HEAD TRIANGULATION IN TWO COLUBRINE SNAKES: PROBABLE BEHAVIOURAL REINFORCEMENT OF BATESIAN MIMICRY

REFERENCES

• Anderson , J. A. 1964 . A report on the gecko Teratolepis fasciata (Blyth, 1853) . J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc , 61 : 161 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Arbei , A. 1979 . The coin-marked snake—a case of animal mimicry . Israel—Land and Nature , 4 : 112 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Baran , I. 1976 . Türkiye Yilanlarinin Taksonomik Revizyonu ve Cografî Dagilislari. Türk. Bilimsei Teknik Araştirma Kurumu; Mat. Fiz. Biyol. Bilimler Araştirma Grubu, Ankara 177
   Google Scholar
• Barash , A. and Hoofien , J. H. 1956 . Reptiles of Israel. Hakibutz Hameuchad Ltd., Tel Aviv. 181 pp. (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Beebe , W. 1946 . Field notes on snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana and Cariapito, Venezuela . Zoologica , 31 : 11 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellairs , A. 1969 . The Life of Reptiles London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . 590 pp. (in 2 vols.)
   Google Scholar
• Brower , L. P. and Van Zandt Brower , J. 1962 . Investigations into mimicry . Natural History , 71 ( 4 ) : 8 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bustard , H. R. 1968 . Pygopus nigriceps (Fischer): a lizard mimicking a venomous snake . Br. J. Herpetol , 4 : 22 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , C. C. and Ferguson , G. W. 1977 . Variation and evolution of stereotyped behaviour in reptiles. In: Biology of the Reptilia, Vol Edited by: Gans , C. and Tinkle , D. W. Vol. 7 , 335 – 554 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cogger , H. 1967 . Australian Reptiles in Colour. East-West Center Press, Honolulu 112
   Google Scholar
• Conant , R. 1958 . A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the United States and Canada East of the 100th Meridian. Houghton Miflin, Boston 366
   Google Scholar
• Cott , H. B. 1940 . Adaptive Coloration in Animals 508 London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Curio , E. 1965 . Die Schlangenmimikry einer südamerikanischen Schwärmerraupe . Nat. Mus , 95 : 207 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Deoras , P. J. 1965 . Snakes of India. National Book Trust, New Delhi 144
   Google Scholar
• Doflein , F. 1914 . Das Tier als Glied des Naturganzen. R. Hesse and F. Doflein, Tierbau und Tierleben in ihrem Zusammenhang betrachtet, Vol Vol. 2 , 960 Leipzig : Teubner . & Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Dor , M. 1975 . Zoological Lexicon, Vertebrata (ed. 2). Dvir, Tel Aviv. 466 pp. (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Dundee , H. A. 1950 . Additional records of Hypsiglena from Oklahoma, with some notes on the behavior and the eggs . Herpetologica , 6 : 28 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , E. R. 1935 . The snakes of the genus Ninia . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Washington , 21 : 9 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot , W. B. 1978 . Chemistry and immunology of reptilian venoms. In: Biology of the Reptilia, Vol Edited by: Gans , C. and Gans , K. A. Vol. 8 , 163 – 436 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , H. S. 1949 . Study of snake populations in central California . Am. Midi. Nat , 41 : 513 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch , H. S. 1965 . An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis . Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist , 15 : 493 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitz Simons , V. F.M. 1962 . Snakes of Southern Africa. MacDonald, London 423
   Google Scholar
• Fogden , M. and Fogden , P. 1974 . Animals and their Colours. Eurobook (Peter Lowe), Weert 172
   Google Scholar
• Ford , E. B. 1965 . Ecological Genetics 335 London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , C. 1961 . Mimicry in procryptically colored snakes of the genus Dasypeltis . Evolution , 15 : 72 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gans , C. 1964 . Empathie learning and the mimicry of African snakes . Evolution , 18 : 705
   Google Scholar
• Gans , C. and Latifi , M. 1973 . Another case of presumptive mimicry in snakes . Copeia , 1973 801- 802
   Google Scholar
• Gans , C. and Richmond , N. D. 1957 . Warning behavior in snakes of the genus Dasypeltis . Copeia , 1957 : 269 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Gehlbach , F. K. 1972 . Coral snake mimicry reconsidered: the strategy of self-mimicry . Forma Functio , 5 : 311 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Gharpurey , K. C. 1954 . The Snakes of India and Pakistan, Ed. 4. Popular Book Depot, Bombay 154
   Google Scholar
• Gitter , S. and de Vries , A. 1968 . Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of bites by Near Eastern, European and North African snakes. In: Venomous Animals and their Venoms, Vol Edited by: Bücherl , W. , Buckley , E. E. and Deulofeu , V. Vol. 1 , 359 – 401 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , H. W. 1975 . Ecological observations on the red coffee snake, Ninia sebae, in southern Veracruz, Mexico . Am. Midi. Nat , 93 : 478 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , H. W and McDiarmid , R. W. 1981 . Coral snake mimicry: does it occur? . Science , 213 1207- 1212
   Google Scholar
• Greene , H. W. and Pyburn , W. F. 1973 . Comments on aposematism and mimicry among coral snakes . Biologist , 55 : 144 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Grobman , A. B. 1978 . An alternative solution to the coral snake mimic problem (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae) . J. Herpetol , 12 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• von Haartman , L. 1957 . Adaptation in hole-nesting birds . Evolution , 11 : 339 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatwole , H. 1976 . Reptile Ecology 178 St. Lucia : University of Queensland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hecht , M. K. and Marien , D. 1956 . The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation . J. Morphol , 98 : 335 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoesch , W. 1958 . Über das Zusammenwirken von Färbung und Verhalten . J. Ornithol , 99 : 173 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoesch , W. 1959 . Von der Maulwurfsnatter (Pseudaspis cana) . Natur Volk , 89 : 202 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Humphries , D. A. and Driver , P. M. 1970 . Protean defense by prey animals . Oecologia , 5 : 285 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , J. M. 1976 . Variations of venom proteins in Agkistrodon snakes from North America . Copeia , 1976 : 558 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Klemmer , K. 1963 . Liste der rezenten Giftschlangen; Elapidae, Hydropheidae, Viperidae und Crotalidae. In: Die Giftschlangen der Erde. Behringwerk-Mitteilungen, Elvert, Marburg/Lahn 253 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanza , B. 1964 . II genere Sphalerosophis e descrizione di una nuova specie (Reptilia, Serpentes) . Monit. Zool. Ital , 72 : 47 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Loveridge , A. 1923 . Notes on East African snakes collected 1918–1923 . Proc. Zool. Soc. London , 2 : 871 – 897 .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , H. and Rabb , G. B. 1965 . Relationships and zoogeography of the viperine snakes (family Viperidae) . Fieldiana Zool , 44 : 161 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , J. R. and Reidinger , R. F. Jr. 1981 . Effects of social facilitation and observational learning on feeding behavior of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) . Auk , 98 : 778 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mebs , D. 1978 . Pharmacology of reptilian venoms. In: Biology of the Reptilia, Vol Edited by: Gans , C. and Gans , K. A. Vol. 8 , 437 – 560 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelssohn , H. 1963 . On the biology of the venomous snakes of Israel, part I . Isr. J. Zool , 12 : 143 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Mertens , R. 1946 . Die Warn-und Droh-Reaktionen der Reptilien . Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges , 471 : 1 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Mertens , R. 1956 . Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen . Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) , 84 : 6 – 14 . 541- 576, pis
   Google Scholar
• Minton , S. A. 1966 . A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan . Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist , 134 : 27 – 184 . pls.9–36
   Google Scholar
• Moss , A. 1920 . Sphingidae of Praha, Brazil . Nov. Zool , 27 : 133 – 424 . pls.1–11
   Google Scholar
• Munro , D. F. 1949 . Hatching a clutch of Heterodon eggs . Herpetologica , 5 : 134 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , C. H. 1935 . The Reptiles of China 604 New York : American Museum of Natural History .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , L. W. 1946 . Captive specimens of Tropidoclonion lineatum . Herpetologica , 3 : 112
   Google Scholar
• Rand , A. S. and Ortleb , E. P. 1969 . Defensive display in the colubrid snake Pseustes poecilonotus shropshirei . Herpetologica , 25 : 46 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , W. 1955 . Snakes—Mainly South African. Miller, Cape Town 213
   Google Scholar
• de Rooij , N. 1917 . The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, 2, Ophidia 334 Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Sapwell , J. 1968 . An unusual defensive display by a West African snake, Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia hotamboeia (Laurenti) . Herpetologica , 25 : 314 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. P. 1972 . Animal Behavior, Ed 349 University of Chicago Press . 2
   Google Scholar
• Sibley , C. G. 1955 . Behavioral mimicry in the titmice (Paridae) and certain other birds . Wilson Bull , 67 : 128 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H. M. 1943 . Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Travelling Scholarship . Proc. US Nat. Mus , 93 : 393 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. A. 1927 . Contributions to the herpetology of the Indo-Australian regions . Proc. Zool. Soc. London , 1927 : 199 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 1975 . Innate recognition of coral snake pattern by a possible avian predator . Science , 187 : 759 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 1977 . Coral-snake pattern recognition and stimulus generalization by naive great kiskadees (Aves: Tyrannidae) . Nature (London) , 265 : 535 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. 1978 . Predatory behaviour of young great kiskadees (Pitangus sulphuratus) . Anim. Behav , 26 : 988 – 995 .
   Google Scholar
• Strydom , D. J. 1973 . Snake venom toxins: the evolution of some of the toxins found in snake venoms . Syst. Zool , 22 : 596 – 608 .
   Google Scholar
• Villiers , A. 1950 . Les serpents de l'Ouest African. Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, Dakar 148
   Google Scholar
• Wahrman , J. 1970 . Distribution maps Amsterdam : Elsevier . Atlas of Israel. Ministry of Labour, Jerusalem and Pls. VII/1–2
   Google Scholar
• Wall , F. 1913 . The Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions (including Ceylon) and how to Recognize them. With Symptoms of Snake Poisoning and Treatment. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc 149
   Google Scholar
• Walls , G. L. 1942 . The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. Cranbrook Institute of Science. Bull. no. 19, XIV+ 785
   Google Scholar
• Weale , J. P. 1871 . Protective resemblances . Nature , 3 : 507 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , Y. L. 1966 . The Reptiles of Israel. Dept. of Zoology, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem. 49 pp. & 3 pls. (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Werner , Y. L. 1970 . Extreme adaptability to light in the round pupil of the snake Spalerosophis . Vision Res , 10 : 1159 – 1164 .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , Y. L. 1973 . The Reptiles of the Sinai peninsula. Dept. of Zoology, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem. 47 pp., 1 pi. (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Werner , Y. L. 1982 . “ Herpetological survey of the Sinai peninsula (1967–77), with emphasis on the Saharan sand community. ” . In Herpetological Communities Edited by: Scott , N. J. Jr. 153 – 161 . US Fish Wildl. Serv., Wildlife Research Report 13
   Google Scholar
• Wickler , W. 1965 . Mimicry and the evolution of animal communication . Nature (London) , 208 : 519 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickler , W. 1968 . Mimicry in Plants and Animals 153 London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson .
   Google Scholar
• Wickler , W. 1975 . “ Mimicry. In: The New ” . In Encyclopaedia Britannica 213 – 221 . 15, Macropaedia Vol. 12. Chicago
   Google Scholar