References

• Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121–126.10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aliferis, K.A., Copley, T., & Jabaji, S. (2012). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite profiling of worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) hemolymph for yhe study of Nosema ceranae infection. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58, 1349–1359. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antủnez, K., Martin-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2009). Immune suppression in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) following infection by Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). Environmental Microbiology. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01953.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appler, R.H., Frank, S.D., & Tarpy, D.R. (2015). Within-colony variation in the immunocompetency of managed and feral honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in different urban landscapes. Insects, 6, 912–925.10.3390/insects6040912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badotra, P., Kumar, N.R., & Harjai, K. (2013). Varroa causes oxidative stress in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Global Biosciences, 2, 199–201.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, L., & Ball, B.V. (1991). Honey bee pathology (193 pp.). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bakonyi, T., Farkas, R., Szendröi, A., Dobos-Kovács, M., & Rusvai, M. (2002). Detection of acute bee paralysis virus by RT-PCR in honey bee and Varroa destructor field samples: Rapid screening of representative Hungarian apiaries. Apidologie, 33, 63–74.10.1051/apido:2001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, B.V. (1997). Varroa and viruses. In Varroa! Fight the mite (pp. 11–15). Cardiff: International Bee Research Association. ISBN 0 86098 224 6.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, P., Olivier, V., Iscache, A.L., Celle, O., Schurr, F., Lallemand, P., & Ribière, M. (2008). Improvement of RT-PCR detection of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) required by the description of genomic variability in French CBPV isolates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97, 182–185.10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen-Walker, P.L., & Gunn, A. (2001). The effect of the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor on adult worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) emergence weights, water, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 101, 207–217.10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00905.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248–254.10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraway, W.T. (1959). A stable starch substrate for the determination of amylase in serum and other body fluids. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 32, 97–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaimanee, V., Chantawannakul, P., Chen, Y., Evans, J., & Pettis, J.S. (2012). Differential expression of immune genes of adult honey bee (Apis mellifera) after inoculated by Nosema ceranae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58, 1090–1095.10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance, B., & Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assay of catalases and peroxidases. In S.P. Colowick & N. Kaplan (Eds.), Methods in enzymology (Vol. 2, pp. 764–775). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.P., Pettis, J.S., Collins, A., & Feldlaufer, M.F. (2006). Prevalence and transmission of honey bee viruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 606–611.10.1128/AEM.72.1.606-611.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlqvist, A. (1968). Assay of intestinal disaccharidases. Analytical Biochemistry, 22, 99–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doublet, V., Natsopoulou, M.E., Zschiesche, L., & Paxton, R.J. (2015). Within-host competition among the honey bees pathogens Nosema ceranae and Deformed wing virus is asymmetric and to the disadvantage of the virus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 124, 31–34.10.1016/j.jip.2014.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman, G.L. (1959). Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 82, 70–77.10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farjan, M., Łopieńska-Biernat, E., Lipiński, Z., Dmitryjuk, M., & Żółtowska, K. (2014). Supplementing with vitamin C the diet of honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) parasitized with Varroa destructor: Effects on antioxidative status. Parasitology, 141, 770–776.10.1017/S0031182013002126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gliński, Z., Marć, M., & Chełmiński, A. (2012). Role of Varroa destructor as immunosuppressor and vector of infections in colony collapse disorder (CCD). Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 68, 585–588. (In Polish).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, P.G., Evans, J.D., Rinderer, T., & de Guzman, L. (2005). Conditional immune–gene suppression of honey bees parasitized by Varroa mites. Journal of Insect Science, 5, 1–5.10.1673/031.005.0701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, H.L., Aronstein, K.A., & Grozinger, C.H.M. (2013). Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics, 14, 799. Retrieved from http://www.biomedicalcentral.com/1471-2164/14/79910.1186/1471-2164-14-799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienle, I., Burgert, M., & Holzer, H. (1993). Assay of trehalose with acid trehalase purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast, 9, 607–611.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, L.A., & Gatehouse, H.S. (1998). Effects of Nosema apis infection on honey bee (Apis mellifera) digestive proteolitic enzyme activity. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 71, 169–174.10.1006/jipa.1997.4715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Hernández, R., Meana, A., Prieto, L., Salvador, A.M., Garrido-Bailon, E., & Higes, M. (2007). Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by nosema ceranae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 6331–6338.10.1128/AEM.00270-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayack, C.H., & Naug, D. (2009). Energetic stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 100, 185–188.10.1016/j.jip.2008.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayack, C.H., & Naug, D. (2010). Parasitic infection leads to decline in hemolymph sugar levels in honey bee foragers. Journal of Insect Physiology, 56, 1572–1575. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meixner, M.D., Francis, R.M., Gajda, A., Kryger, P., Andonov, S., Uzunov, A., … Wilde, J. (2014). Occurrence of parasites and pathogens in honey bee colonies used in a European genotype environment interactions experiment. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(2), 215–229. doi:10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikheyev, A.S., Tin, M.M.Y., Arora, J., & Seeley, T.D. (2015). Museum samples reveal rapid evolution by wild honey bees exposed to a novel parasite. Nature Communication, 6, 7991. doi:10.1038/ncomms8991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, R.F.A., Kraus, F.B., Kryger, P., & Crewe, R.M. (2007). The size of wild honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) and its implications for the conservation of honey bees. Journal of Insect Conservation, 11, 391–397.10.1007/s10841-006-9054-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, E.E. (1947). Anthrone in estimating low concentration of sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 19, 10–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptaszyńska, A.A., & Mułenko, W. (2013). Selected aspects of structure, development, taxonomy and biology microsporidian parasites belonging to the genus Nosema. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 69, 716–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice-Evans, C., & Miller, N.J. (1994). Total antioxidants status in plasma and body fluits. Methods in Enzymology, 234, 279–293.10.1016/0076-6879(94)34095-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, K.B. (1996). Oxidative stress during viral infection: A review. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 21, 641–649.10.1016/0891-5849(96)00131-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, T.D. (2007). Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: A population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States. Apidologie, 38, 19–29.10.1051/apido:2006055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, T.D., Tarpy, D.R., Griffin, S.R., Carcione, A., & Delaney, D.A. (2015). A survivor population of wild colonies of European honey bees in the northeastern United States: Investigating its genetic structure. Apidologie, 46, 654–666.10.1007/s13592-015-0355-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Słowińska, M., Nynca, J., Wilde, J., Bąk, B., Siuda, M., & Ciereszko, A. (2015). Total antioxidant capacity of honey bee hemolymph in relation to age and exposure to pesticide, and comparison to antoxidant capacity of seminal plasma. Apidologie. doi:10.1007/s13592-015-039-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sőlling, H., & Essman, V. (1975). A sensitive method of glycogen determination in the presence of interfering substances utilizing the filter-paper technique. Analytical Biochemistry, 68, 664–668.10.1016/0003-2697(75)90667-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachecka, A., Krauze, M., Olszewski, K., Borsuk, G., Paleolog, J., Merska, M., … Grzywnowicz, K. (2014a). Unexpectedly strong effect of caffeine on the vitality of western honey bees (Apis mellifera). Biochemistry (Moscow), 79, 1192–1201. doi:10.1134/S0006297914110066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachecka, A., Olszewski, K., Paleolog, J., Borsuk, G., Bajda, M., Krauze, M., … Chobotow, J. (2014b). Coenzym Q treatments influence the life-span and key biochemical resistance systems in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 86, 165–179. doi:10.1002/arch.21159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachecka, A., Olszewski, K., & Paleolog, J. (2015). Curcumin stimulates biochemical mechanisms of Apis mellifera resistance and extends the apian life-span. Journal of Apicultural Science, 59, 129–141. doi:10.1515/JAS-2015-0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tantillo, G., Bottaro, M., Di Pinto, A., Martella, V., Di Pinto, P., & Terio, V. (2015). Virus infections of honey bees Apis mellifera. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 4, 1–8. doi:10.4081/ijfs.2015.5364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Texier, C., Vidau, C., Vigues, B., El Alaoui, H., & Delbac, F. (2010). Microsporidia: A model for minimal a parasite-host interaction. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 13, 443–449.10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, C.E., Biesmeijer, J.C., Allnutt, T.R., Pietravalle, S., & Budge, G.E. (2014). Parasite pressures on feral honey bees (Apis mellifera sp.). PLoS ONE., 9, e105164.10.1371/journal.pone.0105164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlak Gajger, I., Nejedli, S., & Kozaric, Z. (2013). The effect of Nozavit onleucine aminopeptidase and esterase activity in the midgut of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Veterinari Medicina, 58, 422–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, I., Ciglenečki, U.J., Aronstein, K., & Gregorc, A. (2013). Chronic bee paralysis virus and Nosema ceranae experimental co-infection of winter honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.). Viruses, 5, 2282–2297. doi:10.3390/v5092282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B., Peng, G., Li, T., & Kadowaki, T. (2013). Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of honey bee viruses, Nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and parasitic mites in China. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 298–311. doi:10.1002/ece3.464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngsteadt, E., Appler, R.H., López-Uribe, M.M., Tarpy, D.R., & Frank, S.D. (2015). Urbanization increases pathogen pressure on feral and managed honey bees. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0142031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, C., & Genersch, E. (2005). RT-PCR analysis of deformed wing virus in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and mites (Varroa destructor). Journal General Virology, 86, 3419–3424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalewski, K., Zaobidna, E., & Żółtowska, K. (2015). Fatty acid compsition of the parasittic mite Varroa destructor and its host the worker prepupea of Apis mellifera. Physiological Entomology, 41, 31–37. doi:10.1111/phen.12121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaobidna, E., Żółtowska, K., & Łopieńska-Biernat, E. (2015). Expression of the prophenoloxidasee gene and phenoloxidase activity, during the development of Apis mellifera brood infected with Varroa destructor. Journal of Apicultural Science, 59, 85–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Żółtowska, K., Lipiński, Z., & Dmitryjuk, M. (2005). The total protein content, protein fractions and proteases activities of drone prepupea of Apis mellifera due to varrosis. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne (now Annals of Parasitology), 51, 39–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Żółtowska, K., Lipiński, Z., & Dmitryjuk, M. (2007). Effects of Varroa destructor on sugar levels and their respective carbohydrate hydrolases activities in honey bee drone prepupea. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46, 110–113. doi:10.1080/00218839.2007.11101376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar