References
- Abdel-Mowla, S. (2011). Women’s job search activity in a transforming labour market: Determinants of women’s job search propensity in Egypt. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 16(6), 28–36.
- Abebe, G., Caria, S., Fafchamps, M., Falco, P., Franklin, S., & Quinn, S. (2016). Curse of anonymity or tyranny of distance? The impacts of job-search support in Urban Ethiopia (NBER Research Working Paper 22409). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Abebe, G. T., Caria, S., Fafchamps, M., Falco, P., Franklin, S., Quinn, S., & Shilpi, F. (2017). Job fairs: Matching firms and workers in a field experiment in Ethiopia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8092). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Adoho, F., Chakravarty, S., Korkoyah, D. T., Lundberg, M. K., & Tasneem, A. (2014). The impact of an adolescent girls employment program: The EPAG project in Liberia (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6832). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Agüero, J. M., & Marks, M. S. (2011). Motherhood and female labor supply in the developing world evidence from infertility shocks. Journal of Human Resources, 46, 800–826.
- Albrecht, J., Gautier, P. A., & Vroman, S. (2006). Equilibrium directed search with multiple applications. The Review of Economic Studies, 73, 869–891.
- Albrecht, J., Navarro, L., & Vroman, S. (2009). The effects of labour market policies in an economy with an informal sector. The Economic Journal, 119, 1105–1129.
- Allen, J., & Van Der Velden, R. (2007). Transitions from higher education to work. In U. Teichler (Ed.), Careers of university graduates (pp. 55–78). Netherlands: Springer.
- Arceo-Gomez, E. O., & Campos-Vazquez, R. M. (2014). Race and marriage in the labor market: A discrimination correspondence study in a developing country. The American Economic Review, 104, 376–380.
- Assaad, R., Binzel, C., & Gadallah, M. (2010). Transitions to employment and marriage among young men in Egypt. Middle East Development Journal, 2, 39–88.
- Bachman, J. G., Kahn, R. L., Davidson, T., & Johnston, L. (1970). Youth in transition (Vol. 2). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
- Banerjee, A., Galiani, S., Levinsohn, J., McLaren, Z., & Woolard, I. (2008). Why has unemployment risen in the new South Africa? Economics of Transition, 16, 715–740.
- Barcucci, V., & Mryyan, N. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Jordan (Work4youth Publication Series No. 14). Geneva: ILO.
- Barsoum, G., Ramadan, M., & Mostafa, M. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Egypt (Work4Youth Publication Series no. 16). Geneva: ILO.
- Behrman, J. R., & Wolfe, B. L. (1984). Labor force participation and earnings determinants for women in the special conditions of developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 15, 259–288.
- Bell, L. A. (1997). The impact of minimum wages in Mexico and Colombia. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(S3), S102–S135.
- Berman, E., & Machin, S. (2000). Skill-Biased Technology Transfer: Evidence of Factor Biased Technological Change in Developing Countries ( Unpublished manuscript). Boston University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252103176_Skill-Biased_Technology_Transfer.
- Betcherman, G. (2015). Labor market regulations: What do we know about their impacts in developing countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 30, 124–153.
- Bian, Y. (1997). Bringing strong ties back in: Indirect ties, network bridges, and job searches in China. American Sociological Review, 62, 366–385.
- Blattman, C., & Ralston, L. (2015). Generating employment in poor and fragile states: Evidence from labor market and entrepreneurship programs ( Unpublished manuscript). Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/Blattman_Employment%20Lit%20Review.pdf.
- Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79–101.
- Boutin, D. (2014). De l’ecole à l’emploi: La longue marche de la jeunesse urbaine malienne. Formation Emploi, 124, 23–43.
- Bowers, N. 1998. Getting started, settling in: The transition from education to the labour market. In OECD (Ed.). 1998 Employment outlook (Chap. 3, pp. 81–122). Paris: Author.
- Bradley, S., & Nguyen, A. N. (2004). The school-to-work transition. In G. Johnes & J. Johnes (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of education (Chap. 14, pp. 484–519). Cheltenham:: Edward Elgar.
- Bramoulle, Y., & Saint-Paul, G. (2010). Social networks and labor market transitions. Labour Economics, 17, 188–195.
- Cáceres-Delpiano, J. (2012). Can we still learn something from the relationship between fertility and mother’s employment? Evidence from developing countries. Demography, 49, 151–174.
- Calves, A. E., Kobiane, J. F., & N’Bouke, A. (2013). Privatization of education and labor force inequality in urban francophone Africa: The transition from school to work in ouagadougou. World Development, 47, 136–148.
- Calves, A. E., & Schoumaker, B. (2004). Deteriorating economic context and changing patterns of youth employment in Urban Burkina Faso: 1980-2000. World Development, 32, 1341–1354.
- Calvo-Armengol, A. (2004). Job contact networks. Journal of Economic Theory, 115, 191–206.
- Calvo-Armengol, A., & Jackson, M. O. (2004). The effects of social networks on employment and inequality. The American Economic Review, 94, 426–454.
- Calvo-Armengol, A., & Zenou, Y. (2005). Job matching, social network and word-of- mouth communication. Journal of Urban Economics, 57, 500–522.
- Campbell, D. (2013). The labour market in developing countries. In S. Cazes & S. Verick (Eds.), Perspectives on labour economics for development. Geneva: ILO.
- Card, D., Kluve, J., & Weber, A. (2010). Active labour market policy evaluations: A meta-analysis. The Economic Journal, 120, F452–F477.
- Chuang, H. L. (1999). Estimating the determinants of the unemployment duration for college graduates in Taiwan. Applied Economics Letters, 6, 677–681.
- Cling, J. P., Gubert, F., Nordman, C., & Robilliard, A. S. (2007). Youth and labour markets in Africa: A critical review of literature (AFD Working Paper no. 49). Paris: Agence Française de Développement.
- Coles, M. G., & Smith, E. (1998). Marketplaces and matching. International Economic Review, 39, 239–254.
- Contreras, D., Zapata, D., Ochoa, M., & Kruger, D. I. (2007). The role of social networks in the economic opportunities of Bolivian women (IADB Latin American Research Network Working Paper #R-540). Washington, DC: IADB.
- Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 34, 187–220.
- Cunningham, W., & Salvagno, J. B. (2011). Youth employment transitions in Latin America (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5521). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Deguilhem, T., Berrou, J. P., & Combarnous, F. (2017). Using your ties to get a worse job? The differential effects of social networks on quality of employment: Evidence from Colombia ( Unpublished manuscript). University of Bordeaux. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/78628/1/MPRA_paper_78628.pdf.
- Dickens, W. T., & Lang, K. (1995). An analysis of the nature of unemployment in Sri Lanka. The Journal of Development Studies, 31, 620–636.
- Elder, S. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Asia and the Pacific. (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 19). Geneva: ILO.
- Elder, S., Novkovska, B., & Krsteva, V. (2013). Labour market transitions of young women and men in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 1). Geneva: ILO.
- Fafchamps, M., & Minten, B. (2002). Returns to social network capital among traders. Oxford Economic Papers, 54, 173–206.
- Fallon, P. R. (1983). Education and the duration of job search and unemployment in urban India: An empirical analysis based on a survey of Delhi jobseekers. Journal of Development Economics, 12, 327–340.
- Fares, J., Guarcello, L., Manacorda, M., Rosati, F. C., Lyon, S., & Valdivia, C. A. (2005). School-to-work transitions in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview (UCW Project Working Paper Series 43933). Geneva: Understanding Children’s Work.
- Fergusson, L. (2013). The political economy of rural property rights and the persistence of the dual economy. Journal of Development Economics, 103, 167–181.
- Galiani, S., & Hopenhayn, H. A. (2003). Duration and risk of unemployment in Argentina. Journal of Development Economics, 71, 199–212.
- Garcia, M., & Fares, J. (Eds.). (2008). Youth in Africa’s labor market. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
- Gicheva, D. (2012). Worker mobility, employer-provided general training, and the choice of graduate education. Labour Economics, 19, 232–240.
- Goldin, C. (1994). The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history (NBER Working Paper No. W4707). Cambrdige, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Grimm, M., & Paffhausen, A. L. (2015). Do interventions targeted at microentrepreneurs and small and medium-sized firms create jobs? A systematic review of the evidence for low and middle income countries. Labour Economics, 32, 67–85.
- Groh, M., McKenzie, D., Shammout, N., & Vishwanath, T. (2015). Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized experiment in Jordan. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(1), 1–20.
- Groh, M., McKenzie, D., & Vishwanath, T. (2015). Reducing information asymmetries in the youth labor market of Jordan with psychometrics and skill based tests. The World Bank Economic Review, 29(Supplement 1), S106–S117.
- Günther, I., & Launov, A. (2012). Informal employment in developing countries: Opportunity or last resort? Journal of Development Economics, 97, 88–98.
- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2008). The role of cognitive skills in economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46, 607–668.
- Heckman, J. J., & Hotz, V. J. (1986). An investigation of the labor market earnings of panamanian males evaluating the sources of inequality. Journal of Human Resources, 21, 507–542.
- Ibarraran, P., & Rosas Shady, D. (2009). Evaluating the impact of job training programmes in Latin America: Evidence from IDB funded operations. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 1, 195–216.
- Independent Evaluation Group. (2012). Youth employment programs: An evaluation of World Bank and international finance corporation support. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Jackson, M. O. (2011). An overview of social networks and economic applications. In J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, & M. Jackson (Eds.), The Handbook of social economics (Chapter 12, Vol. 1, pp. 511–585). Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Jaunky, V. C., & Khadaroo, A. J. (2007). The school-to-work transition for university graduates in Mauritius: A duration model approach. The Empirical Economics Letters, 7, 25–36.
- Jensen, P., & Westergard-Nielsen, N. C. (1987). A search model applied to the transition from education to work. The Review of Economic Studies, 54, 461–472.
- Jensen, R. (2012). Do labor market opportunities affect young women’s work and family decisions? Experimental evidence from India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127, 753–792.
- Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American, Statistical Association, 53, 457–481.
- Kaufman, C. E., Wet, T., & Stadler, J. (2001). Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 32, 147–160.
- Keith, K., & McWilliams, A. (1999). The returns to mobility and job search by gender. ILR Review, 52, 460–477.
- Khan, T., & Yousaf, F. (2013). Unemployment duration of first time job seekers: A case study of Bahawalpur. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 1, 8–19.
- Kingdon, G. G., & Knight, J. (2004). Unemployment in South Africa: The nature of the beast. World Development, 32, 391–408.
- Kluve, J., Puerto, S., Robalino, D. A., Romero, J. M., Rother, F., Stöterau, J., … Witte, M. (2016). Do youth employment programs improve labor market outcomes? A systematic review (IZA Discussion Paper No. 10263). Bonn: IZA.
- Knight, J., & Yueh, L. (2008). The role of social capital in the labour market in China. Economics of Transition, 16(3), 389–414.
- Kondylis, F., & Manacorda, M. (2008). Youth in the labor market and the transition from school to work in Tanzania. In M. H. Garcia & J. Fares (Eds.), Youth in Africa’s labor market (pp. 225). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Kong, J., & Jiang, F. (2011). Factors affecting job opportunities for university graduates in China—The evidence from university graduates in Beijing. Research in World Economy, 2(1), 24–37.
- Korenman, S., & Neumark, D. (1997). Cohort crowding and youth labor markets: A cross-national analysis (NBER Research Working Paper No. 6031). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Krishnan, P. (1996). Family background, education and employment in Urban Ethiopia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58, 167–183.
- Kuchibhotla, M. (2013). Three essays in development economics ( Doctoral dissertation). Iowa State University, Ames (IA).
- Kuzubas, T. U., & Szabo, A. (2015). Job Search Through Weak and Strong Ties: Theory and Evidence from Indonesia ( Unpublished manuscript). Bogazici University. Retrieved from http://www.uh.edu/~aszabo2/paper_2017.pdf.
- Kyloh, R. (2004). Tackling the dilemma of disadvantaged youth: Priorities and policies for international action. Workers Education, 136, 1–21.
- Lam, D. (2007). Economics of youth demography in developing countries. In G. Kochendorfer-Lucius & B. Pleskovic (Eds.), Development and the next generation (pp. 27–38). Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
- Lassassi, M., & Muller, C. (2013). Reseaux sociaux et insertion sur le marché du travail en Algerie (ERF Working Paper Series No. 756). Giza: Economic Research Forum.
- Levinsohn, J., & Pugatch, T. (2010). The role of reservation wages in youth unemployment in Cape Town, South Africa: A structural approach ( Unpublished manuscript). University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://conference.iza.org/conference_files/SPEAC2010/pugatch_t6008.pdf.
- Libanova, E., Cymbal, A., Lisogor, L., Marchenko, I., & Iarosh, O. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Ukraine (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 11). Geneva: ILO.
- Lustig, N., & McLeod, D. (1996). Minimum wages and poverty in developing countries: Some empirical evidence. In S. Edwards & N. Lustig (Eds.), Labor markets in Latin America (pp. 62–103). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
- Maitra, P., & Mani, S. (2017). Learning and earning: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in India. Labour Economics, 45, 116–130.
- Maloney, W., & Mendez, J. (2004). Measuring the impact of minimum wages. Evidence from Latin America. In J. J. Heckman & C. Pagés (Eds.), Law and employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean (pp. 109–130). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Mammen, K., & Paxson, C. (2000). Women’s work and economic development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 141–164.
- Manacorda, M., Rosati, F. C., Ranzani, M., & Dachille, G. (2017). Pathways from school to work in the developing world. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 6(1), 1–40.
- Mano, Y., Yamano, T., Suzuki, A., & Matsumoto, T. (2011). Local and personal networks in employment and the development of labor markets: Evidence from the cut flower industry in Ethiopia. World Development, 39, 1760–1770.
- Margolis, D. N. (2014). Introducing a statutory minimum wage in middle and low income countries. IZA World of Labor, 52, 1–10.
- Marouani, M. A., & Nilsson, B. (2016). The labor market effects of skill-biased technological change in Malaysia. Economic Modelling, 57, 55–75.
- Matsumoto, M., & Elder, S. (2010). Characterizing the school-to-work transitions of young men and women: Evidence from the ILO school-to-work transition surveys (Employment Working Paper No. 51). Geneva: ILO.
- McCormick, B. (1990). A theory of signalling during job search, employment efficiency, and “stigmatised” jobs. The Review of Economic Studies, 57, 299–313.
- McKenzie, D., Assaf, N., & Cusolito, A. P. (2016). The demand for, and impact of, youth internships: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Yemen. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 5(1), 1–15.
- McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2014). What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world? The World Bank Research Observer, 29, 48–82.
- Mel, S., Elder, S., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2013). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Liberia (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 3). Geneva: ILO.
- Montgomery, J. D. (1991a). Equilibrium wage dispersion and interindustry wage differentials. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 163–179.
- Montgomery, J. D. (1991b). Social networks and labor-market outcomes: Toward an economic analysis. The American Economic Review, 81, 1408–1418.
- Mortensen, D. T., & Pissarides, C. A. (1999). New developments in models of search in the labor market. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of labor economics (Chap. 39, Vol. 3, pp. 2567–2627). Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Mussa, R. (2013). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Malawi (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 4). Geneva: ILO.
- Nattrass, N., & Walker, R. (2005). Unemployment and reservation wages in working- class Cape Town. South African Journal of Economics, 73, 498–509.
- Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (1995). Minimum-wage effects on school and work transitions of teenagers. The American Economic Review, 85, 244–249.
- Newhouse, D., & Suryadarma, D. (2011). The value of vocational education: High school type and labor market outcomes in Indonesia. The World Bank Economic Review, 25, 296–322.
- Nordman, C. J., & Pasquier-Doumer, L. (2015). Transitions in a West African labour market: The role of family networks. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 54, 74–85.
- Nyarko, C. O., Baah-Boateng, W., & Nketiah-Amponsah, E. (2014). Determinants of job search intensity in Ghana. Margin: the Journal of Applied Economic Research, 8, 193–211.
- O’Higgins, N. (2003). Trends in the youth labour market in developing and transition countries (World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series 0321). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- O’Higgins, N. (2008). Guide to the School-to-Work Transition ( Unpublished manuscript). Università di Salerno. Retrieved from http://www.aiel.it/Old/bacheca/BRESCIA/papers/ohiggins.pdf.
- Pasquier-Doumer, L. (2013). Intergenerational transmission of self-employed status in the informal sector: A constrained choice or better income prospects? Evidence from seven West African countries. Journal of African Economies, 22, 73–111.
- Pugatch, T. (2014). Safety valve or sinkhole? Vocational schooling in South Africa. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 3(1), 1–31.
- Pugatch, T. (2017). Bumpy Rides: School to Work Transitions in South Africa. Labour. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/labr.12114
- Quintini, G., & Martin, S. (2014). Same same but different: School-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 154). Paris: OECD.
- Radchenko, N. (2017). Informal employment in developing economies: Multiple heterogeneity. The Journal of Development Studies, 53, 495–513.
- Rankin, N. A., & Roberts, G. (2011). Youth unemployment, firm size and reservation wages in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 79, 128–145.
- Ryan, P. (2001). The school-to-work transition: A cross-national perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, 39, 34–92.
- Ryan, P. (2003). The school-to-work transition: Problems and indicators. In A. N. Perret-Clermont, C. Pontecorvo, L. Resnick, T. Zittoun, & B. Burge (Eds.), Youth, learning and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Satchi, M., & Temple, J. (2009). Labor markets and productivity in developing countries. Review of Economic Dynamics, 12, 183–204.
- Sayre, E., & Daoud, Y. (2010). Labor market regulations and unemployment duration in Palestine (ERF Working Paper Series No. 579). Giza: Economic Research Forum.
- Schady, N., & Sanchez-Paramo, C. (2003). Off and running? Technology, trade, and the rising demand for skilled workers in Latin America (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 3015). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Serneels, P. (2007). The nature of unemployment among young men in Urban Ethiopia. Review of Development Economics, 11, 170–186.
- Serriere, N. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Nepal (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 21). Geneva: ILO.
- Singerman, D. (2007). The economic imperatives of marriage: Emerging practices and identities among youth in the Middle East (Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 6). Washington, DC: Brookings.
- Tansel, A., & Taşçı, H. M. (2010). Hazard analysis of unemployment duration by gender in a developing country: The case of Turkey. Labour, 24, 501–530.
- Tasci, H. M. (2008). Search and determinants of job search intensity in Turkey. METU Studies in Development, 35, 399–425.
- Toufique, K. A. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in Bangladesh (Work4Youth Publication Series No. 13). Geneva: ILO.
- Tripney, J. S., & Hombrados, J. G. (2013). Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for young people in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 5(3), 1–14.
- Tunali, I., & Assaad, R. (1992). Market structure and spells of employment and unemployment: Evidence from the construction sector in Egypt. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 7, 339–367.
- Ulyssea, G. (2010). Regulation of entry, labor market institutions and the informal sector. Journal of Development Economics, 91, 87–99.
- Urzua, S., & Puentes, E. (2010). La evidencia del impacto de los programas de capacitacion en el desempeno en el mercado laboral (Notas Tecnicas IDB-TN-268). Washington, DC: IADB.
- Van den Berg, G. J. (1990). Nonstationarity in job search theory. The Review of Economic Studies, 57, 255–277.
- Van den Berg, G. J. (2001). Duration models: Specification, identification and multiple durations. In J. J. Heckman & E. Leamer (Eds.), Handbook of econometrics (Chapter 55, Vol. 5, pp. 3381–3460). Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Wahba, J., & Zenou, Y. (2005). Density, social networks and job search methods: Theory and application to Egypt. Journal of Development Economics, 78, 443–473.
- Wolpin, K. I. (1987). Estimating a structural search model: The transition from school to work. Econometrica, 55, 801–817.
- Zenou, Y. (2008). Job search and mobility in developing countries. Theory and policy implications. Journal of Development Economics, 86, 336–355.