EXTINCTION AND VULNERABILITY TO EXTINCTION AT DISTRIBUTION PERIPHERIES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ISRAELI BREEDING AVIFAUNA

REFERENCES

• Aharoni , I. 1932 . The birds of Israel in the light of facts . HaTeva Veha'Arez , 1 : 158 – 164 . (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Andrewartha , H. G. and Birch , L. C. 1954 . The distribution and abundance of animals Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1993 . Earth Summit—convention on biological diversity New York : United Nations . Department of Public Information
   Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi , S. and Hakham , E. 1987 . Names of the vertebrates in Israel. Nature Reserve Authority, Jerusalem
   Google Scholar
• Avery , M. , Gibbons , D. W. , Porter , R. , Tew , T. , Tucker , G. and Williams , G. 1995 . Revising the British Red Data list for birds: the biological basis of U . K. conservation priorities. Ibis , 137 : S232 – S239 .
   Google Scholar
• Batten , L. A. , Bibby , C. J. , Clement , P. , Elliott , G. D. and Porter , R. F. 1990 . Red Data birds in Britain London : T & A D Poyser .
   Google Scholar
• Bibby , C. J. 1994 . Recent past and future extinctions in birds. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 344B: 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Bigger , W. K. 1934 . “ Birds. ” . In The handbook of Palestine and Trans-Jordan area Edited by: Luke , H. and Keith-Roach , E. 404 – 418 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bodenheimer , F. S. 1935 . Animal life in Palestine. L. Mayer, Jerusalem
   Google Scholar
• Bodenheimer , F. S. 1953 . Animal life in Israel. Devir, Tel Aviv (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. H. 1984 . On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species . Am. Nat , 124 : 255 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. H. 1995 . Macroecology Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. H. and Kodric-Brown , A. 1977 . Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction . Ecology , 58 : 445 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. H. and Maurer , B. A. 1987 . Evolution of species assemblages: effects of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of the North American avifauna . Am. Nat , 130 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussard , P. 1984 . Geographic patterns and environmental gradients: the central-marginal model in Drosophila revisited . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 15 : 25 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. N. and Prince , S. D. 1988 . “ Distribution limits from a demographic viewpoint. ” . In Plant population ecology Edited by: Davy , A. J. , Hutchings , M. J. and Watkinson , A. R. 165 – 184 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , J. H. and Sousa , W. P. 1983 . On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence . Am. Nat , 121 : 789 – 824 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramp , S. , Simmons , K. E.L. and Perrins , C. M. , eds. 1977–1994 . The birds of the Western Palearctic Oxford : Oxford University Press . s. I-IX
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1859 . The origin of species by means of natural selection London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , J. M. 1982 . Man the exterminator . Nature , 298 : 787 – 789 .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , J. M. 1984 . “Normal” extinctions of isolated populations. ” . In Extinctions Edited by: Nitecki , M. H. 191 – 245 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich , P. R. and Daily , G. C. 1993 . Population extinction and saving biodiversity . Ambio , 22 : 6468
   Google Scholar
• Emlen , J. T. , DeJong , M. J. , Jeager , M. J. , Moermond , T. C. , Rusterholz , K. A. and White , R. P. 1986 . Density trends and range boundary constraints of forests birds along a latitudinal gradient . Auk , 103 : 791 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. A. 1930 . The genetical theory of natural selection Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Gaston , K. J. 1990 . Patterns in the geographical ranges of species . Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc , 65 : 105 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston , K. J. 1991 . How large is a species' geographic range? . Oikos , 61 : 434 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , S. M. and Meininger , P. L. 1989 . The birds of Egypt Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , B. , Scott , J. M. , Carpenter , J. W. and Reed , C. 1989 . Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy . Science , 245 : 477 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinnell , J. 1922 . The role of the “accidental” . Auk , 39 : 373 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Haila , Y. and Hanski , I. K. 1993 . Birds breeding on small British islands and extinction risks . Am. Nat , 142 : 1025 – 1029 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , E. 1946 . A handlist of the birds of Palestine. Education Officer, G.H.Q, Middle East Forces, Jerusalem
   Google Scholar
• Hengeveld , R. and Haeck , J. 1982 . The distribution of abundance . I. Measurements. J. Biogeogr , 9 : 303 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollom , P. A.D. , Porter , R. F. , Christensen , S. and Willis , I. 1988 . Birds of the Middle East and North Africa London : T & A D Poyser .
   Google Scholar
• Hoter , E. and Ezov , E. 1991 . The birds of Mount Hermon: A breeding survey, 1990 . Torgos , 19 : 23 – 30 . (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Hovel , H. 1987 . Check-list of the birds of Israel. Society for Protection of Nature in Israel, Tel Aviv
   Google Scholar
• Inbar , R. 1973–1987 . Birds of Israel. Vols. I-V. Yavneh, Tel Aviv (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Inbar , R. 1981 . Birds of Israel. Achiasaf, Tel Aviv (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , J. H. 1993 . Range, population abundance and conservation . Trends Ecol. Evol , 8 : 409 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewontin , R. C. 1974 . The genetic basis of evolutionary change New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lomolino , M. V. and Channell , R. 1995 . Splendid isolation: patterns of geographic range collapse in endangered mammals . J. Mammal , 76 : 335 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Arthur , R. H. 1972 . Geographical ecology New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• MacArthur , R. H. and Wilson , E. O. 1967 . The theory of island biogeography Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mace , G. M. 1994 . “ An investigation into methods for categorizing the conservation status of species. ” . In Large-scale ecology and conservation biology Edited by: Edwards , P. J. , May , R. M. and Webb , N. R. 295 – 314 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Mace , G. M. and Lande , R. 1991 . Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories . Conserv. Biol , 5 : 148 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , L. G. 1988 . “ Extinction. ” . In Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions Edited by: Myres , A. and Giller , P. S. 219 – 254 . London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Mayr , E. 1963 . Animal species and evolution. Belknap, Cambridge
   Google Scholar
• Meinertzhagen , R. 1930 . Nicoli's birds of Egypt. Hugh Rees, London
   Google Scholar
• Meinertzhagen , R. 1954 . Birds of Arabia. Oliver & Boyd, London
   Google Scholar
• Merom , C. 1960 . Birds of Israel. Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Tel Aviv (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Myres , N. 1979 . The sinking ark Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Nathan , R. , Shmida , A. and Fragman , O. 1996 . “ Peripherality and regional rarity are positively correlated: quantitative evidence from the Upper Galilee flora (North Israel). ” . In Preservation of our world in the wake of change. Proceeding of the Sixth International Conference of the Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Jerusalem, 30 June-4 July 1996. Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Jerusalem Edited by: Steinberger , Y. 561 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• Paz , U. 1987 . The birds of Israel. Steimatzky, Tel Aviv
   Google Scholar
• Peters , R. H. 1983 . The ecological implications of body size Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pimm , S. L. , Jones , H. L. and Diamond , J. M. 1988 . On the risk of extinction . Am. Nat , 132 : 757 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz , D. 1981 . “ Seven forms of rarity. ” . In The biological aspects of rare plant conservation Edited by: Synge , H. 205 – 217 . Chichester : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz , D. , Cairns , S. and Dillon , T. 1986 . “ Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British isles. ” . In Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity Edited by: Soule , M. E. 182 – 205 . Sunderland : Sinauer .
   Google Scholar
• Root , T. 1988 . Environmental factors associated with avian distributional boundaries . J. Biogeogr , 15 : 489 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , P. G. and Siegfried , W. R. 1994 . “ The viability of small populations of birds: an empirical investigation of vulnerability. ” . In Minimum animal populations Edited by: Remmert , H. 3 – 22 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Safriel , U. N. , Volis , S. and Kark , S. 1994 . Core and peripheral populations and global climate change . Isr. J. Plant Sci , 42 : 331 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoener , T. W. 1987 . The geographical distribution of rarity . Oecologia , 74 : 161 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoener , T. W. 1990 . The geographical distribution of rarity: misinterpretation of atlas method affects some empirical conclusions . Oecologia , 82 : 567 – 568 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer , M. L. 1981 . Minimum population sizes for conservation . Bioscience , 31 : 131 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirihai , H. 1996 . The birds of Israel London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , S. 1956 . Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Smolly , E. 1957 . Birds in Israel. Massada, Tel Aviv (in Hebrew)
   Google Scholar
• Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. G. 1980 . Statistical analysis Ames : Iowa State University Press . 7th
   Google Scholar
• Soule , M. E. 1983 . “ What do we really know about extinction? ” . In Genetics and conservation, a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations Edited by: Schonewald-Cox , C. M. , Chambers , S. M. , MacBryde , B. and Thomas , W. L. 111 – 124 . London : Benjamin/Cummings .
   Google Scholar
• Soule , M. E. , ed. 1987 . Viable populations for conservation Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Svensson , B. W. 1992 . Changes in occupancy, niche breadth and abundance of three Gyrinus species as their respective range limits are approached . Oikos , 63 : 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terborgh , J. W. and Winter , B. 1980 . “ Some causes of extinction. ” . In Conservation biology Edited by: Soule , M. E. and Wilcox , B. A. 119 – 134 . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. D. 1990 . What do real population dynamics tell us about minimum viable population sizes? . Conserv. Biol , 4 : 324 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tristram , H. B. 1884 . The fauna and flora of Palestine London : Palestine Exploration Fund . Committee of the
   Google Scholar
• Wiens , J. A. 1989 . The ecology of bird communities Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. H. 1988 . Habitat use by bumble bees (Bombas spp.) . Ecol. Entomol , 13 : 223 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , M. 1989 . Natural extinction on islands. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 325B: 457 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Yom-Tov , Y. and Mendelssohn , H. 1988 . “ Changes in the distribution and abundance of vertebrates in Israel during the 20th century. ” . In The zoogeography of Israel. W. Junk, Dordrecht Edited by: Yom-Tov , Y. and Tchernov , E. 515 – 547 .
   Google Scholar
• Yom-Tov , Y. and Tchernov , E. , eds. 1988 . The zoogeography of Israel. W. Junk, Dordrecht
   Google Scholar