DISTRIBUTION OF REGULAR SEA URCHINS ON CORAL REEFS NEAR THE SOUTH-EASTERN TIP OF THE SINAI PENINSULA, RED SEA

REFERENCES

• Benayahu , Y. and Loya , Y. 1977 . 383 – 389 . Florida : Miami . Seasonal occurrence of benthic algae communities and grazing regulation by sea urchins at the coral reefs of Elat, Red Sea. Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reefs Symposium. 1
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , A. C. , Dart , J. K.G. , Head , S. M. and Ormond , R. F.G. 1973 . The feeding activity of Echinostrephus molaris (de Blainville) in the central Red Sea . Marine Behaviour and Physiology , 2 : 115 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , A. M. and Rowe , F. W.E. 1971 . Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trust of the British Museum (Natural History). London
   Google Scholar
• Connell , J. H. and Sousa , W. P. 1983 . On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence . American Naturalist , 121 : 789 – 824 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafni , J. 1984 . Tripneustes gratilla). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, (in Hebrew, English summary) Skeletal Growth and Calcification in the Short Spined Sea-Urchin
   Google Scholar
• Dafni , J. and Tobol , R. 1986 . Population structure of a common echinoid (Tripneustes gratilla elatensis) . Israel Journal of Zoology , 34 : 191 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Dart , J. K.G. 1972 . Echinoids, algal lawn and coral recolonisation . Nature , 239 : 50 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny , M. W. , Daniel , T. L. and Koehl , M. A.R. 1985 . Mechanical limits to size in wave-swept organisms . Ecological Monographs , 55 : 69 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder , C. and Lawrence , M. 1982 . “ Food and feeding mechanisms. Echinoidea. ” . In Echinoderm Nutrition Edited by: Jangoux , M. and Lawrence , J. M. Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Dotan , A. 1986 . “ Aspects of the Biology and Ecology of the Sea Urchins at the Northern Red Sea, with an Emphasis on ” . In Heterocentrotus mammillatus. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, (in Hebrew, English summary)
   Google Scholar
• Dotan , A. 1990 . Reproduction of the slate pencil sea urchin, Heterocentrotus mammilatus (L.), in the northern Red Sea . Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 41 : 457 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotan , A. Heterocentrotus mammilatus (L.) along the littoral zone of south-eastern Sinai. Coral Reefs (in press). Population structure of the echinoid
   Google Scholar
• Ebert , T. A. 1971 . A preliminary quantitative survey of the echinoid fauna of Kealakekua and Honaunau Bays, Hawaii . Pacific Sciences , 25 : 112 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert , T. A. 1982 . Longevity, life history and relative body wallsize in sea-urchins . Ecological Monographs , 52 : 353 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , J. A. and Palmisano , J. F. 1974 . Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities . Science , 185 : 1058 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishelson , L. 1971 . Ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the Red Sea . Marine Biology , 10 : 113 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishelson , L. 1980 . Marine reserves along the Sinai Peninsula . Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen , 33 : 624 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Fricke , H. W. 1974 . Möglicher Einfloss von Feinden auf das Verholten von Diadema Seeigeln . Marine Biology , 27 : 59 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , G. M. 1968 . Geology and geochemistry of reefs, carbonate sediments and waters . Gulf of Aqaba (Elat), Red-Sea. Journal of Sedimentology and Petrology , 38 : 895 – 919 .
   Google Scholar
• Glynn , P. W. 1968 . Mass mortalities of echinoids and other reef flat organisms coincident with midday, low-water exposures in Puerto Rico . Marine Biology , 1 : 226 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendler , G. 1977 . 217 – 223 . Florida : Miami . The differential effects of seasonal stress and prédation on the stability of reef flat echinoid populations. Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reefs Symposium. 1
   Google Scholar
• Herring , P. J. 1972 . Observation on the distribution and feeding habits of some littoral echinoids from Zanzibar . Journal of Natural History , 6 : 169 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , D. B. and Pearse , J. S. 1969 . Echinoderms from the Gulf of Suez and the northern Red Sea . Journal of the Marine Biology Association of India , 11 : 78 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Khamala , C. P.M. 1971 . Ecology of Echinometra mathaei at Diani Beach, Kenya . Marine Biology , 11 : 167 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinker , J. , Kropach , C. , Harpaz , H. , Levanon , I. and Reiss , Z. 1975 . DCPE—Data collecting program in the Gulf of Elat. Report No.l. In 4th Report of the Heinz Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory 46 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Klinker , J. , Reiss , Z. , Kropach , K. , Levanon , I. , Harpaz , H. and Shapiro , Y. 1978 . Nutrients and biomass distribution in the Gulf of Aqaba (Elat), Red-Sea . Marine Biology , 45 : 53 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J. M. 1973 . Temperature tolerance of tropical shallow-water echinoids at Elat (Red Sea) . Israel Journal of Zoology , 22 : 143 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J. M. 1975a . On the relationship between marine plants and sea-urchins . Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review , 13 : 213 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J. M. 1975b . Growth of tropical Red Sea echinoids. Florida Science 38 (suppl.l): 6
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J. M. 1983 . Alternate states of populations and Echinometra mathaeia (de Blainville) in the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba. Proceedings of the International Conference on Marine Sciences in the Red Sea. Al Ghardaqa, Egypt 141 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J. M. and Sammarco , P. W. 1982 . “ Effects of feeding on the environment. Echinoidea. ” . In Echinoderm Nutrition Edited by: Jangoux , M. and Lawrence , J. M. 499 – 520 . Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Levitan , D. R. and Genovese , S. J. 1989 . Substratum-dependent predator-prey dynamics: patch reef as refuge from gastropod predation . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 130 : 111 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Lissner , A. L. 1980 . Some effects of turbulence on the activity of the sea-urchin Centrostephanus coronatus . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 48 : 185 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Lissner , A. L. 1983 . Relationship of water motion to the shallow water distribution and morphology of two species of sea-urchins . Journal of Marine Research , 41 : 691 – 709 .
   Google Scholar
• Loya , Y. 1972 . Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea . Marine Biology , 13 : 100 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur , R. H. and Wilson , E. O. 1967 . Theory of Island Biogeography Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mastaller , M. 1979 . Beitrage zur Faunistik und Ökologie der Mollusken und Echinodermen in der Korrallenriffen bei Aqaba, Rotes Meer. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Ruhr University. Bochum
   Google Scholar
• Mergner , H. and Schuhmacher , H. 1974 . Morphologie, Ökologie und Zonierung von Korallenriffen bei Aqaba (Gulf von Aqaba, Rotes Meer) . Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen , 26 : 238 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearse , J. S. 1974 . Reproductive patterns of tropical reef animals. Three species of sea-urchins. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reefs Symposium 235 – 240 . Australia : Brisbane . 1
   Google Scholar
• Regis , M. B. and Thomassin , B. A. 1982 . Ecologie des echinoides reguliers dans les recifs coralliens de la region de Tulear (S.W. de Madagascar) . Adaptation de la microstructure des piquants. Annals de Institute Oceanographique, Paris , 58 : 117 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , D. T. and Gray , I. E. 1962 . Studies on factors affecting the local distribution of two sea-urchins, Arbacia punctulata Lytechirms variegatus . Ecology , 43 : 309 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. D. 1968 . Coral reef and associated invertebrate communities (mainly mollusc an) around Mahe, Seychelles 129 – 206 . London : Philosophic Transactions of the Royal Society . (B). 254
   Google Scholar
• Tegner , M. J. and Levin , L. A. 1983 . Spiny lobsters and sea urchins: analysis of a predator-prey interaction . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 73 : 125 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar