Investigation of the factor structure of spirituality and religiosity in Iranian Shiite university students

References

• Abu-Raiya , H and Pargament , KI . 2010 . Empirically-based psychology of Islam: Summary and critique of the literature . Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 14 ( 2 ) : 93 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Raiya , H , Pargament , KI , Mahoney , A and Stein , C . 2007 . Lessons learned and challenges faced in developing the Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness (PMIR) . Journal of Muslim Mental Health , 2 ( 2 ) : 133 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Attari , YA , Abbasi , A and Mehrabizadeh , M . 2006 . Investigation of the relationships between religious attitude, optimism, attachment styles, and marital satisfaction in male married students studying at Shahid Chamran University . Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology , 3 ( 1 ) : 93 – 110 [in Persian] .
   Google Scholar
• Bahrami , H and Tashk , A . 2005 . Relation between religious orientation and mental health and evaluation of religious orientation scale . Journal of Psychology and Education , 34 ( 2 ) : 41 – 63 [in Persian] .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , TA . 2006 . Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , MW and Cudeck , R . 1993 . “ Alternative ways of assessing model fit ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , KA and Long , JS . 136 – 162 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , BM . (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
   Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency . 2011 . World factbook , Langley , VA : CIA .
   Google Scholar
• Clawson , PL and Rubin , M . 2005 . Eternal Iran: Continuity and chaos , New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , EL and Mahdi , AA . 2006 . Culture and customs of Iran , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dowling , E , Gestsdottir , S , Anderson , P , von Eye , A and Lerner , RM . 2003 . Spirituality, religiosity, and thriving among adolescents: Identification and confirmation of factor structures . Applied Developmental Science , 7 ( 4 ) : 253 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Dy-Liacco , G , Piedmont , R , Murray-Swank , N , Rodgerson , T and Sherman , M . 2009 . Spirituality and religiosity as cross-cultural aspects of human experience . Psychology of Religion and Spirituality , 1 ( 1 ) : 35 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons , RA . 1999 . Religion in the psychology of personality: An introduction . Journal of Personality , 67 ( 6 ) : 874 – 888 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorbani , N , Watson , PJ and Khan , ZH . 2007 . Theoretical, empirical, and potential ideological dimensions of using Western conceptualizations to measure Muslim religious commitments . Journal of Muslim Mental Health , 2 : 113 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , RL . 1995 . Religious aspects of substance abuse and recovery . Journal of Social Issues , 51 ( 2 ) : 65 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , V , Surie , G , Javidan , M and Chhokar , J . 2002 . Southern Asia cluster: Where the old meets the new? . Journal of World Business , 37 ( 1 ) : 16 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadianfar , H . 2005 . Subjective well-being and religious activities in a group of Muslims . Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology , 11 ( 2 ) : 224 – 232 [in Persian] .
   Google Scholar
• Hatch , RL , Burg , MA , Naberhaus , DS and Hellmich , LK . 1998 . The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale: Development and testing of a new instrument . Journal of Family Practice , 46 : 476 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , PC and Pargament , KI . 2003 . Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research . American Psychologist , 58 : 64 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , PC , Pargament , K II , Hood , RW , McCullough , JME , Swyers , JP Larson , DB . 2000 . Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 30 : 51 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , DYF and Ho , TH . 2007 . Measuring spirituality and spiritual emptiness: Towards ecumenicity and transcultural applicability . Review of General Psychology , 11 : 62 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G . 1991 . Culture and organizations: Software of the mind , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , KG and Sörbom , D . 2003 . LISREL 8.54 [computer software] , Lincolnwood , IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Joshanloo , M . 2010 . Investigation of the contribution of spirituality and religiousness to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Iranian young adults . Journal of Happiness Studies , December 6 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Joshanloo , M , Nosratabadi , M and Jafari Kandovan , Gh . 2007 . Social well-being, big five factors and self-esteem . Journal of Psychological Science , 21 : 66 – 88 . [in Persian]
   Google Scholar
• Kazemipur , A and Goodarzi , M . 2009 . Iranian youth and religion: An empirical study . Middle East Critique , 18 ( 2 ) : 161 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelloway , EK . 1998 . Using LISREL for structural equation modelling: A researcher's guide , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Khosrokhavar , F . 2007 . The new religiosity in Iran . Social Compass , 54 ( 3 ) : 453 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , RB . (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press
   Google Scholar
• Leung , K and Bond , MH . 2004 . Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multi-cultural perspective . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 36 : 119 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascaro , N and Rosen , DH . 2006 . The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress . Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 46 ( 2 ) : 168 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascaro , N , Rosen , DH and Morey , LC . 2004 . The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the Spiritual Meaning Scale . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 : 845 – 860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , L and Kelley , BS . 2005 . “ Relationships of religiosity and spirituality with mental health and psychopathology ” . In Handbook of the psychology of religion , Edited by: Paloutzian , RF and Park , CL . 460 – 478 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , WR and Thoresen , CE . 2003 . Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field . American Psychologist , 58 : 24 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moaddel , M . 2006 . The Saudi public speaks: Religion, gender, and politics . International Journal of Middle East Studies , 38 : 79 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira-Almeida , A , Neto , FL and Koenig , HG . 2006 . Religiousness and mental health: A review . Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria , 28 ( 3 ) : 242 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , JM . 2009 . Psychology, religion, and spirituality , New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Pargament , KI . 1999 . The psychology of religion and spirituality: Yes and no . International Journal for the Psychology of Religion , 9 : 3 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Piedmont , RL . 1999 . Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five-factor Model . Journal of Personality , 67 ( 6 ) : 985 – 1013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedmont , RL . 2007 . Cross-cultural generalizability of the spiritual transcendence scale to the Philippines: Spirituality as a human universal . Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 10 ( 2 ) : 89 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Piedmont , RL , Ciarrocchi , JW , Dy-Liacco , D and Williams , JEG . 2009 . The empirical and conceptual value of the Spiritual Transcendence and Religious Involvement scales for personality research . Psychology of Religion and Spirituality , 1 ( 3 ) : 162 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedmont , RL and Leach , MM . 2002 . Cross-cultural generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale in India: Spirituality as a universal aspect of human experience . American Behavioral Scientist , 45 : 1886 – 1899 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante , TG and Boccaccini , M . 1997a . Reliability and validity of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire . Pastoral Psychology , 45 : 429 – 437 .
   Google Scholar
• Plante , TG and Boccaccini , M . 1997b . The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire . Pastoral Psychology , 45 : 375 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryff , CD , Singer , B and Palmersheim , KA . 2004 . “ Social inequalities in health and well-being: The role of relational and religious protective factors ” . In How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife , Edited by: Brim , OG , Ryff , CD and Kessler , RC . 90 – 123 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Safdar , S , Lewis , JR and Daneshpour , M . 2006 . Social axioms in Iran and Canada: Intercultural contact, coping and adjustment . Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 9 : 123 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroglou , V , Pichon , I , Trompette , L , Verschueren , M and Dernelle , R . 2005 . Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projective measures and peer ratings . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 44 ( 3 ) : 323 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahabi , L , Powell , LH , Musick , MA , Pargament , KI , Thoresen , CE Williams , D . 2002 . Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 24 : 59 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stifoss-Hanssen , H . (1999). Religion and sprituality: What a European ear hears. The international Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 25–33
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , BG . and Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , M and Ide , S . 2003 . Implicit theories of spirituality across three generations: A cross-cultural comparison in the U.S. and Japan . Journal of Religious Gerontology , 15 ( 4 ) : 15 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Tezcür , GM , Azadarmaki , T and Bahar , M . 2006 . Religious participation among Muslims: Iranian exceptionalism . Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies , 15 ( 3 ) : 217 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Thoresen , CE . 1998 . “ Spirituality, health and science ” . In The emerging role of counseling psychology in health care , Edited by: Roth-Roemer , S , Kurpius , SR and Carmin , C . 409 – 431 . New York , NY : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Tsang , J and McCullough , ME . 2003 . “ Measuring religious constructs: A hierarchical approach to construct organization and scale selection ” . In Handbook of positive psychological assessment , Edited by: Lopez , SJ and Snyder , CR . 345 – 360 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Zinnbauer , BJ and Pargament , KI . 2005 . “ Religiousness and spirituality ” . In Handbook for the psychology of religion , Edited by: Paloutzian , R and Park , C . 21 – 42 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zinnbauer , BJ , Pargament , KI , Cole , B , Rye , MS , Butter , EM Belavich , TG . 1997 . Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 36 : 549 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar