PO₂-DEPENDENT HORMONAL CONTROL OF AVIAN EMBRYONIC RED CELL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II SYNTHESIS, ORGANIC PHOSPHATE PATTERN, AND OXYGEN AFFINITY

REFERENCES

• Bartlett , G. R. 1980 . Phosphate compounds in vertebrate red blood cells . Am. Zool , 20 : 103 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , R. , Padeken , S. , Haller , E. A. and Brillmayer , T. 1983 . Effects of hypoxia on oxygen affinity, hemoglobin pattern, and blood volume of early chicken embryos . Am. J. Physiol , 244 : R733 – R741 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , R. , Haller , E. A. , Schöning , U. and Weber , M. 1986 . Hypoxic incubation leads to concerted changes of carbonic anhydrase activity and 2,3DPG concentration of chick embryo red cells . Dev. Biol , 116 : 548 – 551 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , R. , Fischer , J. and Engelke , M. 1987 . Functional properties of primitive and definitive red cells from chick embryo: Oxygen binding characteristics, pH and membrane potential and response to hypoxia . J. Exp. Zool. Suppl , 1 : 227 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , R. , Zillner , P. and Offenhäuser , N. 1992 . Extracellular ATP, a putative regulator of avian embryonic red cell function, inhibits the synthesis of carbonic anhydrase II and 2,3DPG via PlC dependent and independent pathways. Pflügers Arch. 420 (Suppl. 1): R126
   Google Scholar
• Berrie , C. P. , Hawkins , P. T. , Stephens , L. R. , Harden , T. K. and Downes , C. P. 1988 . Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis in turkey erythrocytes is regulated by P2y purinoreceptors . Mol. Pharmacol , 35 : 526 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Birchard , G. and Black , C. 1986 . Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on blood acid-base balance in the chicken embryo . Poult. Sci , 65 : 1811 – 1813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns , G. H.O. and Ingram , V. M. 1973 . The erythroid cells and hemoglobins of the chick embryo . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B , 266 : 255 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Bunn , H. F. and Forget , B. G. 1986 . Hemoglobin: Molecular, genetic and clinical aspects Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , A. M. 1951 . Carbonic anhydrase during embryonic development . J. Exp. Biol , 28 : 332 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoiby , M. , Aulie , A. and Reite , O. B. 1983 . Oxygen uptake in fowl eggs incubated in air and pure oxygen . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , 74 : 315 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , N. , Wang , D. and Heppel , L. A. 1989 . Extracellular ATP is a mitogen for 3T3, 3T6 and A431 cells and acts synergistically with other growth factors . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 86 : 7904 – 7908 .
   Google Scholar
• Ingermann , R. L. , Stock , M. K. , Metcalfe , J. and Shih , T.-B. 1983 . Effect of ambient oxygen on organic phosphate concentration in erythrocytes of the chick embryo . Respir. Physiol , 51 : 141 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Isaacks , R. E. and Harkness , D. R. 1975 . Science , 189 : 393 – 394 . 2,3 diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes of chick embryos
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacks , R. E. , Harkness , D. R. , Froeman , G. A. , Goldman , P. H. and Adler , J. L. 1976 . Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism: Effect of organic phosphates on oxygen affinity of embryonic and adult-type hemoglobins of the chick embryo . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 173 : 114 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelkmann , W. and Bauer , C. 1981 . Regulation of red cell DPG metabolism in fetuses and adults . Acta Biol. Med. Ger , 40 : 661 – 664 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koller , M. , Dragon , S. and Baumann , R. 1994 . Control of red cell ATP/2,3DPG content and O2-affinity of late chick embryos: role of egg size and extracellular ATP/AMP. Am. J. Physiol., in press
   Google Scholar
• Kourembanas , S. , Hannan , R. L. and Faller , D. V. 1990 . Oxygen tension regulates the expression of the platelet derived growth factor-B chain gene in human endothelial cells . J. Clin. Invest , 86 : 670 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laasberg , T. 1990 . Ca2+-mobilizing receptors of gastrulating chick embryo . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , 97 : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohmann , F. , Drews , U. , Donie , F. and Reiser , G. 1991 . Chick embryo muscarinic and purinergic receptors activate cytosolic Ca2+ via phosphatidylinositol metabolism . Exp. Cell Res , 197 : 326 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , J. , McCutcheon , I. E. , Francisco , D. L. , Metzenberg , A. B. and Welch , J. E. 1981 . Oxygen availability and growth of the chick embryo . Respir. Physiol , 46 : 81 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Million , D. , Zillner , P. and Baumann , R. 1991 . Oxygen pressure dependent control of carbonic anhydrase synthesis in chick embryonic erythrocytes . Am. J. Physiol , 261 : R1188 – R1196 .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , P. , Bodin , P. , Loesch , G. and Burnstock , G. 1990 . Rapid release of endothelin and ATP from isolated aortic endothelial cells exposed to increased flow . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , 170 : 649 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misson , B. H. and Freeman , B. M. 1972 . Organic phosphates and oxygen affinity of chick blood before and after hatching . Respir. Physiol , 14 : 343 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakazawa , S. and Tazawa , H. 1988 . Blood gases and hematological variables of chick embryos with widely altered shell conductance . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , 89 : 271 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Narbaitz , R. , Kacew , S. and Sitwell , L. 1978 . Carbonic anhydrase activity in the chick embryo chorioallantois: regional distribution and vitamin D regulation . J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol , 65 : 127 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Tashian , R. 1989 . The carbonic anhydrases: widening perspectives on their evolution, expression and function . Bioessays , 10 : 186 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tazawa , H. 1971 . Measurement of the respiratory parameters in blood of chicken embryo . J. Appl. Physiol , 30 : 17 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Tazawa , H. 1980 . Oxygen and CO2 exchange and acid—base regulation in the avian embryo . Am. Zool , 20 : 395 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Tazawa , H. , Ono , T. and Mochizuki , M. 1977 . Oxygen dissociation curve for chorioallantoic capillary blood of the chicken embryo . J. Appl. Physiol , 40 : 393 – 398 .
   Google Scholar
• Tazawa , H. , Visschedijk , A. H.J. and Piiper , J. 1983 . Blood gases and acid-base status in chicken embryos with naturally varying egg shell conductance . Respir. Physiol , 54 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar