):555–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009;3(4):931–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HL, Matson JL, Cervantes PE, et al. The relationship between autism symptom severity and sleep problems: Should bidirectionality be considered? Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8(3):193–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata E, Mohri I, Kato-Nishimura K, et al. Evaluation of behavioral change after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2017;65:127–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Gilliam JE, et al. Sleep problems and symptomology in children with autism. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2005;20(4):194–200.
   Google Scholar
• Accardo JA, Malow BA. Sleep, epilepsy, and autism. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;47:202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirata I, Mohri I, Kato-Nishimura K, et al. Sleep problems are more frequent and associated with problematic behaviors in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2016;49:86–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs L, Stores G. Behavioural treatment for sleep problems in children with severe intellectual disabilities and daytime challenging behaviour: effect on mothers and fathers. Br J Health Psychol. 2001;6(3):257–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA. Sleep loss and “divergent” thinking ability. Sleep. 1988;11(6):528–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 1996;19(4):318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randazzo AC, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK, et al. Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14. Sleep. 1998;21:861–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer AM, Habekothe HT, Van Den Wittenboer GL. Time in bed, quality of sleep and school functioning of children. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis J, Meerlo P, Koolhaas JM, et al. Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Med. 2012;13(4):327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick SE, Srivorakiat L, Wink LK, et al. Aggression in autism spectrum disorder: presentation and treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1525–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck KA, Mulick JA, Smith AF. Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2004;25(1):57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allik H, Larsson JO, Smedje H. Insomnia in school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. BMC Psychiatr. 2006;6(1):18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gail WP, Sears LL, Allard A. Sleep problems in children with autism. J Sleep Res. 2004;13:265–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman SE, McGrew S, Johnson KP, et al. Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5(3):1223–1229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman SE, Surdyka K, Cuevas R, et al. Defining the sleep phenotype in children with autism. Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34(5):560–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannion A, Leader G, Healy O. An investigation of comorbid psychological disorders, sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013;7(1):35–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller R, Basta R, Salerno L, et al. Autism, epilepsy, and synaptopathies: a not rare association. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(8):1353–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malow BA. Sleep disorders, epilepsy, and autism. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2004;10(2):122–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besag FM. Current controversies in the relationships between autism and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;47:143–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nir I, Meir D, Zilber N, et al. Brief report: circadian melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and cortisol levels in serum of young adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995;25(6):641–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulia KK, Patel N, Radhakrishnan A, et al. Reduction in ultrasonic vocalizations in pups born to rapid eye movement sleep restricted mothers in rat model. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor ME, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP. Children with autism: sleep problems and symptom severity. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2012;27(4):254–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmar FR, Cohen DJ. The experience of infantile autism: a first-person account by Tony W. J Autism Dev Disord. 1985;15(1):47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zukerman G, Yahav G, Ben-Itzchak E. Increased psychiatric symptoms in university students with autism spectrum disorder are associated with reduced adaptive behavior. Psychiatry Res. 2019;273:732–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma S. Development of the mammalian circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci. 2019;0:1–12. DOI:10.1111/ejn.14318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoffray MM, Nicolas A, Speranza M, et al. Are circadian rhythms new pathways to understand Autism Spectrum Disorder? J Physiol Paris. 2016;110(4):434–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jan JE, Freeman RD, Fast DK. Melatonin treatment of sleep–wake cycle disorders in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(7):491–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller CL, Anacker AMJ, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience. 2016;321:24–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner RL, Sanford LD, Annis D, et al. Serotonin at the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus suppresses rapid-eye-movement sleep in freely behaving rats. J Neurosci. 1997;17(19):7541–7552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugani DC. Role of altered brain serotonin mechanisms in autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(S2):S16–S17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildt M, Goergen EM, Benton JL, et al. Regulation of serotonin levels by multiple light-entrainable endogenous rhythms. J Exp Biol. 2004;207(21):3765–3774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, et al. Physiological effects of melatonin: role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol. 2008;85:335–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritvo ER, Ritvo R, Yuwiler A, et al. Elevated daytime melatonin concentrations in autism: A pilot study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;2(2):75–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulman G, Lissoni P, Rovelli F, et al. Evidence of pineal endocrine hypofunction in autistic children. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2000;21(1):31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tordjman S, Anderson GM, Pichard N, et al. Nocturnal excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(2):134–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch OJ, Pendergast JS, Allen MJ, et al. Genetic variation in melatonin pathway enzymes in children with autism spectrum disorder and comorbid sleep onset delay. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(1):100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman SE, Alder ML, Burgess HJ, et al. Characterizing sleep in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017;47(6):1682–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medavarapu S, Marella LL, Sangem A, et al. Where is the evidence? A narrative literature review of the treatment modalities for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cureus. 2019;11(1):e3901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camargo SP, Rispoli M, Ganz J, et al. A review of the quality of behaviorally-based intervention research to improve social interaction skills of children with ASD in inclusive settings. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(9):2096–2116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchack KE, Thomas CA. Autism spectrum disorder: Primary care principles. Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(12):972–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan RJ, Abel L, Candel L. A meta-analysis of single-subject research on behavioral momentum to enhance success in students with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017;47(5):1464–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydon S, Moran L, Healy O, et al. A systematic review and evaluation of inhibitory stimulus control procedures as a treatment for stereotyped behavior among individuals with autism. Dev Neurorehabil. 2017;20(8):491–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souders MC, Zavodny S, Eriksen W, et al. Sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(6):34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galland BC, Mitchell EA. Helping children sleep. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(10):850–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch OJ, Maxwell-Horn AC, Malow BA. Sleep in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Sleep Medicine Rep. 2015;1(2):131–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bathory E, Tomopoulos S. Sleep regulation, physiology and development, sleep duration and patterns, and sleep hygiene in infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017;47(2):29–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharda M, Tuerk C, Chowdhury R, et al. Music improves social communication and auditory–motor connectivity in children with autism. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver HS, Taylor SR. Exercise and sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4(4):387–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworak M, Wiater A, Alfer D, et al. Increased slow wave sleep and reduced stage 2 sleep in children depending on exercise intensity. Sleep Med. 2008;9(3):266–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachob D, Lorenzi DG. Brief report: influence of physical activity on sleep quality in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(8):2641–2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand S, Jossen S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, et al. Impact of aerobic exercise on sleep and motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorders–a pilot study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1911–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. Sleep. 1999;22(8):1134–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodulu KV, Durand VM. Reducing bedtime disturbance and night waking using positive bedtime routines and sleep restriction. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2004;19(3):130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Malow BA, McGrew SG, Harvey M, et al. Impact of treating sleep apnea in a child with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Neurol. 2006;34(4):325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(1_suppl):S1–S42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garstang J, Wallis M. Randomized controlled trial of melatonin for children with autistic spectrum disorders and sleep problems. Child Care Health Dev. 2006;32(5):585–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Cerquiglini A, et al. An open-label study of controlled-release melatonin in treatment of sleep disorders in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(6):741–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright B, Sims D, Smart S, et al. Melatonin versus placebo in children with autism spectrum conditions and severe sleep problems not amenable to behaviour management strategies: a randomised controlled crossover trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41(2):175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen EJ, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Vanhala R, et al. Effectiveness of melatonin in the treatment of sleep disturbances in children with Asperger disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13(1):83–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolberg OT, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(8):1119–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serfaty MA, Osborne D, Buszewicz MJ, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment as usual plus exogenous slow-release melatonin (6 mg) or placebo for sleep disturbance and depressed mood. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(3):132–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(1):85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi N, Uchimura N, Hashizume Y, et al. Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;55(3):267–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossignol DA, Frye RE. Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(9):783–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Sebastiani T, et al. Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Sleep Res. . 2012;21(6):700–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gringras P, Gamble C, Jones AP, et al, on behalf of the MENDS Study Group. Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;345(nov05 1):e6664–e6664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballester P, Martínez MJ, Inda MD, et al. Evaluation of agomelatine for the treatment of sleep problems in adults with autism spectrum disorder and co-morbid intellectual disability. J Psychopharmacol. 2019;33(11):1395–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Oka Y, et al. The melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon effectively treats insomnia and behavioral symptoms in autistic disorder. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2014;2014:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gringras P, Nir T, Breddy J, et al. Efficacy and safety of pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(11):948–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maras A, Schroder CM, Malow BA, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018;28(10):699–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieske RD, Matson JL, Beighley JS, et al. Comorbid psychopathology rates in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR and the proposed DSM-5. Dev Neurorehabil. 2015;18(4):218–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stores G. Children's sleep disorders: modern approaches, developmental effects, and children at special risk. Dev Med Child Neurol. . 1999;41(8):568–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar