121
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Networking Increases the Probability of Women’s Start-Ups in EMDEs

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1071-1087 | Received 09 Apr 2023, Accepted 11 Dec 2023, Published online: 01 Feb 2024

References

  • African Development Bank. (2019). Women self-selection out of the credit market in Africa (Working Paper No. 317). Washington, DC: Morsy, H., Amira, E., & Andinet.
  • Ai, C., & Norton, E. C. (2003). Interaction term in logit and probit models. Economics Letters, 80(1), 123–129. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(03)00032-6
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113–1127. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
  • Alexy, O. T., Block, J. H., Sandner, P., & Ter Wal, A. L. J. (2012). Social capital of venture capitalists and start-up funding. Small Business Economics, 39(4), 835–851. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9337-4
  • Ali, A., & Yousuf, S. (2019). Social capital and entrepreneurial intention: Empirical evidence from rural community of Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/s40497-019-0193-z
  • Åmo, B. W. (2013). Linking network, human capital and the extended competence network to business start-up: A multilevel approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 5(2), 105–119. doi:10.1504/IJEV.2013.053595
  • Baliamoune-Lutz, M., & Lutz, S. (2017). Financing and performance of female-owned firms in Middle Eastern and African economies (Working Paper No. 1709). Madrid: Universidad Complutense Madrid.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bardasi, E., Sabarwal, S., & Terrell, K. (2011). How do female entrepreneurs perform? Evidence from three developing regions. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 417–441. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9374-z
  • Beneria, L., & Permanyer, I. (2010). The measurement of socio-economic gender inequality revisited. Development and Change, 41(3), 375–399. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01648.x
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Brixiová, Z., Kangoye, T., & Yogo, T. U. (2020). Access to finance among small and medium-sized enterprises and job creation in Africa. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 55, 177–189. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2020.08.008
  • Brush, C., Ali, A., Kelley, D., & Greene, P. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women’s entrepreneurship: Which matters more? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2017.08.001
  • Chen, H., Lee, B. H., & Alymkulova, A. (2021). Gender gaps in opportunity-driven entrepreneurship: The impact of human and social capital. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 285–299. doi:10.1108/IJGE-06-2021-0097
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120. doi:10.1086/228943
  • Dutta, N., & Mallick, S. (2022). Gender and access to finance: Perceived constraints of majority-female-owned Indian firms. British Journal of Management, 34(2), 973–996. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12623
  • Elam, A. B., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Baumer, B., Dean, M., Heavlow, R., … College, S. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2018/2019 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report. London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School.
  • Elfring, T., & Hulsink, W. (2003). Networks in entrepreneurship: the case of high-technology firms. Small Business Economics, 21(4), 409–422. doi:10.1023/A:1026180418357
  • Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 375–395. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9207-5
  • GEM. (2022). Entrepreneurial behaviour and attitudes: Adult population survey individual level data for years 1999-2018. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/data/sets?id=aps.
  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469
  • Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1–22. doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00029
  • Gulati, R. (1998). Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 293–317. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199804)19:4<293::AID-SMJ982>3.0.CO;2-M
  • Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 397–420. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199905)20:5<397::AID-SMJ35>3.0.CO;2-K
  • Heinrich, C., Maffioli, A., & Vázquez, G. (2010). A primer for applying propensity-score matching (Working Paper No. IDB-TN-161). Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
  • Klyver, K., & Grant, S. (2010). Gender differences in entrepreneurial networking and participation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 213–227. doi:10.1108/17566261011079215
  • Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2013). Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 213–234. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00689.x
  • Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866–885. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.008
  • Kwong, C. C. Y., Thompson, P., Jones‐Evans, D., & Brooksbank, D. (2009). Nascent entrepreneurial activity within female ethnic minority groups. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(3), 262–281. doi:10.1108/13552550910957346
  • Leyden, D. P., Link, A. N., & Siegel, D. S. (2014). A theoretical analysis of the role of social networks in entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 43(7), 1157–1163. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.010
  • Leszczensky, L., & Wolbring, T. (2019). How to deal with reverse causality using panel data? Recommendations for researchers based on a simulation study. Sociological Methods & Research, 51(2), 837–865. doi:10.1177/0049124119882473
  • Li, M. (2013). Using the propensity score method to estimate causal effects: A review and practical guide. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 188–226. doi:10.1177/1094428112447816
  • Lin, M., Lucas, H. C., & Shmueli, G. (2013). Too big to fail: Large samples and the p-value problem. Information Systems Research, 24(4), 906–917. doi:10.1287/isre.2013.0480
  • Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3–9. doi:10.1177/0146167292181001
  • Markussen, S., & Røed, K. (2017). The gender gap in entrepreneurship: The role of peer effects. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 134, 356–373. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.013
  • Minniti, M. (2004). Entrepreneurship and network externalities. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 57(1), 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.10.002
  • Nelson, J. (2015). Are women really more risk-averse than men? A re-analysis of the literature using expanded methods. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(3), 566–585. doi:10.1111/joes.12069
  • Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., Caetano, A., & Kalbfleisch, P. (2019). Entrepreneurship ecosystems and women entrepreneurs: A social capital and network approach. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 475–489. doi:10.1007/s11187-018-9996-5
  • Norton, E. C., Wang, H., & Ai, C. (2004). Computing interaction effects and standard errors in logit and probit models. The Stata Journal, 4(2), 154–167. doi:10.1177/1536867X0400400206
  • Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78. doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002
  • Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Martínez-Cañas, R. (2021). From opportunity recognition to the start-up phase: The moderating role of family and friends-based entrepreneurial social networks. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(3), 1159–1182. doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00734-2
  • Seet, P. S., Jones, J., Oppelaar, L., & de Zubielqui, G. C. (2018). Beyond ‘know-what’ and ‘know-how’ to ‘know-who’: Enhancing human capital with social capital in an Australian start-up accelerator. Asia Pacific Business Review, 24(2), 233–260. doi:10.1080/13602381.2018.1431250
  • Shabsough, T., Semerci, A. B., & Ergeneli, A. (2021). Women’s entrepreneurial intention: The role of sticky floor perception and social networking. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 22(1), 45–55. doi:10.1177/1465750320927356
  • Sharafizad, J., & Coetzer, A. (2017). Women business owners’ start-up motivations and network structure. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(2), 206–223. doi:10.1017/jmo.2016.51
  • Stam, W., Arzlanian, S., & Elfring, T. (2014). Social capital of entrepreneurs and small firm performance: A meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 152–173. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.002
  • Startienė, G., & Remeikienė, R. (2008). Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Engineering Economics, 5(60), 95–103.
  • Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality. Plos One, 14(1), e0205349. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205349
  • Uzzi, B. (1999). Embeddedness in the making of financial capital. American Sociological Review, 64(4), 481–505. doi:10.2307/2657252
  • World Bank. (2022a). Gender data portal. Retrieved from https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/ic-frm-femo-zs
  • World Bank. (2022b). DataBank. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org
  • World Economic Forum. (2019). Global gender gap report 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.