397
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Diversification is in the Detail: Accounting for Crop System Heterogeneity to Inform Diversification Policies in Malawi and Zambia

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 264-288 | Received 26 Jul 2019, Accepted 10 May 2020, Published online: 15 Jun 2020

References

  • Antle, J. M. (1983). Testing approach the stochastic structure of production: Flexible. Journal Business and Economic Statistics, 1(3), 192–201.
  • Arslan, A., Belotti, F., & Lipper, L. (2017). Smallholder productivity and weather shocks: Adoption and impact of widely promoted agricultural practices in Tanzania. Food Policy, 69, 68–81.
  • Arslan, A., Cavatassi, R., Alfani, F., Mccarthy, N., Lipper, L., & Kokwe, M. (2018). Diversification under climate variability as part of a CSA strategy in rural Zambia. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(3), 457–480.
  • Asfaw, S., Pallante, G., & Palma, A. (2018). Diversification strategies and adaptation deficit: Evidence from rural communities in Niger. World Development, 101, 219–234.
  • Asfaw, S., Scognamillo, A., Di Caprera, G., Sitko, N., & Ignaciuk, A. (2019). Heterogeneous impact of livelihood diversification on household welfare: Cross-country evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 117, 278–295.
  • Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–331.
  • Bellon, M. R., Kotu, B. H., Azzarri, C., & Caracciolo, F. (2020). To diversify or not to diversify, that is the question. Pursuing agricultural development for smallholder farmers in marginal areas of Ghana. World Development, 125, 104682.
  • Birol, E., Smale, M., & Gyovai, Á. (2006). Using a choice experiment to estimate farmers’ valuation of agrobiodiversity on Hungarian small farms. Environmental and Resource Economics, 34(4), 439–469.
  • Bozzola, M., & Smale, M. (2019). The welfare effects of crop biodiversity in the presence of market failures An empirical application on Kenya (No. 289670). Agricultural Economics Society-AES.
  • Burns, A., Gleadow, R., Cliff, J., Zacarias, A., & Cavagnaro, T. (2010). Cassava: The drought, war and famine crop in a changing world. Sustainability, 2(11), 3572–3607.
  • Chamberlin, J., & Jayne, T. S. (2013). Unpacking the meaning of ‘market access’: Evidence from rural Kenya. World Development, 41, 245–264.
  • Chapoto, A., Haggblade, S., Hichaambwa, M., Kabwe, S., Longabaugh, S., & Sitko, N. J. (2013). Institutional models for accelerating agricultural commercialization. In E. Hillbom & P. Svensson (Eds.), Agricultural transformation in a global history perspective (Vol. 63, pp. 281–310). Routledge, New York.
  • Davis, B., Winters, P., Carletto, G., Covarrubias, K., Quiñones, E. J., Zezza, A., … DiGiuseppe, S. (2010). A cross-country comparison of rural income generating activities. World Development, 38(1), 48–63.
  • De Groot, R. D., Fisher, B., Christie, M., Aronson, J., Braat, L., Haines-Young, R., … Portela, R. (2010). Integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation. In Kumar, P. (ed), The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB): Ecological and economic foundations (pp. 9–40). Earthscan, London and Washington.
  • Deb, P., & Trivedi, K. P. (2006). Maximum simulated likelihood estimation of a negative binomial regression model with multinomial endogenous treatment. The Stata Journal, 6(2), 246–255.
  • Dercon, S. (1996). Risk, crop choice, and savings: Evidence from Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44(3), 485-513.
  • Dercon, S. (2002). Income risk, coping strategies, and safety nets. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(2), 141–166.
  • Deshpande, R. S., Mehta, P., & Shah, K. (2007). Crop diversification and agricultural labour in India. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 50(4), 597–610.
  • Di Falco, S., & Chavas, J. P. (2008). Rainfall shocks, resilience, and the effects of crop biodiversity on agroecosystem productivity. Land Economics, 84(1), 83–96.
  • Di Falco, S., & Chavas, J. P. (2009). On crop biodiversity, risk exposure, and food security in the highlands of Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(3), 599–611.
  • Di Falco, S., & Perrings, C. (2005). Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance. Ecological Economics, 55(4), 459–466.
  • Di Falco, S., & Veronesi, M. (2013). How can African agriculture adapt to climate change? A counterfactual analysis from Ethiopia. Land Economics, 89(4), 743–766.
  • Dillon, B., & Barrett, C. B. (2017). Agricultural factor markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: An updated view with formal tests for market failure. Food Policy, 67, 64–77.
  • Dury, J., Schaller, N., Garcia, F., Reynaud, A., & Bergez, J. E. (2012). Models to support cropping plan and crop rotation decisions. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32(2), 567–580.
  • Ellis, F. (2000). The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302.
  • Fafchamps, M. (1992). Cash crop production, food price volatility, and rural market integration in the third world. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(1), 90–99.
  • Farré, I., & Faci, J. M. (2006). Comparative response of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to deficit irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 83(1–2), 135-143.
  • Feder, G. (1982). Adoption of interrelated agricultural innovations: Complementarity and the impacts of risk, scale and credit. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(1), 94–101.
  • Foster, A. D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1995). Learning by doing and learning from others: Human capital and technical change in agriculture. Journal of Political Economy, 103(6), 1176–1209.
  • Gaudin, A. C., Tolhurst, T. N., Ker, A. P., Janovicek, K., Tortora, C., Martin, R. C., & Deen, W. (2015). Increasing crop diversity mitigates weather variations and improves yield stability. PloS One, 10, 2.
  • Govereh, J., & Jayne, T. S. (2003). Cash cropping and food crop productivity: Synergies or trade‐offs? Agricultural Economics, 28(1), 39–50.
  • Hahn, M. B., Riederer, A. M., & Foster, S. O. (2009). The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique. Global Environmental Change, 19(1), 74–88.
  • Hector, A., & Hooper, R. (2002). Darwin and the first ecological experiment. Science, 295(5555), 639–640.
  • Kasem, S., & Thapa, G. B. (2011). Crop diversification in Thailand: Status, determinants, and effects on income and use of inputs. Land Use Policy, 28(3), 618–628.
  • Key, N., Sadoulet, E., & Janvry, A. D. (2000). Transactions costs and agricultural household supply response. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82(2), 245-259.
  • King, A. E., & Hofmockel, K. S. (2017). Diversified cropping systems support greater microbial cycling and retention of carbon and nitrogen. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 240(1), 66–76.
  • Krupinsky, J. M., Bailey, K. L., McMullen, M. P., Gossen, B. D., & Turkington, T. K. (2002). Managing plant disease risk in diversified cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 94(2), 198–209.
  • Kumwenda, J. D. T., Waddington, S., Snapp, S. S., Jones, R. B., & Blackie, M. J. (1997). Soil fertility management in the smallholder maize-based cropping systems of eastern and southern Africa. In C. Eisher (Ed.), The emerging maize revolution (pp. 153–172). Lansing: Michigan State University.
  • Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for environmental change. BioScience, 61(3), 183–193.
  • Maggio, G., & Sitko, N. (2019). Knowing is half the battle: Seasonal forecasts, adaptive cropping systems, and the mediating role of private markets in Zambia. Food Policy, 89, 101781.
  • Maggio, G., Sitko, N., & Ignaciuk, A. (2018). Cropping system diversification in Eastern and Southern Africa: Identifying policy options to enhance productivity and build resilience. FAO Agricultural Economics Working Paper, FAO. Rome, Italy.
  • Makoka, D., Drope, J., Appau, A., Labonte, R., Li, Q., Goma, F., … Lencucha, R. (2017). Costs, revenues and profits: An economic analysis of smallholder tobacco farmer livelihoods in Malawi. Tobacco Control, 26(6), 634–640.
  • Manda, J., Alene, A. D., Gardebroek, C., Kassie, C., & Tembo, G. (2016). Adoption and impacts of sustainable agricultural practices on maize yields and incomes: Evidence from rural Zambia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 67(1), 130–153.
  • Mason, N. M., & Myers, R. J. (2013). The effects of the Food Reserve Agency on maize market prices in Zambia. Agricultural Economics, 44(2), 203–216.
  • Morton, J. F. (2007). The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19680–19685.
  • Mulwa, C., Marenya, P., & Kassie, M. (2017). Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: A multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Climate Risk Management, 16, 208–221.
  • Ojiewo, C., Keatinge, D., Hughes, J., Tenkouano, A., Nair, R., Varshney, R., … Silim, S. (2015). The role of vegetables and legumes in assuring food, nutrition, and income security for vulnerable groups in Sub‐Saharan Africa. World Medical and Health Policy, 7(3), 187–210.
  • Ortega, D. L., Waldman, K. B., Richardson, R. B., Clay, D. C., & Snapp, S. (2016). Sustainable intensification and farmer preferences for crop system attributes: Evidence from Malawi’s central and southern regions. World Development, 87, 139–151.
  • Pingali, P. L., & Rosegrant, M. W. (1995). Agricultural commercialization and diversification: Processes and policies. Food Policy, 20(3), 171–185.
  • Poulton, C., Kydd, J., & Dorward, A. (2006). Overcoming market constraints on pro‐poor agricultural growth in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Development Policy Review, 24(3), 243–277.
  • Prowse, M., & Grassin, P. (2020). Tobacco, transformation and development dilemmas from central Africa. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World Development, 25(5), 735–747.
  • Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., ... & Nykvist, B. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263), 472–475
  • Sadok, W., Angevin, F., Bergez, J. E., Bockstaller, C., Colomb, B., Guichard, L., … Doré, T. (2008). Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: Implications for using multi-criteria decision-aid methods. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28(1), 163–174.
  • Santos, J. F., Portela, M. M., Naghettini, M., Matos, J. P., & Silva, A. T. (2013). Precipitation thresholds for drought recognition: A further use of the standardized precipitation index, SPI. River Basin Management VII, 172, 3.
  • Singh, I., Squire, L., & Strauss, J. (1986). Agricultural household models: Extensions, applications, and policy. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
  • Singh, N. B., Singh, P. P., & Nair, K. P. P. (1986). Effect of legume intercropping on enrichment of soil nitrogen, bacterial activity and productivity of associated maize crops. Experimental Agriculture, 22(4), 339–344.
  • Sitko, N. J., Burke, W. J., & Jayne, T. S. (2018). The quiet rise of large-scale trading firms in East and Southern Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(5), 895–914.
  • Smale, M., Hartell, J., Heisey, P. W., & Senauer, B. (1998). The contribution of genetic resources and diversity to wheat production in the Punjab of Pakistan. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80(3), 482–493.
  • Smith, A., Snapp, S., Dimes, J., Gwenambira, C., & Chikowo, R. (2016). Doubled-up legume rotations improve soil fertility and maintain productivity under variable conditions in maize-based cropping systems in Malawi. Agricultural Systems, 145, 139–149.
  • Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Lehman, C. (2005). Diversity, productivity and temporal stability in the economies of humans and nature. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 49(3), 405–426.
  • Van Dusen, M. E., & Taylor, J. E. (2005). Missing markets and crop diversity: Evidence from Mexico. Environment and Development Economics, 10(4), 513–531.
  • Yadav, J. S. P. (1981). Reclamation and crop production in alkali soils. Current Science, 50(9), 387–393.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.