Online proctoring discount: The role of measured stressors

References

• Alessio, H. M., N. Malay, K. Maurer, A. J. Bailer, and B. Rubin. 2018. Interaction of proctoring and student major on online test performance. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 19 (5): 164–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpert, W., K. Couch, and O. Harmon. 2016. A randomized assessment of online learning. American Economic Review 106 (5): 378–82. doi:10.1257/aer.p20161057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, V. 2014. Testing a model to predict online cheating—Much ado about nothing. Active Learning in Higher Education 15 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1177/1469787413514646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettinger, E., L. Fox, S. Loeb, and E. Taylor. 2017. Virtual classrooms: How online college courses affect student success. American Economic Review 107 (9): 2855–75. doi:10.1257/aer.20151193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankstein, K., B. Toner, and G. Flett. 1989. Test anxiety and the contents of consciousness: Thought-listing and endorsement measures. Journal of Research in Personality 23 (3): 269–86. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90001-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dendir, S., and R. Maxwell. 2020. Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2 (August–December): 100033. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100033.
   Google Scholar
• Gratton-Lavoie, C., and D. Stanley. 2009. Teaching and learning principles of microeconomics online: An empirical assessment. Journal of Economic Education 40 (1): 3–25. doi:10.3200/JECE.40.1.003-025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon, O. R., and J. Lambrinos. 2008. Are online exams an invitation to cheat? Journal of Economic Education 39 (2): 116–25. doi:10.3200/JECE.39.2.116-125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon, O. R., J. Lambrinos, and P. Tomolonis. 2017. Proctored in person or via webcam: Is there a difference? Rochester, NY. SSRN Electronic Journal. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3057006. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3057006.
   Google Scholar
• Mauldin, S., R. Braun, C. Viosca, and M. Boldt. 2018. CPAs’ evaluations of accounting graduates: An empirical investigation of face-to-face and online degrees. Accounting Educators’ Journal 28 (1): 99–115.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, R., and J. Davis. 1999. The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1): 123–36. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, R., J. Davis, and F. Schoorman. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. The Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 709–34. doi:10.2307/258792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoach, D., and J. Adelson. 2010. Dealing with dependence (part I): Understanding the effects of clustered data. Gifted Child Quarterly 54 (2): 152–55. doi:10.1177/0016986210363076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, S. M. 2011. Affective processes in human–automation interactions. Human Factors 53 (4): 356–70. doi:10.1177/0018720811411912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, S., J. Unnerstall, D. Lee, and K. Huber. 2015. Measuring individual differences in the perfect automation schema. Human Factors 57 (5): 740–53. doi:10.1177/0018720815581247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe-Hesketh, S., and A. Skrondal. 2012. Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. 3rd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W. 1993. Hierarchical linear models and experimental design. In Applied analysis of variance in behavioral science, ed. L. Edwards, 459–95. New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, R., R. Stevens, L. Silver, and S. Metts. 2018. Overcoming employer perceptions of online accounting education with knowledge. Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research 8 (2): 70–80.
   Google Scholar
• Schoorman, F. D., R. C. Mayer, and J. H. Davis. 2007. An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review 32 (2): 344–54. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.24348410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T., and R. Bosker. 2012. Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Stowell, J., and D. Bennett. 2010. Effects of online testing on student exam performance and test anxiety. Journal of Educational Computing Research 42 (2): 161–71. doi:10.2190/EC.42.2.b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez, J., E. Chiang, and I. Sarmiento-Barbieri. 2021. Can we stay one step ahead of cheaters? A field experiment in proctoring online open book exams. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 90 (February): 101653. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2020.101653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C., and A. Martinez-Perez. 2014. Why do consumers purchase goods and services in the informal economy? Journal of Business Research 67 (5): 802–6. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldeab, D., and T. Brothen. 2019. 21st century assessment: Online proctoring, test anxiety, and student performance. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education 34 (1): 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Yates, R. W., and B. Beaudrie. 2009. The impact of online assessment on grades in community college distance education mathematics courses. American Journal of Distance Education 23 (2): 62–70. doi:10.1080/08923640902850601.
   Google Scholar