19
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

EXCRETORY NITROGEN METABOLISM AND GLUCONEOGENESIS DURING DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER VERTEBRATES

Pages 363-381 | Accepted 01 Apr 1994, Published online: 30 Apr 2013

REFERENCES

  • Baby , T. G. and Reddy , S. R.R. 1980 . Arginine metabolism in purinotelic animals. I. Characterization of arginase and absence of other urea cycle enzymes in the lizard . Calotes versicolor , 140 : 261 – 265 . J. Comp. Physiol. B
  • Bakker , R. T. 1986 . The dinosaur heresies: New theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction New York : Morrow .
  • Baldwin , E. 1964 . An introduction to comparative biochemistry Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Balinsky , J. B. 1981 . Adaptation of nitrogen metabolism to hypertonic environments in Amphibia . J. Exp. Zool , 215 : 335 – 350 .
  • Barritt , G. J. , Zander , G. L. and Utter , M. F. 1976 . “ The regulation of pyruvate carboxylase activity in gluconeogenic tissues. ” . In Gluconeogenesis: Its regulation in mammalian species Edited by: Hanson , R. W. and Mehlman , M. A. 3 – 46 . New York : Wiley-Interscience .
  • Bate , A. J. and Dickson , A. J. 1987 . Relative importance of physiological precursors for ketogenesis in the nutritional homeostasis of the development of the embryonic chick . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 924 : 7 – 12 .
  • Battaglia , F. C. 1994 . Amino acid metabolism during fetal development . Isr. J. Zool , 40 : 327 – 338 .
  • Benton , M. J. 1990 . Phylogeny of the major tetrapod goups: morphological data and divergence dates . J. Mol. Evol , 30 : 409 – 424 .
  • Boehm , G. , Teichmann , B. and Jung , K. 1991 . Development of urea-synthesizing capacity in preterm infants during the first weeks of life . Biol. Neonate , 59 : 1 – 4 .
  • Boorman , A. , Wood , T. , Black , H. , Anderson , E. , Oesterling , M. , Womack , M. and Rose , W. 1946 . The role of arginine in growth with some observations on the effects of arginic acid . J. Biol. Chem , 166 : 585 – 594 .
  • Brown , G. W. 1966 . Studies in comparative biochemistry and evolution . I. Avian liver arginase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 114 : 184 – 194 . Jr
  • Brown , G. W. and Cohen , P. P. 1958 . “ Biosynthesis of urea in metamorphosing tadpoles. ” . In A symposium on the chemical basis of development Edited by: McElroy , W. D. and Glass , B. 495 – 513 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Brown , G. W. and Cohen , P. P. 1960 . Comparative biochemistry of urea synthesis . 3. Activities of urea-cycle enzymes in various higher and lower vertebrates. Biochem. J , 75 : 82 – 91 .
  • Buffenstin , R. , Campbell , W. E. and Jarvis , J. U.M. 1985 . Identification of crystalline allantoin in the urine of African Cricetidae (Rodentia) and its role in their water economy . J. Comp. Physiol. B , 155 : 493 – 499 .
  • Campbell , J. W. 1991 . “ Excretory nitrogen metabolism. ” . In Environmental and metabolic animal physiology., , 4th ed. Edited by: Prasser , C. L. 277 – 324 . New York : Wiley-Liss . Comparative animal physiology
  • Campbell , J. W. and Smith , D. D. 1992 . Metabolic compartmentation of vertebrate glutamine synthetase: putative mitochondrial targeting signal in avian liver glutamine synthetase . Mol. Biol. Evol , 9 : 787 – 805 . Jr
  • Campbell , J. W. and Vorhaben , J. E. 1976 . Avian mitochondrial glutamine metabolism . J. Biol. Chem , 251 : 781 – 786 .
  • Campbell , J. W. , Smith , D. D. and Vorhaben , J. E. 1985 . Avian and mammalian mitochondrial ammonia-detoxifying systems in tortoise liver . Science , 228 : 349 – 351 .
  • Campbell , J. W. , Vorhaben , J. E. and Smith , D. D. 1987 . Uricoteley: its nature and origin during the evolution of tetrapod vertebrates . J. Exp. Zool , 243 : 349 – 363 . Jr
  • Coolbear , K. P. , Herzberg , G. R. and Brosan , J. T. 1982 . Subcellular localization of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase . A possible source of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents. Biochem. J , 202 : 555 – 558 .
  • Cooper , A. J.L. 1988 . “ L-Glutamate (2-oxoglutarate) aminotransferases. ” . In Glutamine and glutamate in mammals Edited by: Kvamme , E. 123 – 152 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Dantzler , W. H. 1982 . Renal adaptations of desert vertebrates . Bioscience , 32 : 108 – 113 .
  • de Jong , W. W. , Zweers , A. , Versteeg , M. , Dessauer , H. C. and Goodman , M. 1985 . a-Crystallin A sequences of Alligator mississippiensis and the lizard Tupinambis tequixin: molecular evolution and reptilian phylogeny . Mol. Biol. Evol , 2 : 484 – 493 .
  • Denton , D. A. and Reich , M. 1963 . Ureotelism of echinda and platypus . Science , 139 : 1225
  • Dickson , A. J. 1983 . Gluconeogenesis in chick embryo isolated hepatocytes . Int. J. Biochem , 15 : 861 – 865 .
  • Dickson , A. J. and Bate , A. J. 1987 . Kidney gluconeogenesis: its importance to net glucose synthesis during the development of chick embryos. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86B: 185 – 190 .
  • Eliasson , E. 1962 . Arginase in young chick embryos . II. Detailed pattern of early arginase accumulation. Exp. Cell Res , 28 : 99 – 106 .
  • Emmanuel , B. and Gilanpour , H. 1978 . Gallus domesticus) embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B: 287 – 289 . Studies on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and nitrogen end products in the develolping chick
  • Felig , P. 1973 . The glucose-alanine cycle . Metabolism , 22 : 179 – 207 .
  • Gaffney , E. S. , Hutchison , J. H. , Jenkins , F. A. and Meeken , L. J. 1987 . Modern turtle origins: the oldest known cryptodire . Science , 237 : 209 – 291 .
  • Gil , M. , Cascante , M. , Cortés , A. and Bozal , J. 1987 . Intramitochondrial location and some characteristics of liver aspartate aminotransferase . Int. J. Biochem , 19 : 355 – 363 .
  • Girard , J. 1986 . Gluconeogenesis in late fetal and early neonatal life . Biol. Neonate , 50 : 237 – 258 .
  • Girard , J. R. , Guillet , I. , Marty , J. and Marliss , E. B. 1975 . Plasma amino acid levels and development of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat . Am. J. Physiol , 229 : 466 – 473 .
  • Girard , J. , Perdereau , D. , Narkewicz , M. , Coupé , C. , Ferré , P. , Decaus , J. F. and Bossard , P. 1991 . Hormonal regulation of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucokinase gene expression at weaning in the rat . Biochimie , 73 : 71 – 76 .
  • Goodridge , A. G. , Jenik , R. A. , McDevitt , M. A. , Morris , S. M. and Winberry , L. K. 1984 . Malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase in the uropygial gland and liver of embryonic and neonatal ducklings . Tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 230 : 82 – 92 .
  • Hager , S. E. and Jones , M. E. 1967 . A glutamine-dependent enzyme for the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate for pyrimidine biosynthesis in fetal rat liver . J. Biol. Chem , 242 : 5674 – 5680 .
  • Hamer , M. J. and Dickson , A. J. 1987 . Developmental changes in hepatic fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content and phosphofructokinase-1 activities in the transition of chicks from embryonic to neonatal nutritional environment . Biochem. J , 245 : 35 – 39 .
  • Hers , H. G. and Hue , L. 1983 . Gluconeogenesis and related aspects of glycolysis . Annu. Rev. Biochem , 52 : 615 – 653 .
  • Herzberg , G. R. , Brosnan , J. T. , Hall , B. and Rogerson , M. 1988 . Gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney of common murre (Uria aalge) . Am. J. Physiol , 254 : R903 – R907 .
  • Hill , L. and Dawbin , W. H. 1969 . Nitrogen excretion in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus . Comp. Biochem. Physiol , 31 : 453 – 468 .
  • Husson , A. , Buquet , C. and Vaillant , R. 1987 . Induction of the five urea-cycle enzymes by glucagon in cultured foetal rat hepatocytes . Differentiation , 35 : 212 – 218 .
  • Hutson , S. M. , Fenstermacher , D. and Mahar , C. 1988 . Role of mitochondrial transamination in branched chain amino acid metabolism . J. Biol. Chem , 263 : 3618 – 3625 .
  • Janssens , P. A. and Cohen , P. P. 1968 . Biosynthesis of urea in the estivating African lungfish and in Xenopus laevis under condtions of water-shortage . Comp. Biochem. Physiol , 24 : 887 – 898 .
  • Jungermann , K. and Katz , N. 1986 . “ Metabolism of carbohydrates. ” . In Regulation of hepatic metabolism Edited by: Thurman , R. G. , Kauffmann , F. C. and Jungermann , K. 211 – 252 . New York : Plenum .
  • Katz , U. and Gabbay , S. 1986 . Water retention and plasma and urine composition in toads (Bufo viridis, Laur.) under burrowing conditions . J. Comp. Physiol. B , 156 : 735 – 742 .
  • Kovacevic , A. and McGivan , J. D. 1983 . Mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine and glutamate and its physiological significance . Physiol. Rev , 63 : 547 – 605 .
  • Krebs , H. A. 1972 . Some aspects of the regulation of fuel supply in omnivorous animals . Adv. Enzyme Regul , 10 : 397 – 420 .
  • Lamers , W. H. , Hanson , R. W. and Meisner , H. M. 1982 . cAMP stimulates transcription of the gene for cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate kinase in rat liver nuclei . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 79 : 5137 – 5141 .
  • Larhammar , D. and Milner , R. J. 1989 . Phylogenetic relationships of birds with crocodiles and mammals, as deduced from protein sequences . Mol. Biol. Evol , 6 : 693 – 696 .
  • Magnuson , S. R. and Young , A. P. 1988 . Murine glutamine synthetase: cloning, developmental regulation, and glucocorticoid inducibility . Dev. Biol , 130 : 536 – 542 .
  • Mapes , J. P. and Krebs , H. A. 1978 . Rate-limiting factors in urate synthesis and gluconeogenesis in avian liver . Biochem. J , 172 : 193 – 203 .
  • Marie , C. 1981 . Ontogenesis of the adrenal glucocorticoids and of the target function of enzymatic tyrosine tranaminase activity of the chick embryo . J. Endocrinol , 90 : 193 – 200 .
  • McDonald , T. J. and Nathanielsz , P. W. 1991 . Bilateral destruction of fetal paraventricular nuclei prolongs gestation in sheep . Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol , 165 : 764 – 770 .
  • McGivan , J. D. and Chappell , J. B. 1975 . On the metabolic function of glutamate dehydrogenase in rat liver . FEBS Lett , 52 : 1 – 7 .
  • McWard , G. W. , Nicholson , L. B. and Poulton , B. R. 1967 . Arginine requirement of young rabbits . J. Nutr , 92 : 183 – 233 .
  • Meijer , A. J. , Lamers , W. H. and Chamuleau , R. A.F.M. 1990 . Nitrogen metabolism and ornithine cycle function . Physiol. Rev , 70 : 701 – 748 .
  • Meijer , A. J. , Gimpel , J. A. , Deleeuw , G. , Tischler , M. E. , Tager , J. M. and Williamson , J. R. 1978 . Interrelationships between gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis in isolated heptocytes . J. Biol. Chem , 253 : 2308 – 2320 .
  • Migliorini , R. H. , Linder , C. , Moura , J. L. and Veiger , J. A.S. 1973 . Gluconeogenesis in a carnivorous bird (black vulture) . Am. J. Physiol , 225 : 1389 – 1392 .
  • Moorman , A. F.M. , Vermeulen , J. L.M. , Charles , R. and Lamers , W. H. 1989 . Localization of ammonia metabolizing enzymes in human liver: ontogenesis of heterogeneity . Hepatology , 9 : 367 – 372 .
  • Mora , J. , Martuscelli , J. , Ortiz-Pineda , J. and Soberón , G. 1965 . The regulation of urea-biosynthesis enzymes in vertebrates . Biochem. J , 96 : 28 – 35 .
  • Morris , S. J. , Kepka , D. M. , Sweeney , W. E. and Avner , E. D. 1989 . Abundance of mRNAs encoding urea cycle enzymes in fetal and neonatal mouse liver . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 269 : 175 – 180 .
  • Murray , H. A. Jr. 1926 . Physiological ontogeny . A. Chicken embryos. VII. The concentration of the organic constituents and the calorific value as functions of age. J. Gen. Physiol , 9 : 405 – 431 .
  • Needham , J. 1926 . The energy-sources in ontogenesis . I.—The urea content of the developing avian egg. Br. J. Exp. Biol , 3 : 189 – 205 .
  • Needham , J. 1927a . The energy-sources in ontogenesis . II. The uric acid content and the general protein of the developing avian egg. Br. J. Exp. Biol , 4 : 114 – 144 .
  • Needham , J. 1927b . The energy-sources in ontogenesis . III. The ammonia content of the developing avian egg and the theory of recapitulation. Br. J. Exp. Biol , 4 : 145 – 154 .
  • Needham , J. 1931a . Chemical embryology Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Needham , J. 1931b . Excretion of uric acid . Nature , 128 : 152
  • Needham , J. 1938 . Contributions of chemical physiology to the problem of reversibility in evolution . Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc , 13 : 225 – 251 .
  • Nissim , I. , Cattano , C. , Nissim , I. and Yudhoff , M. 1992 . Relative role of glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and AMP-deaminase pathways in hepatic ureagenesis: studies with 15N . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 292 : 393 – 401 .
  • Packard , G. C. and Packard , M. J. 1983 . Patterns of nitrogen excretion by embryonic softshell turtles . (Trionys spiniferus) , 221 : 1049 – 1050 . developing in cleidoic eggs. Science
  • Packard , G. C. and Packard , M. J. 1989 . Control of metabolism and growth in embryonic turtles: a test of the urea hypothesis . J. Exp. Biol , 147 : 203 – 216 .
  • Packard , G. C. , Packard , M. J. and Gutzke , W. H.N. 1985 . Influence of hydration of the environment on eggs and embryos of the terrestrial turtle Terrapene ornata . Physiol. Zool , 58 : 564 – 575 .
  • Packard , G. C. , Tracey , C. R. and Roth , J. J. 1977 . The physiological ecology of reptilian eggs and embryhos, and the evolution of viviparity within the class Reptilia . Biol. Rev , 52 : 71 – 105 .
  • Palou , A. , Aróla , L. and Alemany , M. 1977 . Plasma amino acid concentrations in pregnant rats and in 21-day foetuses . Biochem. J , 166 : 49 – 55 .
  • Patejunas , G. and Young , A. P. 1987 . Tissue-specific regulation of avian glutamine synthetase expression during development and in response to glucocorticoid hormones . Mol. Cell. Biol , 7 : 1070 – 1077 .
  • Patejunas , G. and Young , A. P. 1990 . Constitutive and glucocorticoid-mediated activation of glutamine synthetase gene expression in the developing chicken retina . J. Biol. Chem , 265 : 15280 – 15285 .
  • Pegg , A. E. 1986 . Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes . Biochem. J , 234 : 249 – 262 .
  • Philippidis , H. and Ballard , F. J. 1969 . The development of gluconeogenesis in rat liver . Experiments in vivo. Biochem. J , 113 : 651 – 657 .
  • Piatigorsky , J. and Wistow , G. 1991 . The recruitment of crystalline: new functions precede gene duplication . Science , 252 : 1078 – 1079 .
  • Pilkis , S. J. , El-Maghrabi , M. R. and Claus , T. H. 1988 . Hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis . Annu. Rev. Biochem , 57 : 755 – 783 .
  • Pilkis , S. J. , El-Maghrabi , M. R. , McCrane , M. , Pilkis , J. and Claus , T. H. 1982 . Regulation by glucagon of hepatic pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphofructo-1—kinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase . Fed. Proc , 41 : 2623 – 2628 .
  • Pons , A. , García , F. J. , Palore , A. and Alemany , M. 1986 . Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane of developing domestic fowl . Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim , 94 : 219 – 226 .
  • Räihä , N. C.R. 1976 . “ Developmental changes of urea-cycle enzymes in mammalian liver. ” . In The urea cycle Edited by: Grisolia , S. , Báguena , R. and Mayor , F. 261 – 272 . New York : Wiley .
  • Renouf , S. , Buquet , C. , Fairand , A. , Benamar , M. and Husson , A. 1993 . Changes in levels of argininosuccinate lyase mRNA during induction by glucagon and cyclic AMP in cultured foetalrat hepatocytes . Biochem. J , 291 : 609 – 613 .
  • Robinson , P. L. 1971 . A problem of faunal replacement on Permo-Triassic continents . Palaeontology , 14 : 131 – 153 .
  • Romanoff , A. L. 1967 . Biochemistry of the avian embryo New York : Wiley .
  • Sato , A. , Suzuki , T. and Kochi , H. 1990 . Regulation of hormonal induction of chicken liver cytosol-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 108 : 720 – 725 .
  • Schmidt-Nielsen , B. 1988 . Excretory mechanisms in the animal kingdom: examples of the principle “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” Physiol . Zool , 61 : 312 – 321 .
  • Schmidt-Nielsen , B. and Schmidt , D. 1973 . Renal function of Sphenodon punctatum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44A: 121 – 129 .
  • Siegel , H. S. and Gould , N. R. 1976 . Chick embryonic plasma proteins and binding capacity for corticosterone . Dev. Biol , 50 : 510 – 516 .
  • Smith , D. D. and Campbell , J. W. 1987 . Glutamine synthetase in liver of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86B: 755 – 762 .
  • Smith , D. D. and Campbell , J. W. 1988 . Distribution of glutamine synthetase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I in vertebrate liver . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 85 : 160 – 164 .
  • Snell , K. 1975 . Mitochondrial-cytosolic interrelationships involved in gluconeogenesis from serine in rat liver . FEBS Lett , 55 : 202 – 205 .
  • Söling , H.-D. and Kleinke , J. 1976 . “ Species dependent regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in higher animals. ” . In Gluconeogenesis: Its regulation in mammalian species Edited by: Hanson , R. W. and Mehlman , M. A. 369 – 462 . New York : Wiley .
  • Takiguchi , M. , Miura , S. , Mori , M. and Tatibana , M. 1983 . Transport of proteins into mitochondria: a high conservation of precursor uptake and processing system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B: 227 – 231 .
  • Tamir , H. and Ratner , S. 1963a . Enzymes of arginine metabolism in chicks . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 102 : 249 – 258 .
  • Tamir , H. and Ratner , S. 1963b . A study of ornithine, citrulline and arginine synthesis in growing chicks . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 102 : 259 – 269 .
  • Taplin , L. E. 1988 . Osmoregulation in crocodilians . Biol. Rev , 63 : 333 – 377 .
  • Tinker , D. A. , Brosnan , J. T. and Herzbery , G. R. 1984 . Metabolite levels in fed and fasted chicken liver and kidney while employing a technique for artificial respiration in birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B: 119 – 124 .
  • Tsuji , S. and Kamazawa , S. 1987 . Chicken ornithine transcarbamylase: its unexpected expression . Biochem. Genet , 25 : 259 – 266 .
  • van Roon , M. , Zonneveld , D. , Charles , R. and Lamars , W. H. 1988 . Accumulation of carbamoylphosphate synthetase and phosphoenopyuruvate carboxykinase mRN A in embryonic rat hepatocytes . Eur. J. Biochem , 178 : 191 – 196 .
  • Vorhaben , J. E. and Campbell , J. W. 1972 . Glutamine synthetase: a mitochondrial enzyme in uricotelic species . J. Biol. Chem , 247 : 2763 – 2767 .
  • Vorhaben , J. E. and Campbell , J. W. 1977 . Submitochondrial localization and function of enzymes of glutamine metabolism in avian liver . J. Cell Biol , 73 : 300 – 310 .
  • Watford , M. , Hod , Y. , Chiao , Y.-B. , Utter , M. F. and Hanson , R. W. 1981 . The unique role of the kidney in gluconeogenesis in chicken . The significance of a cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. J. Biol. Chem , 256 : 10023 – 10027 .
  • Williamson , J. R. , Browning , E. T. and Olson , M. S. 1968 . Interrelations between fatty acid oxidation and the control of gluconeogenesis in perfused rat liver . Adv. Enzyme Regul , 6 : 67 – 100 .
  • Wittmann , J. , Mengi , A. and Goldberg , M. 1986 . Activation and inactivation of renal xanthine dehydrogenase activity by dexamethasone during the prenatal period in chick eggs . Enzyme , 35 : 70 – 76 .
  • Wittmann , J. , Mengi , A. and Krausser , S. 1987 . “ Regulation of uric acid synthesis in embryonic liver and kidney. ” . In Molecular nephrology Edited by: Kovacevic , Z. and Gruder , W. G. 397 – 402 . Berlin : de Gruyter . Biochemical aspects of kidney function
  • Wu , G. , Thompson , J. R. , Sedgwick , G. W. and Drury , M. 1989 . Formation of alanine and glutamine in chicken (Gallus domesticus) skeletal muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93B: 609 – 613 .
  • Yeung , D. , Stanley , R. S. and Oliver , I. T. 1967 . Development of gluconeogenesis in neonatal rat liver . Biochem. J , 105 : 1219 – 1227 .
  • Zaknezewska , B. and Jezewska , M. M. 1990 . Comparison of xanthine: NAD+ oxidoreductase from liver of two uricotelic species: hen (Gallus gallus) and snake Natrix natrix . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B , 97 : 135 – 139 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.