References
- Ades , A. and Di Tella , R. 1999 . Rent, competition, and corruption . American Economic Review , 89 ( 4 ) : 982 – 993 .
- Alesina , A. and Perotti , R. 1994 . “ The political economy of budget deficits ” . Washington , DC IMF working paper, WP/94/85, International Monetary Fund
- Alesina , A. and Perotti , R. 1996 . Income distribution, political instability, and investment . European Economic Review , 40 ( 6 ) : 1203 – 1228 .
- Alesina , A. , Hausmann , R. , Hommes , R. and Stein , E. 1999 . Budget institutions and fiscal performance in Latin America . Journal of Development Economics , 59 ( 2 ) : 253 – 273 .
- Anderson , T. W. and Hsiao , C. 1982 . Estimating of dynamic models with error components . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 76 : 598 – 606 .
- Arellano , M. and Bond , S. R. 1991 . Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an implication to employment equation . Review of Economic Studies , 58 ( 2 ) : 277 – 297 .
- Arellano , M. and Bover , O. 1995 . Another look at the instrumental–variable estimation of error-components models . Journal of Econometrics , 68 ( 1 ) : 29 – 52 .
- Baldwin , R. 1989 . “ Measuring non tariff trade policies ” . NBER working paper series, No. 2978
- Baltagi , H. B. 1995 . Empirical Analysis of Panel Data , London : John Wiley & Sons .
- Barro , R. J. 1979 . On the determination of the public debt . Journal of Political Economy , 87 ( 5 ) : 940 – 971 .
- Barro , R. J. 1985 . “ Government spending, interest rates, prices and budget deficits in the United Kingdom, 1730–1918. Working paper ” . University of Rochester .
- Barro , R. J. 1986 . US deficits since World War I . Scandinavian Journal of Economics , 88 ( 1 ) : 193 – 222 .
- Barro , R. J. 1995 . “ Optimal debt management ” . NBER working paper series, No. 5327
- Barro , R. J. 1999 . Notes on optimal debt management . Journal of Applied Economics , 2 : 281 – 289 .
- Bevan , D. 1999 . Trade liberalisation and the budget deficit . Journal of Policy Modelling , 21 ( 6 ) : 653 – 694 .
- Blejer , M. I. and Cheasty , A. 1991 . The measurement of fiscal deficits: analytical and methodological issues . Journal of Economic Literature , 29 ( 4 ) : 1644 – 1678 .
- Blundell , R. and Bond , S. R. 1998 . Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models . Journal of Econometric , 87 ( 1 ) : 115 – 144 .
- Bohn , H. 1990 . Tax smoothing with financial instruments . American Economic Review , 80 : 1217 – 1230 .
- Cashin , P. and Pattillo , C. 2000 . “ Term of trade shocks in Africa: are they short-lived or long-lived? ” . IMF working paper, WP/00/72
- Catâo , L. and Terrones , M. 2001 . “ Fiscal deficits and inflation: a new look at the emerging market evidence ” . Washington , DC : International Monetary Fund . IMF working paper, WP/01/74
- Chenery , H. and Syrquin , M. 1975 . Patterns of Development , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Collier , P. and Gunning , J. W. 1999 . Trade Shocks in Developing Countries , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Combes , J. -L. and Guillaumont , P. 2002 . Commodity price volatility, vulnerability and development . Development Policy Review , 20 ( 1 ) : 25 – 39 .
- Combes , J. -L. , Guillaumont , P. , Guillaumont Jeanneney , S. and Motel Combes , P. 2000 . Ouverture sur l'extérieur et instabilité des taux de croissance . Revue Française d'Economie , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 – 33 .
- Deaton , A. 1999 . Commodity prices and growth in Africa . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 13 ( 3 ) : 23 – 40 .
- Dollar , D. 1992 . Outward-oriented developing countries really do grow more rapidly: evidences from 95 LDCs, 1975–85 . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 40 ( 3 ) : 523 – 544 .
- Easterly , W. , Rodriguez , C. A. and Schmidt-Hebbel , K. 1994 . Public Sector Deficits and Macroeconomic Performance , Washington : World Bank publication .
- Edwards , S. 1998 . Openness, productivity and growth what do really know . Economic Journal , 108 ( 447 ) : 383 – 398 .
- Edwards , S. and Tabellini , G. 1991 . Explaining fiscal policies and inflation in developing countries . Journal of International Money and Finance , 10 : S16 – S48 .
- Fagernäs , S. and Roberts , J. 2004 . “ The fiscal impact of aid: a survey of issues and synthesis of country studies on Malawi, Uganda and Zambia ” . London : Overseas Development Institute . ESAU working paper, No. 11
- Fischer , S. 1993 . The role of macroeconomic factors in growth . Journal of Monetary Economics , 32 ( 3 ) : 485 – 512 .
- Griliches , Z. and Hausman , J. 1986 . Errors in variables in panel data . Journal of Econometrics , 31 : 93 – 118 .
- Guillaumont , P. 1994 . Politique d'ouverture et croissance économique: les effets de la croissance et de l'instabilité des exportations . Revue d'Economie du Développement , 1 : 91 – 114 .
- Guillaumont , P. and Guillaumont , J. S. 1988 . Stratégies de développement comparées zone franc et hors zone franc , Paris : Economica .
- Lensink , R. , Bo , H. and Sterken , E. 1999 . Does uncertainty affect economic growth? An empirical analysis . Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv , 135 : 379 – 396 .
- Lindbeck , A. 1976 . Stabilization policies in open economies with endogenous politicians . American Economic Review , 66 : 1 – 19 .
- Loayza , N. , Schmidt , K. and Serven , L. 2000 . What drives private saving across the world? . Review of Economics and Statistics , 82 ( 2 ) : 165 – 181 .
- Lucas , R. E. and Stockey , N. L. 1983 . Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in an economy without capital . Journal of Monetary Economics , 12 : 55 – 93 .
- McGillivray , M. and Morrissey , O. 2001 . “ Fiscal effects of aid ” . Helsinki WIDER discussion paper, No. 61
- Rodriguez , F. and Rodrik , D. 1999 . “ Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptic's guide to the cross-national evidence ” . NBER working paper series, No. 7089
- Rodrik , D. 1999 . “ The new global economy and developing countries: making openness work ” . Washington , DC : John Hopkins University Press . Policy Essay No. 24, Overseas Development Council
- Rose , A. K. 2002 . “ Do WTO members have more liberal trade policy? ” . NBER working paper series, No. 9347
- Sachs , J. D. and Warner , A. M. 1995 . Economic reform and the process of global integration . Brooking Papers on Economics Activity , 1 : 1 – 118 .
- Savvides , A. 1998 . Trade policy and income inequality: new evidence . Economics Letters , 61 ( 3 ) : 365 – 372 .
- Schuknecht , L. 1999 . Fiscal policy cycles and the exchange rate regime in developing countries . European Journal of Political Economy , 15 ( 3 ) : 569 – 580 .
- Spilimbergo , A. , Londoño , J. L. and Székely , M. 1999 . Income distribution, factor endowments and trade openness . Journal of Economic Development , 59 ( 1 ) : 77 – 101 .
- Talvi , E. and Végh , C. A. 2000 . “ Tax base variability and procyclical fiscal policy ” . NBER Working Paper Series, No. 7499
- Tornell , A. and Lane , P. R. 1999 . The voracity effect . American Economic Review , 89 ( 1 ) : 22 – 46 .
- Wei , S. -J. 2000 . “ Natural openness and good government ” . NBER working paper series, No. 7765