‘Evolving pastry‘: a method for simulating microe volution

References

• Allen , J. A. 1973 . Apostatic selection: the responses of wild passerine birds to artificial prey , University of Edinburgh . Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. 1974 . Further evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerine birds: training experiments . Heredity, London , 33 : 361 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. 1976 . Further evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerine birds—9:1 experiments . Heredity, London , 36 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. 1984 . Wild birds prefer to eat the more familiar of artificial morphs that are similar in colour . Heredity, London , 53 : 705 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. 1988 . Frequency-dependent selection by predators . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B , 319 : 485 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. and Anderson , K. P. 1984 . Selection by passerine birds is anti-apostatic at high prey density . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 23 : 237 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. , Anderson , K. P. and Tucker , G. M. 1987 . More than meets the eye—a simulation of natural selection . Journal of Biological Education , 21 ( 4 ) : 301 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. , Anderson , K. P. and Tucker , G. M. 1990 . An improved method for demonstrating visual selection by wild birds . Journal of Biological Education , 24 ( 4 ) : 262 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. and Clarke , B. C. 1968 . Evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerines . Nature, London , 220 : 501 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. A. and Cooper , J. M. 1988 . Experimenting with apostatic selection . Journal of Biological Education , 22 ( 4 ) : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. and Creedy , J. 1970 . Experimental Biology Manual , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Cain , A. J. 1988 . The role of natural selection in evolution . Biological Sciences Review , 1 ( 2 ) : 30 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Church , R. and Hand , S. 1992 . Industrial melanism in moths: an interactive computer simulation to demonstrate evolutionary theory . Journal of Biological Education , 26 ( 1 ) : 34 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , B. C. 1962 . “ Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species ” . In Taxonomy and geography , Edited by: Nichols , D. 47 – 70 . Oxford : Systematics Association .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , B. C. The evolution of genetic diversity . Proceedings of the Royal Society London B . Vol. 205 , pp. 453 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. M. 1984 . Apostatic selection on prey that match the background . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 23 : 221 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. M. and Allen , J. A. Selection by wild birds on artificial dimorphic prey on varied backgrounds . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. , in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. M. , Raymond , D. L. and Allen , J. A. 1993 . Birds, baits and boards: a method for investigating cryptic coloration . School Science Review , 74 ( 268 ) : 69 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education and Science and the Welsh Office . 1991 . “ Level 9 of National Attainment Target 2 (Life and Living Processes) ” . In Science for ages 5 to 16 (1991) , 8 London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Downes , S. P. 1992 . The practical investigation of selection: an A-level experiment using Drosophila melanogaster . Journal of Biological Education , 26 ( 1 ) : 37 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmunds , M. 1974 . Defence in animals , Harlow, Essex : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Endler , J. A. 1978 . A predator's view of animal color patterns . Evolutionary Biology , 11 : 319 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Fifield , S. and Fall , B. 1992 . A hands-on simulation of natural selection in an imaginary organism Platysoma apoda . American Biology Teacher , 54 ( 4 ) : 230 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood , J. J. D. 1984 . The functional basis of frequency-dependent food selection . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 23 : 177 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood , J. J. D. 1985 . Frequency-dependent selection by seed predators . Oikos , 44 : 195 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , G. J. 1992 . The role ofcrypsis in selection on complex backgrounds: testing the ideas of Endler , University of Southampton . Unpublished B.Sc. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Hancox , A. P. and Allen , J. A. 1991 . A simulation of evasive mimicry in the wild . Journal of Zoology, London , 223 : 9 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsley , D. T. , Lynch , B. M. , Greenwood , J. J. D. , Hardman , B. and Mosely , S. 1979 . Frequencydependent selection by birds when the density of prey is high . Journal of Animal Ecology , 48 : 483 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , J. S. , Leith , B. H. and Rawlings , P. 1977 . Polymorphism in Cepaea: a problem with too many solutions? . Annual Review of Ecology and Syslematics , 8 : 109 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Kettlewell , H. B. D. 1955 . Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera . Heredity, London , 10 : 323 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Manly , B. F. J. 1973 . A linear model for frequency-dependent selection by predators . Research in Population Ecology , 14 : 137 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Manly , B. F. J. 1974 . A model for certain types of selection experiments . Biometrics , 30 : 281 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHenry , C. 1992 . Odysseys in Pastryland: a bird's eye view of mimicry , University of Southampton . Unpublished B.Sc. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , G. M. and Turner , J. R. G. 1970 . Experiments on mimicry: 1. The response of wild birds to artificial prey . Behaviour , 36 : 116 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donald , P. and Pilecki , C. 1970 . Polymorphic mimicry and natural selection . Evolution , 24 : 395 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond , D. L. 1984 . Wild birds prefer the familiar of striped and unstriped artificial prey . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 23 : 229 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. R. G. 1984 . “ Darwin's coffin and Doctor Pangloss—do adaptationist models explain mimicry? ” . In Evolutionary ecology , Edited by: Shorrocks , B. 313 – 361 . Oxford : Blackwells .
   Google Scholar