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- Balliol College, Oxford and Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, India. An earlier version of this article was presented in Cambridge in 1983. For helpful discussions and criticisms of that draft I would like to thank John Sender, David Lehmann, Peter Nolan, Raul Hopkins and Mansur Muhtar. In preparing this version, I have benefited from conversations with Venkataraman Bhaskar and Pulapre Balakrishnan, and from the incisive comments of an anonymous referee. Needless to add, I alone retain responsibility for everything that follows.