Modernization theory and the sociological study of developmentFootnote∗

The author would like to thank Rita Cruise O'Brien and Leslie Sklair for encouraging him to commit to paper his views on this subject, and Ronald Dore and Donal Cruise O'Brien for their extensive comments on an earlier draft.

References

• Africa Research Group . 1969 . African Studies in America: the Extended Family Cambridge, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi , Hamza . “ ‘The Army and Bureaucracy in Pakistan Politics’ ” . In L'Armée dans la Nation Edited by: Abdel‐Malek , A. Paris (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• Almond , Gabriel A. 1960 . “ ‘Introduction: a Functional Approach to Comparative Politics’ ” . Almond and Coleman .
   Google Scholar
• Almond , Gabriel A. and Coleman , James S. , eds. 1960 . The Politics of the Developing Areas Princeton, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. Arnold . 1963 . “ ‘The Impact of the Educational System on Technological Change and Modernization’ ” . Hoselitz and Moore .
   Google Scholar
• Andreski , Stanislav . 1968 . The African Predicament. A Study in the Pathology of Modernisation London
   Google Scholar
• Apter , David E. 1963a . “ Introduction to Part IX, ‘Non‐Western Government and Politics’ ” . Eckstein and Apter .
   Google Scholar
• Apter , David E. 1963b . “ ‘Political Religion in the New States’ ” . In Old Societies and New States. The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa Edited by: Geertz , Clifford . New York
   Google Scholar
• Apter , David E. 1967 . The Politics of Modernization , paperback edition Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Aron , Raymond . 1964 . The Industrial Society (English translation) London
   Google Scholar
• Aron , Raymon . 1968 . Main Currents in Sociological Thought, Vol. II (English translation) London
   Google Scholar
• Arrighi , G. 1970 . ‘Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective: a Study of the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia’ . Journal of Development Studies , 6 ( 3 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrighi , Giovanni and Saul , John S. 1968 . ‘Socialism and Economic Development in Africa’ . Journal of Modern African Studies , 6 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Attwood , William . 1967 . The Reds and the Blacks London
   Google Scholar
• Balandier , Georges . 1952 . ‘Contribution à une Sociologie de la Dépendance’ . Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie , 12
   Google Scholar
• Balandier , Georges . 1963 . Sociologie Actuelle de l'Afrique Noire , (revised edition) Paris
   Google Scholar
• Barraclough , Geoffrey . 1967 . An Introduction to Contemporary History Harmondsworth
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Michael Barratt . 1970 . After Imperialism , (revised edition) London
   Google Scholar
• Bay , Christian . 1969 . “ ‘The Cheerful Science of Dismal Polities’ ” . Roszak .
   Google Scholar
• Belshaw , Cyril S. 1964 . Under the Ivi Tree. Society and Economic Growth in Rural Fiji London
   Google Scholar
• Belshaw , Cyril S. 1965 . Traditional Exchange and Modern Markets Englewood Cliffs N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Bendix , Reinhard . 1963 . ‘Concepts and Generalizations in Comparative Sociological Studies’ . American Sociological Review , 28 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• Bendix , Reinhard . 1967a . ‘Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered’ . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 9 ( 3 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendix , Reinhard . 1967b . “ ‘The Comparative Analysis of Historical Change’ ” . In Social Theory and Economic Change Edited by: Burns , Tom and Saul , J. B. London
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , Noam . 1969 . American Power and the New Mandarins Harmondsworth
   Google Scholar
• Clairmonte , Frederick . 1960 . Economic Liberalism and Underdevelopment. Studies in the Disintegration of an Idea Bombay
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , James S. 1960 . “ ‘Conclusion: The Political Systems of the Developing Areas’ ” . Almond and Coleman .
   Google Scholar
• Deutscher , Isaac . 1969 . “ ‘Roots of Bureaucracy’ ” . In The Socialist Register, 1969 Edited by: Miliband , Ralph and Saville , John . London
   Google Scholar
• Dore , Ronald P. 1964 . ‘Japan as a Model of Economic Development’ . European Journal of Sociology , 5
   Google Scholar
• Dore , Ronald P. 1969 . “ ‘On the Possibility and Desirability of a Theory of Modernization’ ” . Communications Series, No. 38 Institute of Development Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Eckstein , Harry and Apter , David E. , eds. 1963 . Comparative Politics New York
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt , S. N. 1966 . Modernization: Protest and Change Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , T. Scarlett . 1962 . Economic Development and Social Change in South India Manchester
   Google Scholar
• Fanon , Frantz . 1967 . The Wretched of the Earth (English translation) Harmondsworth
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , Arnold S. and Moore , Wilbert E. 1962 . “ ‘Industrialization and Industrialism. Convergence and Differentiation’ ” . In Transactions of the Fifth World Congress of Sociology Vol. II , Washington
   Google Scholar
• Frank , Andre Gunder . 1966 . The Development of Underdevelopment’ . Monthly Review , 18 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• Frank , Andre Gunder . 1967 . ‘Sociology of Development and Underdevelopment of Sociology’ . Catalyst (University of Buffalo) ,
   Google Scholar
• Frank , Andre Gunder . 1969 . Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil , (revised edition) New York
   Google Scholar
• Freund , Julien . 1968 . The Sociology of Max Weber (English translation) London
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , Carl J. 1952 . “ ‘Some Observations on Weber's Analysis of Bureaucracy’ ” . In Reader in Bureaucracy Edited by: Merton , Robert K. Toronto
   Google Scholar
• Furtado , Celso . 1964 . Development and Underdevelopment (English translation) Berkeley, California
   Google Scholar
• Gerschenkron , Alexander . 1952 . “ ‘Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective’ ” . Hoselitz .
   Google Scholar
• Gerschenkron , Alexander . 1962 . “ ‘Typology of Industrial Development as a Tool of Analysis’ ” . In Second International Conference of Economic History: Aix‐en‐Provence Vol. II , The Hague
   Google Scholar
• Gluckman , Max . 1949 . ‘Malinowski's “Functional” Analysis of Social Change’ . Africa , 17
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , Lucien . 1969 . The Human Sciences and Philosophy (English translation) London
   Google Scholar
• Gough , Kathleen . 1969 . “ ‘World Revolution and the Science of Man’ ” . Roszak .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , Alvin W. 1959 . “ ‘Reciprocity and Autonomy in Functional Theory’ ” . In Symposium on Sociological Theory Edited by: Gross , Llewellyn . New York
   Google Scholar
• Hilal , Jamil . 1970 . “ ‘Sociology and Underdevelopment’ ” . Department of Social Theory and Institutions, University of Durham . (mimeo)
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Polly . 1963 . Migrant Cocoa‐Farmers of Southern Ghana. A Study in Rural Capitalism London
   Google Scholar
• Hoselitz , Bert F. , ed. 1952 . The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Hoselitz , Bert F. 1963 . “ ‘Main Concepts in the Analysis of the Social Implications of Technological Change’ ” . Hoselitz and Moore .
   Google Scholar
• Hoselitz , Bert F. and Moore , Wilbert E. , eds. 1963 . Industrialization and Society Paris
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , Clark . 1964 . Industrialism and Industrial Man New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kilson , Martin . 1963 . ‘African Political Change and the Modernization Process’ . Journal of Modern African Studies , 1 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan , V. G. 1969 . The Lords of Human Kind. European Attitudes to the Outside World in the Imperial Age London.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , Robert K. 1952 . “ ‘Political Elites and the Process of Economic Development’ ” . Hoselitz
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , Henri . 1953 . ‘Perspectives de la Sociologie Rurale’ . Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie , 13
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , Daniel . 1964 . The Passing of Traditional Society. Modernizing the Middle East , (paperback edition) Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , Daniel . 1967 . “ ‘Comparative Analysis of Processes of Modernisation’ ” . Miner .
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood , David . 1956 . ‘Some Remarks on “The Social System"’ . British Journal of Sociology , 7 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Lukes , Steven . 1968 . ‘Methodological Individualism Reconsidered’ . British Journal of Sociology , 19 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Magdoff , Harry . 1969 . The Age of Imperialism. The Economics of U.S. Foreign Policy New York.
   Google Scholar
• Mazrui , Ali A. 1968 . ‘From Social Darwinism to Current Theories of Modernization. A Tradition of Analysis’ . World Politics , 21 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , David C. 1963 . “ ‘The Achievement Motive in Economic Growth’ ” . Hoselitz and Moore .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , David C. 1964 . “ ‘Business Drive and National Achievement’ ” . In Social Change Edited by: Etzioni , Amitai and Etzioni , Eva . New York
   Google Scholar
• Mills , C. Wright . 1959 . The Sociological Imagination New York.
   Google Scholar
• Miner , Horace , ed. 1967 . The City in Modern Africa London.
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Barrington Jr. 1963 . “ ‘Strategy in Social Science’ ” . In Sociology on Trial Edited by: Stein , Maurice and Vidich , Arthur . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Barrington Jr. 1967 . The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World London.
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Wilbert E. 1963 . ‘Introduction: Social Change and Comparative Studies’ . International Social Science Journal , 15 ( 4 ) The Sociology of Development in Latin America.
   Google Scholar
• Nash , Manning . 1966 . Primitive and Peasant Economic Systems San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Nettl , J. P. 1967 . Political Mobilization. A Sociological Analysis of Methods and Concepts London.
   Google Scholar
• Nettl , J. P. 1969 . “ ‘Strategies in the Study of Political Development’ ” . In Politics and Change in Developing Countries Edited by: Leys , Colin . London
   Google Scholar
• Nettl , J. P. and Robertson , Roland . 1968 . International Systems and the Modernization of Societies. The Formation of National Goals and Attitudes London.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet , Robert A. 1968 . Social Change and History. Aspects of the Western Theory of Development New York.
   Google Scholar
• Nkrumah , Kwame . 1963 . Africa Must Unite London.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , Talcott . 1964 . ‘Evolutionary Universals in Society’ . American Sociological Review , 29 ( 3 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , Talcott . 1966 . Societies. Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , Talcott . 1968 . The Structure of Social Action , paperback edition 2 volumes , New York.
   Google Scholar
• Passin , Herbert . 1965 . Society and Education in Japan New York.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , Robert I. 1968 . ‘The Disguised Conservatism in Evolutionary Development Theory’ . Science and Society , 32 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Riggs , Fred W. 1964 . Administration in Developing Countries. The Theory of Prismatic Society Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Rostow , W. W. 1967 . The Stages of Economic Growth. A Non‐Communist Manifesto , (paperback edition) London.
   Google Scholar
• Roszak , Theodore , ed. 1969 . The Dissenting Academy Harmondsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Sartre , Jean‐Paul . 1964 . The Problem of Method , (English translation) London.
   Google Scholar
• Seers , Dudley . 1970 . “ ‘The Meaning of Development’ ” . Communications Series, No. 44 Institute of Development Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Senghor , Léopold Sédar . 1964 . On African Socialism (translated and with an Introduction by Mercer Cook) New York
   Google Scholar
• Shils , Edward . 1962 . “ ‘The Military in the Political Development of the New States’ ” . In The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries Edited by: Johnson , John J. Princeton, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Shils , Edward . 1965 . Political Development in the New States The Hague.
   Google Scholar
• Shils , E. A. and Finch , H. A. , eds. 1949 . Max Weber: Essays in the Methodology of the Social Sciences Glencoe, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Smelser , Neil J. 1963 . “ ‘Mechanisms of Change and Adjustment to Change’ ” . Hoselitz and Moore .
   Google Scholar
• Smelser , Neil J. 1968 . “ ‘Toward a General Theory of Social Change’ ” . In Essays in Sociological Explanation Edited by: Smelser . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Soedjatmoko . 1965 . “ ‘Memorandum on Scope and Purpose of Seminar’ ” . In Religion and Progress in Modern Asia Edited by: Bellah , R. N. New York
   Google Scholar
• Stavenhagen , Rudolfo . 1969 . “ ‘Sevan Erroneous Theses about Latin America’ ” . In Latin American Radicalism Edited by: Horowitz , Irving Louis . New York
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson , John B. 1968 . ‘Is Everyone Going Modern? A Critique and a Suggestion for Measuring Modernism’ . American Journal of Sociology , 74 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Tiger , Lionel . 1967 . “ ‘Bureaucracy and Urban Symbol Systems’ ” . Miner .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berghe , Pierre L. 1967 . South Africa. A Study in Conflict Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Vidich , Arthur J. and Bensman , Joseph . 1968 . Small Town in Mass Society , (revised edition) Princeton, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Weber , Max . 1930 . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (English translation) London
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , Ian . 1969 . ‘The Problem of the Emergence of Industrial Societies: a Critical Look at the State of a Theory’ . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 11 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , Myron , ed. 1966 . Modernization New York.
   Google Scholar
• Worsley , Peter . 1964 . The Third World London
   Google Scholar
• Worsley , Peter . 1965 . “ ‘Bureaucracy and Decolonization: Democracy from the Top’ ” . In The New Sociology Edited by: Horowitz , Irving Louis . New York
   Google Scholar
• Zolberg , Aristide R. 1964 . “ ‘The Dakar Colloquium the Search for a Doctrine’ ” . In African Socialism Edited by: Friedland , William H. and Rosberg , Carl G. Jr. Stanford, California
   Google Scholar
• The author would like to thank Rita Cruise O'Brien and Leslie Sklair for encouraging him to commit to paper his views on this subject, and Ronald Dore and Donal Cruise O'Brien for their extensive comments on an earlier draft.
   Google Scholar
• Lecturer in Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Kent, Canterbury. This article was written while the author was a Research Assistant, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex.
   Google Scholar