Cognitive skills among Nepalese child labourers

References

• Alaraudanjoki , E. 2000 . “ Child labour: A multi-disciplinary review ” . In Inescapable horizon: Culture and context , Edited by: Leppänen , S. and Kuortti , J. 157 – 202 . Jyväskylä, , Finland : Gummerus Printing .
   Google Scholar
• Aptekar , L. 1988 . Street children of Call , Durham & London : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aptekar , L. 1989 . The psychology of Colombian street children . International Journal of Health Services , 19 : 295 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptekar , L. and Stoecklin , D. 1997 . “ Children in particularly difficult circumstances ” . In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Berry , J. W. and Dasen , R. R. Vol.2 , 377 – 412 . Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Ardila , A. and Rosselli , M. Sociocultural effects on language abilities . Eighth meeting of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists . Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Ardila , A. , Rosselli , M. and Ostrosky-Solis , F. 1992 . “ Socioeducational ” . In Handbook of neuropsychological assessment: A biopsychologicalperspective , Edited by: Puente , A. E. and McCafferey , R. J. 181 – 189 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ardila , A. , Rosselli , M. and Rosas , P. 1989 . Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: Visuospatial and memory abilities . Brain and Cognition , 11 : 147 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , Gathercole , S. and Papagano , C. 1998 . The phonological loop as a language learning device . Psychological Review , 105 : 158 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , R. , Panter-Brick , C. and Todd , A. 1996 . “ Methods used in research with children in Nepal ” . In Childhood, special issue: Children out of place, 3 , London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. , Panter-Brick , C. and Todd , A. 1997 . Homeless street boys in Nepal: Their demography and life style . Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 28 : 129 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , L. 1938 . A visual-motor Gestalt test and its use , New York : American Orthopsychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bequele , A. and Boyden , J. , eds. 1988 . Combating child labour , Geneva : International Labour Office .
   Google Scholar
• Bequele , A. and Myers , W. 1995 . First things first in child labour: Eliminating work detrimental to children , 26 – 27 . Geneva : UNICEF/ILO .
   Google Scholar
• Boidin , C. 1995 . “ Labour inspection and the adoption of a policy on child labour. The working child: Psychosociologjcal approach ” . In ILO Labour Administration Branch Document Vol. 42 , Geneva
   Google Scholar
• Brislin , R. W. 1983 . Cross-cultural research in psychology . Annual Review of Psychology , 34 : 363 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. and Pollit , E. 1996 . Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development . Scientific American , February : 26 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burra , N. 1995 . Born to work: Child labour in India , New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carraher , T. N. , Carraher , D. W. and Schliemann , A. D. 1987 . Written and oral mathematics . Journal of Research in Mathematics Education , 18 : 83 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz , M. E. , Levav , M. , Ramirez , I. , Cruz , I. , Mirsky , A. , Bartko , J. , Castro , S. and Izurieta , G. 1993 . “ Niveles de nutricion y rendimiento en pruebas neuropsicologicas en ninos escolares de una comunidad rural andina ” . In Parasitas Cerebral e Intestinal Problemas de Salua Publica , Quito, , Ecuador : Academia Ecuatoriana de Neurociencias .
   Google Scholar
• De Abreau , G. and Bishop , A. J. Do children bring “home mathematics” to their understanding of “school mathematics” . Paper for XII Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development . July 19–23 , Recife. as a contribution to the symposium “The development of everyday cognition and competence: children's performance and teachers' representations”
   Google Scholar
• De Oliveira , W. , Baizerman , M. and Pellet , L. 1992 . Street children in Brazil and their helpers: Comparative views on aspirations and the future . International Social Work , 35 : 163 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Deregowski , J. B. 1980 . Illusions, patterns, and pictures: A cross-cultural perspective , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Souza , E. , Koller , S. , Hutx , C. and Foster , L. 1995 . Preventing depression among Brazilian street childrea . Revista Intraamericana de Psicologia , 29 : 261 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Ennew , J. 1994 . Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP) for the field of child labour Psychosocial measurement of hazards of work or working conditions Geneva International Labour Organization's (ILO) unpublished report
   Google Scholar
• Felsman , K. J. 1981 . Street urchins of Colombia . Natural Histories , April : 41 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson , M. A. , Johnson , K. A. and Reitan , R. M. 1977 . Relationship of level of education to neuropsychological measures in brain-damaged and non-damaged adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 45 : 536 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe , A. 1989 . Child labour , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. A. 1979 . The objective diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction , 159 – 163 . 278 – 289 . New Jersey, NJ : Creative Therapeutics .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , A. 1992 . Street children of Calcutta , New Delhi : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• Good , T. and Brophy , J. 1986 . “ School effects ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , Edited by: Wittsock , M. W. 570 – 602 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Gorman , K. S. and Pollit , E. 1996 . Does schooling buffer the effects of early risk? . Child Development , 67 : 314 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande , N. 1988 . A matematica no meio rural: Pequenos agricultures, estudantes e professores. [Mathematics in the rural environment: Small land owners, pupils, and teachers.] , Recife, , Brazil : Universidade Federal de Pernambuco . Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mestrado em Psicologia
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. and Matthews , C. 1988 . “ Differences in neuropsychological test performance associated with age, education, and sex ” . In Neuropsychological assessment in neuropsychiatric disorders , Edited by: Grant , I. and Adams , K. M. 108 – 120 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , W. 1960 . Pictorial depth perception in subcultural groups in Africa . Journal of Social Psychology , 52 : 183 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization . 1998 . IPEC: Finding out about child labour—Child slavery and forced labour
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , P. , Richter , L. , Griesel , R. and Joubert , J. 1990 . Glue sniffing: A description of social, psychological and neuropsychological factors in a group of South African “street children” . South African Journal of Psychology , 20 : 150 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Koppitz , E. M. 1975 . The Bender Gestalt Test for Young Children: Vol. 2. Research and applications 1963–1973 , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Laserna , C. 1988 . “ From milking to math ” . In Through the looking glass , Edited by: Bergum , V. and Ross , J. Ottawa : Canadian Nursing Association .
   Google Scholar
• LeVine , R. A. , Dixon , S. , LeVine , S. , Richman , A. , Leiderman , P. M. , Keefer , C. H. and Brazelton , T. B. 1994 . Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd ed. , 544 – 545 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , R. and Harper , C. 1996 . Small hands: Children in the working world , Working paper 16 London : Save the Children .
   Google Scholar
• Martorell , R. and Scrimshaw , N. S. , eds. 1995 . The effects of improved nutrition in early childhood The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) followup study , Journal of Nutrition (Suppl), 125, No. 4S
   Google Scholar
• McKechnie , J. , Lindsay , S. and Hobbs , S. 1996 . Child employment: A neglected topic? . Psychologist , 9 : 219 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsky , A. F. , Anthony , B. J. , Duncan , C. C. , Ahearn , M. B. and Kellam , S. G. 1991 . Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach . Neuropsychology Review , 2 : 109 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monteiro , J. , Campos , M. and Dollinger , S. J. 1998 . An autophotographic study of poverty, collective orientation, and identity among street children . Journal of School Psychology , 138 : 403 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Munroe , R. H. , Munroe , R. L. and Shimmin , H. S. 1984 . Children's work in four cultures: Determinants and consequences . American Anthropologist , 86 : 369 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , W. E. , ed. 1991 . Protecting working children , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Nag , M. , White , B. N. F. and Peet , G. R. 1978 . An anthropological approach to the study of the economic value of children in Java and Nepal . Current Anthropology , 19 : 300 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuys , O. 1994 . Children's life worlds: Gender, welfare and labour in the developing world , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Noto , A. R. , Nappo , S. A. , Galduroz , J. C. F. , Mattel , R. and Carlini , E. A. 1997 . Use of drugs among street children in Brazil . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 29 : 185 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrosky , F. , Canseco , E. , Quintanar , L. , Navarro , E. , Meneses , S. and Ardila , A. 1985 . Sociocultural effects in neuropsychological assessment . International Journal of Neuroscience , 27 : 53 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrosky , F. , Quintanar , L. , Meneses , S. , Canseco , E. , Navarrro , E. and Ardila , A. 1986 . Actividad cognoscitiva y nivel sociocultura . La Revista de Investigacion Clinica (Mexico) , 38 : 37 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuji , O. N. 1982 . Constructing complex geometric patterns: A study of age and ability among Igbo children of eastern Nigeria . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 13 : 481 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panier-Brick , C. , Todd , A. and Baker , R. 1996 . Growth status of homeless Nepali boys: Do they differ from rural and urban controls? . Social Sciences Medicine , 43 : 441 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. 1996 . Traditional healers and childhood in Zimbabwe , Athens : Ohio Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosselli , M. , Ardila , A. and Rosas , P. 1990 . Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates II: Language and praxic abilities . Brain and Cognition , 12 : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1979 . “ Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage ” . In Primary prevention of psychopathology, Vol. 3: Social competence in children , Edited by: Kent , M. W. and Rolf , J. E. 49 – 74 . Hanover, NH : University Press of New England .
   Google Scholar
• Sameroff , A. J. , Seifer , R. , Zax , M. and Greenspan , S. 1987 . Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: Social environmental risk factors . Pediatrics , 79 : 343 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , G. B. 1988 . The mathematics of child street vendors . Child Development , 59 : 1415 – 1425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segall , M. H. 1986 . Culture and behavior: Psychology in global perspective . Annual Review of Psychology , 37 : 523 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylva , K. 1994 . School influences on children's development . Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry , 35 : 135 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. L. , Kauffman , D. and Partenio , I. 1984 . The Koppitz developmental scoring system for Bender-Gestalt: Is it developmental? . Psychology in the Schools , 21 : 425 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler , F. B. , Tyler , S. L. , Echeverry , J. J. and Zea , M. C. 1992 . Making it on the streets of Bogota: A psychosocial study of street youth . Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs , 117 : 395 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF . 1998 . Information statistics
   Google Scholar
• Veale , A. and Adefrisew , A. 1993 . “ A study of street children in four regional towns in Ethiopia ” . In Report for UNICEF in conjunction with the Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs, Ethiopia
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1974 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• White , B. 1996 . Globalization and the child labour problem . Journal of International Development , 8 : 829 – 839 .
   Google Scholar
• Whiting , B. and Whiting , J. W. M. 1975 . Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , S. , Andersen , J. , McGee , R. and Suva , P. A. 1990 . Risk factors for behavioral and emotional disorder in preadolescent children . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 413 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead , M. 1998 . Children's perspectives on their working lives , Stockholm : Radda Barnen .
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead , M. 1999 . Combating child labour Listen to what the children say . Childhood , 6 : 27 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , B. D. , Willig , M. and Kaminsky , D. C. 1993 . Street children in North and Latin America: Preliminary data from Proyecto Alternativos in Tegucigalpa and some comparisons with the U.S. case . Studies in Comparative International Development , 28 : 81 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar