References
- Alippi, A. (1999). Bacterial diseases. In M. E. Colin, B. V. Ball, & M. Kilani (Eds.), Bee disease diagnosis (pp. 31–59). CIHEAM Publ.
- Alvarado, I., Margotta, J. W., Aoki, M. M., Flores, F., Agudelo, F., Michel, G., & Abel-Santos, E. (2017). Inhibitory effect of indole analogs against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease. Journal of Insect Science, 17, 1–8.
- Antunez, K., Harriet, J., Gende, L., Maggi, M., Eguaras, M., & Zunino, P. (2008). Efficacy of natural propolis extract in the control of American foulbrood. Veterinary Microbiology, 131(3–4), 324–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.011
- Berg, J. D., Roberts, P. V., & Matin, A. (1986). Effect of chlorine dioxide on selected membrane functions of Escherichia coli. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 60(3), 213–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01075.x
- Canter, D. A., Gunning, D., Rodgers, P., O'Connor, L., Traunero, C., & Kempter, C. J. (2005). Remediation of Bacillus anthracis contamination in the U.S. Department of Justice mail facility. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 3(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2005.3.119
- Datta, S., Bull, J. C., Budge, G. E., & Keeling, M. J. (2013). Modelling the spread of American foulbrood in honeybees. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 10(88), 20130650. 10:20130650–20130650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0650
- de Graaf, D., Alippi, A. M., Antúnez, K., Aronstein, K. A., Budge, G., De Koker, D., De Smet, L., Dingman, D. W., Evans, J. D., Foster, L. J., Fünfhaus, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Gregore, A., Human, H., Murray, K. D., Nguyen, B. K., Poppinga, L., Spivak, M., van Engelsdorp, D., Wilkins, S., & Genersch, E. (2013). Standard methods for American foulbrood research. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.11
- Djukic ,M., Brzuszkiewicz, E., Funfhaus, A., Voss, J., Gollnow, K., Poppinga, L., Liesegang, H., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Genersch, E., & Daniel, R. (2014). How to kill the honey bee larva: Genomic potential and virulence mechanisms of paenibacillus larvae. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090914
- Dobbelaere, W., de Graaf, D. C., Reybroeck, W., Desmedt, E., Peeters, J. E., & Jacobs, F. J. (2001). Disinfection of wooden structures contaminated with Paenibacillus larvae subsp. Larvae spores. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(2), 212–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01376.x
- Dychdala, G. R. (1991). Chlorine and chlorine compounds. In S. S. Block (Ed.), Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation (4th ed., pp. 131–151). Lea & Febiger.
- Federal Register. (2018). Chlorate; Pesticide exemptions from tolerance. 83(246), 66138–66143. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/12/26/2018-27908/chlorate-pesticide-exemptions-from-tolerance
- Fernández, N. J., Porrini, M. P., Podaza, E. A., Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., & Eguaras, M. J. (2014). A scientific note on the first report of honeybee venom inhibiting Paenibacillus larvae growth. Apidologie, 45(6), 719–721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-014-0289-y
- Fries, I., & Camazine, S. (2001). Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for honey bee epidemiology. Apidologie, 32(3), 199–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2001122
- Fukayama, M. Y., Tan, H., Wheeler, W. B., & Wei, C. I. (1986). Reactions of aqueous chlorine and chlorine dioxide with model food compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives, 69, 267–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8669267
- Fuselli, S. R., García de la Rosa, B., Eguaras, M. J., & Fritz, R. (2010). In vitro antibacterial effect of exotic plants essential oils on the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae, causal agent of American Foulbrood. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(3), 651–657. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010083-1261
- Ge, Y., Lei, Y., Lei, X., Gan, W., Shu, L., & Yang, X. (2020). Exploration of reaction rates of chlorine dioxide with tryptophan residue in oligopeptides and proteins. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 93, 129–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.059
- Genersch, E. (2010a). Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2573-8
- Genersch, E. (2010b). American foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103(Suppl 1), S10–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.015
- Ghorbani-Nezami, S., LeBlanc, E., Yost, D. G., & Amy, P. S. (2015). Phage therapy is effective in protecting honeybee larvae from American Foulbrood Disease. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev051
- Han, Y., Applegate, B., Linton, R. H., & Nelson, P. E. (2003). Decontamination of Bacillus thuringiensis spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas. Journal of Environmental Health, 66, 16–21.
- Hsu, C. S., Lu, M. C., & Huang, D. J. (2014). Effect of gaseous chlorine dioxide on student cafeteria bioaerosols. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 42(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100293
- Huang, J., Wang, L., Ren, N., & Juli, M.-F. (1997). Disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide on bacteria in water. Water Research, 31, 607–613. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00275-8
- Hung, K.-L J., Kingston, J. M., Albrecht, M., Holway, D. A., & Kohn, J. R. (2018). The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285, 20172041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2140
- Ison, A., Odeh, I. N., & Margerum, D. W. (2006). Kinetics and mechanisms of chlorine dioxide and chlorite oxidations of cysteine and glutathione. Inorganic Chemistry, 45(21), 8768–8775. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/ic0609554
- Jeng, D. K., & Woodworth, A. G. (1990). Chlorine dioxide gas sterilization under square-wave conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(2), 514–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.56.2.514-519.1990
- Kiokias, S., Dimakou, C., & Oreopoulou, V. (2007). Effect of heat treatment and droplet size on the oxidative stability of whey protein emulsions. Food Chemistry, 105(1), 94–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.053
- Lee, S. Y., Dancer, G. I., Chang, S. S., Rhee, M. S., & Kang, D. H. (2006). Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores on apple surfaces. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108(3), 364–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.023
- Lowe, J., Gibbs S., Iwen, P., & Smith, P. (2012). A case study on decontamination of a biosafety level-3 laboratory and associated ductwork within an operational building using gaseous chlorine dioxide. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9(12), D196–D205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2012.733592
- Lowe, J. J., Gibbs, S. G., Iwen, P. C., Smith, P. W., & Hewlett, A. L. (2013). Impact of chlorine dioxide gas sterilization on nosocomial organism viability in a hospital room. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2596–2605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062596
- Mahdi, O. S., & Fisher, N. A. (2018a). Growth and laboratory maintenance of Paenibacillus larvae. Current Protocols in Microbiology, 48, 9e.1.1–9e.1.6.
- Mahdi, O. S., & Fisher, N. A. (2018b). Sporulation and germination of Paenibacillus larvae cells. Current Protocols in Microbiology, 48, 9e.2.1–9e.2.10.
- Morse, R. A., & Calderone, N. W. (2000). The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops. Bee Culture, 128(3), 1–15.
- Nam, H., Seo, H. S., Bang, J., Kim, H., Beuchat, L. R., & Ryu, J. H. (2014). Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide in inactivating Bacillus cereus spores attached to and in a biofilm on stainless steel. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 188, 122–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.009
- Ogata, N. (2007). Denaturation of protein by chlorine dioxide: oxidative modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Biochemistry, 46(16), 4898–4911. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/bi061827u
- Rhodes, J., & McCorkell, B. (2007). American foulbrood disease Paenibacillus larvae in New South Wales apiaries: Survey results 2006. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. DPI, Report No. 4. Retreived January 6, 2021, from https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/157538/American-Foulbrood-Disease-Paenibacillus-larvae-in-New-South-Wales-apiaries.pdf.
- Setlow, B., Loshon, C. A., Genest, P. C., Cowan, A. E., Setlow, C., & Setlow, P. (2002). Mechanisms of killing spores of Bacillus subtilis by acid, alkali and ethanol. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01540.x
- Shirasaki, Y., Matsuura, A., Uekusa, M., Ito, Y., & Hayashi, T. (2016). A study of the properties of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigant. Experimental Animals, 65(3), 303–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.15-0092
- Smith, D. J., & Herges, G. R. (2018). Chloroxyanion residue on seeds and sprouts after chlorine dioxide sanitation of alfalfa seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(8), 1974–1980. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05953
- Smith, D. J., Ernst, W., & Herges, G. R. (2015). Chloroxyanion residues in cantaloupe and tomatoes after chlorine dioxide Gas Sanitation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(43), 9640–9649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04153
- Smith, D. J., Giddings, J. M., Herges, G. R., & Ernst, W. (2016). Distribution, identification, and quantification of residues after treatment of ready-to-eat salami with 36Cl-labeled or non-labeled chlorine dioxide gas. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(44), 8454–8462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04011
- Spivak, M., & Reuter, G. S. (2001). Resistance to American foulbrood disease by honey bee colonies Apis mellifera bred for hygienic behavior. Apidologie, 32(6), 555–565. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2001103
- Spotts-Whitney, E. A., Beatty, M. E., Taylor, T. H., Jr., Weyant, R., Sobel, J., Arduino, M. J., & Ashford, D. A. (2003). Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(6), 623–627. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0906.020377
- Tarr, H. L. A. (1937). Studies on American foul brood of bees: the relative pathogenicity of vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus Larvae for the brood of the bee. Annals of Applied Biology, 24(2), 377–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05040.x
- U.S. EPA. (2006). Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite (Case 4023). EPA 738-R-06-007. Retrieved March 1, 2021, from https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/chlorine_dioxide_red.pdf.
- Wang, T., Qi, J., Wu, J., Hao, L., Yi, Y., Lin, S., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Response surface modeling for the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spores by chlorine dioxide gas in an enclosed space. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66(5), 508–517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1150365
- White, G. F. (1906). The bacteria of the apiary with special reference to bee disease. Technical Series no. 14 (pp. 1–50). Bureau of Entomology, USDA.
- Winston, M. L. (1987). The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press.
- Wood, J. P., & Blair Martin, G. (2009). Development and field testing of a mobile chlorine dioxide generation system for the decontamination of buildings contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2–3), 1460–1467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.062
- Yoshiyama, M., Wu, M., Sugimura, Y., Takaya, N., Kimoto-Nira, H., & Suzuki, C. (2013). Inhibition of Paenibacillus larvae by lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented materials. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 112(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.09.002
- Young, S. B., & Setlow, P. (2003). Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x